Microgrid: A new hub in energy infrastructure. Mohammad Shahidehpour Illinois Institute of Technology

Transcription

1 Microgrid: A new hub in energy infrastructure Mohammad Shahidehpour Illinois Institute of Technology

2 Outline Smart Grid Technology Electricity Infrastructure What is Smart Grid Microgrids (IIT Perfect Power Project) Components Optimal Control of Microgrid Reliability Evaluation Hierarchical Control, Islanding and Synchronization Perfect Power System Robert W. Galvin Center at IIT 2

3 Power System GENCO Restructuring GENCO GENCO GENCO Tie-Lines Tie-Lines TRANSCO GENCO GENCO DISCO DISCO DISCO C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 3

4 Electricity Infrastructure Supply Adequacy and Economics: Applications of renewable energy, storage technologies for enhancing the security, coordination of renewable and storage supplies, carbon footprints Transmission Expansion and Security: Expansion planning of transmission facilities, coordination of energy infrastructures, superconductors, HVDC, physical and cyber security, wide area measurements, PMUs Smart Grid: Energy efficiency, price response, peak load reduction, distribution automation, new building technologies, smart metering, sensors, communication and control techniques

5 What is Smart Grid? Smart grid is a response to economic, security, and environmental mandates placed on energy supply and delivery Smart grid provides access points that can be identified, much like computer devices, with an IP address on the internet Smart grid uses the internet protocol to shuttle information back and forth between the utility and customers With two-way communications between consumers and suppliers, both parties can get far more control over the grid consumption, and physical and cyber security

6 Price [ /KWh] 18 February 24, 2000 Demand in MW Cost-based Price on 6 4 Demand Time Behavior of a Demand in a Vertically integrated Power Market Price [ /KWh] Customer Demand February 24, 2000 Demand in MW Market-based Price Response of a Demand to Price Signals Time

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10 Goals of the DOE RDSI Project 50% peak demand reduction 20% permanent demand reduction Demonstrate the value of Perfect Power Cost avoidance and savings in outage costs Deferral of planned substations New products and commercialization Replicable to larger cities Promotion of energy efficiency and cleaner cities 10

11 Perfect Power at Illinois Institute of Technology Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Located at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) Involves the entire campus Partners: IIT, Exelon, S&C, Schweitzer, Siemens, Schneider, Eaton, GE, Invenergy, Intelligent Generation, ZBB, Viryd, I-GO, Smart Signal, Catch The wind The perfect power system will ensure absolute and universal availability of energy in the quantity and quality necessary to meet every consumer s needs. It is a system that never fails the consumer. Bob Galvin

12 Elements of Perfect Power at IIT Reliability Physical and cyber security Rapidly detect, respond, communicate, and restore Sustainability with storage Provide distributed supply of energy (local gas power plant) Leverage low carbon generation sources (PV, wind) Energy Efficiency Campus controller with real-time pricing of electricity Building controllers / smart grid for demand response 12

13 Loops at Perfect Microgrid 13

14 High Reliability Distribution System (HRDS) Implementation of microgrid loops is made possible by the use of automatic switches in HRDS. HRDS switches can sense the cable faults and isolate the faulted section with no impact on other sections in a microgrid. No HRDS Fault takes 30 cycles to clear. The system is radial. Once the breaker opens, all the loads downstream will be disconnected. HRDS Fault takes 6 cycles to clear. The system is loop. Once the breakers open, only the faulted cable is isolated. 14

15 HRDS Switches at IIT Microgrid 15

16 HRDS Switches at IIT Microgrid 16

17 Wind Generation 17

18 PHASE V (Peak Load Reduction) Roof-Top Solar at the Microgrid

19 Roof-Top Solar at the Microgrid 19

20 ZBB Flow Batteries ZBB EnerStore 50 kwh Module Cell Stacks ZBB EnerStore Assembly Milwaukee, WI

21 Charging Station 21

22 Building Controllers and Meters 22

23 PMU 23

24 Microgrid Master Controller 24

25 Master Controller Formulation Master controller is responsible for the economic operation of the microgrid based on signals received from HRDS switches. It monitors the status of HRDS switches using the SCADA system. It implements a three level hierarchical control (master, building, subbuilding) It forecasts the real-time price of electricity and optimizes the hourly stochastic unit commitment/dispatch of local generation. Forecast errors of day-ahead load and wind speed and random outages of microgrid DG/distribution lines are considered. Monte Carlo representation of outages is applied and the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) technique is used to develop a large number of scenarios with equal probabilities. 25

26 Master Controller Formulation Stochastic Formulation s s s s F, (, ),, c i Pi t SUi t SDi t s t i Min p s s D, s d, s t Pg, t VOLL.( P,, ) b t Pb t t b i s, t g s, t k s, t D s, t k s s s i, t i i, t i, t 1 P P P P i SU CS ( I I ) s s s i, t i i, t 1 i, t SD CD ( I I ) min s s s max s s i i, t i, t i, t i i, t i, t P UX I P P UX I min s s max s g g, t g, t g g, t P UX P P UX 26

27 Problem Formulation net, s s s kt, dc, k, t k c, k, t E P P s s s k, t dc, k, t c, k, t P P P I s s dc, k, t Ic, k, t 1 s min s s max c, k, t c, k c, k, t c, k, t c, k I P P I P s min s s max dc, k, t dc, k dc, k, t dc, k, t dc, k I P P I P min s s max s s k dc, k, t c, k, t k, t k dc, k, t c, k, t Q ( I I ) Q Q ( I I ) s s net, s k, t k, t 1 kt, E E E min s max k k, t k E E E E E k,0 k, NT 27

28 Problem Formulation s s s d, s inj, s P i, t P g, t P k, t P Dt, P jt, i g k d i D g D k D d D j j j j s s s d, s inj, s Q i, t Q g, t Q k, t Q Dt, Q jt, i g k d i D g D k D d D j j j j t, s t, s r,,, o, j Uo, j xo, j U t s t s t s o, j o, j o, j o, j ro, j xo, j ro, j xo, j y g jb j 28

29 Problem Formulation P ( V ) G inj, s s 2 t, s j, t j, t j, j NB s s t, s s s t, s s s Vj, t Vo, t[ G j, o cos( j, t o, t ) Bj, o sin( j, t o, t )] o( j o) NB inj, s s t, s t, s s s t, s s s Pj, t Vj, t Gj, j Gj, o Vj, t Vo, t Bj, o j, t o, t o( j o) inj, s s 2 t, s Qj, t ( Vj, t ) Bj, i NB o( j o) (2 1) ( 1) ( ) V V [ G sin( ) B cos( )] s s t, s s s t, s s s j, t o, t j, o j, t o, t j, o j, t o, t NB inj, s s t, s t, s s s t, s s s j, t j, t j, j j, o j, t o, t j, o j, t o, t o( j o) Q (2V 1) B B ( V V 1) G ( ) 29

30 Problem Formulation PL ( V ) G ( QL ) ( PL ) ( SL ) SL t, s s 2 t, s j, o j, t j, j V V [ G cos( ) B sin( )] s s t, s s s t, s s s j, t o, t j, o j, t o, t j, o j, t o, t PL G ( V V ) B ( ) t, s t, s t, s t, s t, s t, s t, s j, o j, o j o j, o j o QL ( V ) B t, s s 2 t, s j, o j, t j, j V V [ G sin( ) B cos( )] s s t, s s s t, s s s j, t o, t j, o j, t o, t j, o j, t o, t QL B ( V V ) G ( ) t, s t, s t, s t, s t, s t, s t, s j, o j, o o j j, o j o t, 2 t, 2 t, 2 j, o j, o j, o SL PL QL t, s t, s t, s t, s j, o j, o j, o j, o SL ts, max j, o j, o 30

31 PHASE V (Peak Load Reduction) Peak Load Reduction Capability at Microgrid

32 Optimal Control of IIT Microgrid ZBB Storage, microgrid and main grid supply on July 17 th

33 Reliability Evaluation Stochastic Solution The installation of HRDS and storage will lead to the best expected reliability and economic indices. Case No HRDS HRDS HRDS + Storage Exp. SAIDI Exp. SAIFI Exp. CAIDI Exp. CAIFI Exp. Operation Cost 224, , ,038 Exp. Energy not Supplied 1, LOLE

34 Hierarchical Control Primary & Secondary Control f / V B Secondary control rated C Primary control A No change in dispatch P / Q f (Hz) V (kv) V0 60Hz 59.9Hz Droop2 (0.05Hz/MW) Droop1 (0.7V/kVar) Droop1 (0.1Hz/MW) P (MW) Droop2 (1.5V/kVar) Q (kvar) 34

35 ZBB Storage Control in Grid Connected Mode 35

36 Unplanned Islanding 36

37 Synchronization 37

38 Galvin Center Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation

39 Events at the Galvin Center 2013 Electrical Energy Storage Technologies and Applications Workshop, March 20-21, 2013 Wind Powering America 12th Annual All-States Summit, May 9, IEEE Great Lake Symposium on Smart Grid and the New Energy Economy, September 23-25,