Public Health & Cancer - A Summary of the Infections and Trends

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1 Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC) 2008

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3 Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC) 2008 Brian Pink Australian Statistician Australian Bureau of Statistics Geoff Bascand Government Statistician Statistics New Zealand AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS EMBARGO: 11.30AM (CANBERRA TIME) MON 31 MAR 2008

4 ABS Catalogue No ISBN Commonwealth of Australia 2008 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights in this publication should be addressed to The Manager, Intermediary Management, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Locked Bag 10, Belconnen ACT 2616, by telephone (02) , fax (02) , or In all cases the ABS must be acknowledged as the source when reproducing or quoting any part of an ABS publication or other product. Crown Copyright New Zealand 2008 Statistics New Zealand gives no warranty that the information or data supplied contains no errors. However, all care and diligence has been used in processing, analysing and extracting the information. Statistics New Zealand shall not be liable for any loss or damage suffered by the customer consequent upon the use directly, or indirectly, of the information supplied in this product. Any table or other material published in this report may be reproduced and published without further licence, provided that it does not purport to be published under government authority and that acknowledgement is made of this source. Produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics INQUIRIES For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on or Statistics NZ's Information Centre on

5 CONTENTS page PREFACE... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 TYPE OF ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION CHAPTER 3 FIELDS OF RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION CHAPTER 4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION CHAPTER 5 CORRESPONDENCE TABLES... RFCD FOR FOR RFCD SEO SEO SEO SEO APPENDIX 1 FOR FIELDS BY CODE NUMBER APPENDIX 2 SEO OBJECTIVES BY CODE NUMBER APPENDIX 3 ALPHABETIC INDEX OF FOR FIELDS APPENDIX 4 ALPHABETIC INDEX OF SEO OBJECTIVES AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC) iii

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7 PREFACE The Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC) has been developed for use in the collection, analysis and dissemination of research and experimental development (R&D) statistics in Australia and New Zealand. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and Statistics New Zealand (Statistics NZ) have jointly developed ANZSRC to serve as a standard research classification for both countries. It will improve the comparability of research and development statistics between the two countries and the rest of the world. For the ABS and Australian stakeholders, ANZSRC replaces the Australian Standard Research Classification (ASRC 1998) and for Statistics NZ and New Zealand stakeholders ANZSRC introduces a new framework to measure R&D activity. The past decade has seen ongoing changes in the Australian and New Zealand R&D sectors in terms of the number and complexity of research projects undertaken, resource invested and personnel engaged. An up-to-date research classification is an essential response to reflect these changes and to satisfy the changing user requirements for R&D data. In the development of the classification many academic and research professionals, government departments, research organisations, professional associations and peak industry bodies were consulted. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance provided by these individuals and organisations. In particular, we would like to thank members of the Reference Group for providing advice and guidance to the ANZSRC development team; the Australian Research Council (ARC) for partially funding the project; and the New Zealand Ministry of Research, Science and Technology for providing considerable input and assistance to Statistics NZ. We encourage use of the classification to improve the comparability and usefulness of research and development statistics across Australia and New Zealand. Brian Pink Australian Statistician Australian Bureau of Statistics Geoff Bascand Government Statistician Statistics New Zealand March 2008 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC) v

8 ABBREVIATIONS ABS ANZSRC ASRC FOR OECD R&D RFCD SEO Statistics NZ TOA Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification Australian Standard Research Classification Fields of Research Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development research and development research fields, courses and disciplines socio-economic objective Statistics New Zealand Type of Activity vi AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The development of this classification could not have proceeded without the contributions from members of a large number of organisations. The ABS would like to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in the development of the ANZSRC: Academy of Social Sciences in Australia Australian Academy of Science Australian Academy of the Humanities Australian Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Australian Institute of Physics Australian Mathematics Society Australian Research Council Australian Resource Research Centre Australian Schools of Built Environment Deans Australian Society of Medical Researchers Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics Centre for the Study of Research Training and Impact Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Computing Research and Education Association Council for the Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Council of Australian Law Deans Defence Science and Technology Organisation Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts Department of Health and Aging Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism Department of the Treasury Engineers Australia Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies Forum for European-Australian Science and Technology Co-operation Geological Society of Australia National Health and Medical Research Council Royal Australian Chemical Institute Universities Australia UNSW Social Policy Research Centre AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS continued Statistics NZ would like to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in the development of the ANZSRC: Association of Crown Research Institutes Department of Conservation Foundation for Research, Science and Technology Health Research Council Inland Revenue Department Ministry for the Environment Ministry of Culture and Heritage Ministry of Education Ministry of Social Development Ministry of Research, Science and Technology National Library of New Zealand New Zealand Institutional Repositories New Zealand Vice-Chancellors' Committee Royal Society of New Zealand Social Policy Evaluation and Research Committee Te Puni Kokiri Tertiary Education Commission University of Canterbury 2 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW The Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC) is jointly produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and Statistics New Zealand (Statistics NZ). ANZSRC is the collective name for a set of three related classifications developed for use in the measurement and analysis of research and experimental development (R&D) undertaken in Australia and New Zealand. The three constituent classifications included in the ANZSRC are: Type of Activity (TOA), Fields of Research (FOR), and Socio-economic Objective (SEO). ANZSRC replaces the Australian Standard Research Classification (ASRC 1998) and introduces a new framework for measuring research and development activity in New Zealand. The use of the three constituent classifications in the ANZSRC ensures that R&D statistics collected are useful to governments, educational institutions, international organisations, scientific, professional or business organisations, business enterprises, community groups and private individuals in Australia and New Zealand. The development of the ANZSRC has been undertaken by the ABS and Statistics NZ in co-operation with major academic and research organisations and users of research information in Australia and New Zealand. This consultative process has sought to ensure that the ANZSRC is widely accepted and used as the national standard classification in Australia and in New Zealand, not only in the compilation of R&D statistics but also in the study of research in these countries generally. The introductory chapter provides a background to the development of the classification; an explanation of the conceptual basis of the ANZSRC; the definition and scope of R&D; and an outline of what constitutes a unit of R&D for data collection and reporting purposes. Subsequent chapters of this publication contain details of the structure and content of the three classifications. A summary correspondence table (concordance) between the ANZSRC and the ASRC 1998 is included in Chapter 5. BACKGROUND The ABS and Statistics NZ have a policy of working towards developing harmonised statistical classifications in support of the Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement The benefits of developing a joint research classification include the ability to produce an up-to-date, relevant and conceptually sound classification, and the improved capacity for analysis of trans-tasman research sector data. For Australian users, a high level of comparability has been maintained with ASRC 1998 in an effort to minimise disruption to data collection. The development of ANZSRC has provided scope to improve and strengthen the conceptual basis and framework that existed with ASRC For example, the ANZSRC has improved the treatment of interdisciplinary R&D by rigorously applying a uniform concept across the classification. In addition, ANZSRC preserves comparability with much of the previous data in the R&D series, while possessing a framework which enables comparisons with other classifications used nationally and internationally. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION continued BACKGROUND continued For New Zealand users, this is a new standard framework for measuring research and a joint development has been possible because Australia and New Zealand have considerable commonalities in R&D activities. To support international comparisons, it is important for the classifications to relate to those used in other countries, particularly those countries whose stages of social and economic development are similar to that of Australia and New Zealand. Therefore, the definition, scope and classification of R&D activities contained in ANZSRC largely follow the guidelines prescribed in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development, "Frascati Manual", Sixth Revision The development of ANZSRC commenced at the end of 2006 as a joint project between the ABS and Statistics NZ and was completed in early CLASSIFICATIONS INCLUDED IN THE PUBLICATION The three classifications in the ANZSRC: Type of Activity (TOA); Fields of Research (FOR); and Socio-economic Objective (SEO); are used in official statistics to analyse the nature of R&D and in conjunction with industrial and institutional sector classifications to produce a set of official statistics that support a variety of user interests. TOA Classification This classification allows R&D activity to be categorised according to the type of research effort, namely, pure basic research, strategic basic research, applied research and experimental development. Definitions and guidelines for classifying R&D by TOA are covered in Chapter 2. FOR Classification This classification allows R&D activity to be categorised according to the field of research. In this respect, it is the methodology used in the R&D that is being considered. The categories in the classification include major fields of research investigated by national research institutions and organisations, and emerging areas of study. Explanatory notes, definitions and guidelines for classifying data and the full classification are covered in Chapter 3. SEO Classification This classification allows R&D to be categorised according to the purpose or outcome of the R&D as perceived by the data provider (researcher). It consists of discrete economic, social, technological or scientific domains for identifying the principal purposes of the R&D. The attributes applied to the design of the SEO classification comprise a combination of processes, products, health, education and other social and environmental aspects of particular interest. Explanatory notes, definitions and guidelines for classifying R&D by SEO and the full classification are covered in Chapter 4. STRUCTURE OF ANZSRC The FOR and SEO classifications follow a hierarchical structure. 4 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION continued STRUCTURE OF ANZSRC continued The FOR has three hierarchical levels, namely Divisions (at the broadest level), Groups and Fields (at the finest level). The Division represents a broad subject area or research discipline while groups and fields within represent increasingly detailed dissections of these categories. Divisions, Groups and Fields are assigned unique 2-digit; 4-digit; and 6-digit codes respectively. The FOR classification has 22 Divisions, 157 Groups and 1238 Fields. The hierarchical structure of the FOR is as illustrated below: Level Example Division 02 Physical Sciences Group Field 0206 Quantum Physics Quantum Information, Computation and Communication The SEO is a four level hierarchical classification with Sector at the broadest level. While the Sector forms part of the hierarchical structure of the SEO, it is however used only for the grouping of divisions and for publication of R&D data, not for data collection. The Sector is identified by a letter. Divisions, Groups and Objectives form the next three hierarchical levels in the SEO in decreasing order. Divisions, Groups, and Objectives are assigned unique 2-digit, 4-digit and 6-digit codes respectively. The SEO classification has 5 Sectors, 17 Divisions, 119 Groups and 847 Objectives. The hierarchical structure of the SEO is as illustrated below: Level Sector Division Group Objective Example B: Economic Development 86 Manufacturing 8607 Agricultural Chemicals Chemical Fertilisers USE OF ANZSRC ANZSRC provides a three way matrix of classification. Each R&D activity can be by Type of Activity, Fields of Research and Socio-economic Objective. ANZSRC provides a considerable degree of flexibility in meeting the needs of a wide variety of users. The hierarchical structure of both the FOR and SEO classifications enables them to be applied to particular purposes at various levels. ANZSRC also helps classify multi-disciplinary work, where several disparate areas of the FOR are usually brought together to address one area, or closely related areas of the SEO. The complexity of issues addressed by R&D is such that questions of public policy often arise in a manner which cannot be readily seen in advance. The detail available in both the FOR and SEO classifications would be sufficient to facilitate the provision of statistics that can be used in a variety of contexts. For example, areas of key technological significance could generally be assessed using an aggregate of appropriate FOR groups or fields. The use of ANZSRC for R&D surveys minimises the need for separate one-off R&D surveys aimed at narrow areas. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION continued DEFINITION OF R&D Research and Development is defined according to the OECD standard as comprising creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. An R&D activity is characterised by originality. It has investigation as a primary objective, the outcome of which is new knowledge, with or without a specific practical application, or new or improved materials, products, devices, processes or services. R&D ends when work is no longer primarily investigative. SCOPE OF R&D As indicated in the Frascati Manual and as experience has shown, there are difficulties in delineating the point which clearly separates the culmination of R&D investigative work and the beginning of the implementation phase of the innovations or recommendations resulting from R&D. Errors at this point are particularly significant because, although R&D programmes require large outlays of resources, the costs of implementing innovations or recommendations resulting from R&D may also be as high, or higher, in many instances. There is also a wide range of scientific and related activities that are not R&D, but that are closely linked to R&D in terms of organisation, resource allocation, institutional affiliation and the use or flow of information. However, activities conducted solely or primarily for the purposes of R&D support are included in R&D. The activities which do not have clear boundaries with R&D are listed below. (a) Education and training of personnel and students Postgraduate research, including supervision of the research, is considered to be R&D. The development of new teaching methods is also regarded as R&D. However, teaching and training students, using established methods and subject knowledge, is excluded. (b) Specialised scientific and technical information services Specialised scientific and technical information services which are undertaken solely in support of R&D are regarded as R&D. Examples of these are scientific data collection, coding, recording, classification, dissemination, translation, analysis and bibliographic services. These specialised services are excluded if they are undertaken independently and not solely in support of R&D. (c) General purpose or routine data collection Collecting data in support of R&D work is included in R&D. However, data collection of a general nature is excluded. This is normally carried out by government agencies to record natural, biological, economic or social phenomena of general public or government interest. Examples are national population censuses, surveys of unemployment, topographical mapping and routine geographical or environmental surveys. 6 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION continued (d) Maintenance of national and international standards Routine testing and analysis of materials, components, products, processes, soils, atmospheres, etc. for standard compliance is excluded from R&D. (e) Feasibility studies Feasibility studies undertaken in support of R&D are included. However, a feasibility study that involves gathering information about existing conditions, for use in deciding whether or not to implement a project, is excluded, e.g. a study to determine the viability of a petrochemical complex in a particular location. (f) Specialised medical care R&D includes the development of new treatments and procedures, including such developments in conjunction with advanced medical care and examinations usually carried out by university hospitals. However, routine investigations or normal application of specialised medical knowledge, techniques or equipment are excluded from R&D. Examples of these are pathology, forensic and post-mortem procedures. (g) Clinical trials Phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials are included in R&D. Phase 4 clinical trials are excluded from R&D, unless they bring about further scientific or technological advance. (h) Patent and licence work Patent work connected directly with R&D projects is included in R&D. However, commercial, administrative and legal work associated with patenting, copywriting and licensing, is excluded. (i) Policy related studies The boundary between certain policy related studies as described in the Frascati Manual and R&D is complex. In the Frascati Manual, policy related studies cover activities such as the 'analysis and assessment of existing programmes, continued analysis and monitoring of external phenomena (e.g. defence and security analysis), legislative inquiry concerned with general government departmental policy or operations'. Rigour is required to separate policy related studies that are not R&D from true R&D policy work. Studies to determine the effects of a specific national policy to a particular economic or social condition or social group may have elements of R&D. Routine management studies or efficiency studies are excluded. (j) Routine software development Software development is an integral part of many projects which in themselves may have no element of R&D. The software development component of such projects, however, may be as R&D if it leads to an advance in the area of computer software. For a software development to be considered as R&D, its completion must be dependent on a scientific or technological advance, and the aim of the project must be the systematic resolution of a scientific and/or technological uncertainty. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION continued SCOPE OF R&D continued The following are examples of software development which are considered to be R&D: Development of internet technology Research into methods of designing, developing, deploying or maintaining software R&D on software tools or technologies in specialised areas of computing (e.g. image processing, artificial intelligence, character recognition) R&D producing new theorems and algorithms in the field of theoretical computer science The following are examples of software development which are not considered to be R&D: Routine computer and software maintenance Business application software and information system development using known methods and existing software Adding user functionality to application languages Adaptation of or support for existing software (k) Marketing and market studies Market research and opinion polls are excluded from R&D. (l) Mineral exploration The development of new or vastly improved methods of data acquisition, processing and interpretation of data is included as R&D. Surveying undertaken as an integral part of an R&D project to observe geological phenomena is also regarded as R&D. However, the search for minerals using existing methods is excluded from R&D. (m) Prototypes and pilot plants The design, construction and testing of prototypes generally falls within the scope of R&D. However, trial production and copying of prototypes are excluded from R&D. The construction and operation of pilot plants is part of R&D provided that these are used to obtain experience or new data for evaluating hypotheses. Pilot plants are excluded from R&D as soon as the experimental phase is over or as soon as they are used as normal commercial production units, even if they continue to be described as 'pilot plants'. If a pilot plant is used for combined operations, the component used for R&D is to be estimated. (n) Other activities All other activities that are ancillary or consequential to R&D are excluded. Examples of these are interpretative commentary using existing data, forecasting, operations research as contributing to decision making and the use of standard techniques in applied psychology to classify or diagnose human characteristics. R&D UNIT TO BE CLASSIFIED There are some inherent difficulties in formulating a definition of what constitutes a unit of R&D, due to the lack of uniformity in organisational structures and considerable variation in the way organisations allocate resources to R&D activities. From a statistical viewpoint it is desirable that R&D expenditure be reported in the smallest cluster that 8 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

17 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION continued R&D UNIT TO BE CLASSIFIED continued can be to a single TOA and FOR, which for the purposes of this classification is defined to be an R&D unit. The extent to which it is not practicable to provide this detail will reduce the validity and usefulness of the classification, and the resulting R&D statistics. The most common real world references to R&D activities are Research Program and Research Project. These focal units seldom approximate the idealised R&D unit as outlined above, although they could be regarded as an aggregation of these units. Some Research Projects, especially in the social sciences, require a multi-disciplinary approach in order to achieve a purpose. There are also Research Projects that consist of sub-projects. For example, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia has indicated that a Research Project often consists of a set of sub-projects (staff) with a common purpose and one person designated as the project leader. Such projects lend themselves more readily to the concept of being comprised of multiple R&D units, demonstrating that the accurate classification of these projects requires the use of multiple codes with a weighting to indicate the relative significance of the various types of activity, fields of research and socio-economic objectives within the Research Project. UPDATES TO ANZSRC An important consideration when developing a statistical classification is the need to build in sufficient robustness to allow for long-term usage. This robustness facilitates meaningful time series analysis of data assigned to that classification. However, there is also a need for the classification to remain contemporary to capture changes happening in the R&D sector and to provide data relevant to users' needs. In order to achieve a balance between these two competing objectives, the ABS and Statistics NZ intend to undertake minor revisions every five years and a major revision every ten years. ANZSRC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Correspondences (or concordances) between ANZSRC and ASRC 1998 are provided in Chapter 5. Other correspondences between ANZSRC FOR and OECD's Fields of Science, between ANZSRC SEO and the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification, and between ANZSRC SEO and the Central Product Classification are to be made available to users from the ABS web site AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

18 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION continued FURTHER INFORMATION Australia For more information about the ANZSRC, contact ABS, PO Box 10, Belconnen, ACT 2616 or contact ABS National Information and Referral Service: Phone: ABS web site: client.services@abs.gov.au New Zealand For more information about the ANZSRC, contact Statistics NZ, PO Box 2922, Wellington or contact Statistics NZ's Information Centre: Phone: (toll free in New Zealand) (outside of New Zealand) info@stats.govt.nz Statistics NZ web site: 10 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

19 CHAPTER 2 TYPE OF ACTIVITY Four types of activity applicable to R&D are recognised in this classification: Pure basic research Strategic basic research Applied research Experimental development Pure basic research is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge without looking for long term benefits other than the advancement of knowledge. Strategic basic research is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge directed into specified broad areas in the expectation of practical discoveries. It provides the broad base of knowledge necessary for the solution of recognised practical problems. Applied research is original work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge with a specific application in view. It is undertaken either to determine possible uses for the findings of basic research or to determine new ways of achieving some specific and predetermined objectives. Experimental development is systematic work, using existing knowledge gained from research or practical experience, which is directed to producing new materials, products, devices, policies, behaviours or outlooks; to installing new processes, systems and services; or to improving substantially those already produced or installed. GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFYING R&D BY TYPE OF ACTIVITY Where possible, a research project or research program should be allocated to a single type of activity. If the project or program is large and involves multiple types of activity, then each relevant activity category should be attributed a proportion of resources relative to the project s or research program s total R&D expenditure. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

20 CHAPTER 3 FIELDS OF RESEARCH NATURE AND PURPOSE OF THE FOR CLASSIFICATION The ANZSRC FOR allows R&D activity to be categorised according to the methodology used in the R&D, rather than the activity of the unit performing the R&D or the purpose of the R&D. The categories in the classification include major fields and related sub-fields of research and emerging areas of study investigated by businesses, universities, tertiary institutions, national research institutions and other organisations. This classification allows the categorisation of fields of research activity within Australia and New Zealand. STRUCTURE OF THE FOR CLASSIFICATION The FOR is a hierarchical classification with three levels, namely Divisions (2 digits), Groups (4 digits) and Fields (6 digits). Each level is identified by a unique number. Each Division is based on a broad discipline. Groups within each Division are those which share the same broad methodology, techniques and/or perspective as others in the Division. Each Group is a collection of related Fields of research. Groups and Fields of research are categorised to the Divisions sharing the same methodology rather than the Division they support. The hierarchical structure of the FOR is illustrated below: Level Example Division 09 Engineering Group Field 0901 Aerospace Engineering Aerodynamics (excl. Hypersonic Aerodynamics) PRINCIPLES FOR RECOGNISING FIELDS OF RESEARCH The conceptual framework adopted for the development of the FOR uses R&D activities according to the field in which research is undertaken and based on the processes and techniques used in the R&D. In the interests of international statistical comparisons, the FOR classification, as far as is practicable, aligns at the two digit Division level with the OECD's Fields of Science 2007 classification. This development started with the ASRC 1998, and identified research categories that reported very little funding in the past three ABS R&D surveys were either merged with other categories or deleted, but only in consultation with experts in the respective fields. Alternatively, Divisions or Groups which are highly active, as judged by experts and evidenced in ABS surveys, and able to be split further have been disaggregated into new Groups and Fields allowing for greater detail of data to be collected. Additional fields of research identified by experts as emerging and significant have been added. In parallel, research categories significant in New Zealand assembled by Statistics NZ from consultations with their stakeholders have been incorporated. GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFYING BY FIELDS OF RESEARCH Consistent use of the following general procedures should ensure consistent and successful use of the classification among users. 12 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

21 CHAPTER 3 FIELDS OF RESEARCH continued GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFYING BY FIELDS OF RESEARCH continued A research project or research program is to be allocated to a FOR field in a hierarchical manner. This is achieved by: first determining the division in which the largest component of the research project or research program is being performed; then determining the most relevant group within that division; and then determining the most relevant field within that group. Many R&D projects will be a homogeneous body of work in a specific field. These are more straightforward to categorise. However, the emergence of new interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary fields of research is a feature of the modern R&D environment, both within Australia and New Zealand and elsewhere in the world. The categorisation of such fields within a hierarchical and exclusive classification system can pose difficulties for users of the FOR. The use of multiple fields to classify a research project ensures that this research is accommodated within the classification structure. If the project or program is sufficiently large or complex (in terms of research areas) then multiple fields should be selected and attributed with a proportion of resources relative to the project's or program's total R&D expenditure. If the disaggregation is difficult, consideration of relative importance may indicate a primary field only (whether a specific or more general subject focus). Where a defined field cannot be identified within a group for a research project or research program, the 'not elsewhere ' category at the field level is to be used. FOR DIVISION CODES AND TITLES 01 Mathematical Sciences 02 Physical Sciences 03 Chemical Sciences 04 Earth Sciences 05 Environmental Sciences 06 Biological Sciences 07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences 08 Information and Computing Sciences 09 Engineering 10 Technology 11 Medical and Health Sciences 12 Built Environment and Design 13 Education 14 Economics 15 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services 16 Studies in Human Society 17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences 18 Law and Legal Studies 19 Studies in Creative Arts and Writing 20 Language, Communication and Culture 21 History and Archaeology 22 Philosophy and Religious Studies At times it can be useful to view groupings of fields of research from alternative perspectives, which do not align with the FOR division structure. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

22 CHAPTER 3 FIELDS OF RESEARCH continued ALTERNATIVE GROUPINGS OF FOR FIELDS Besides the primary structure, alternative groupings are provided to aid the understanding of research from different cultural perspectives which are unique to Australia and New Zealand. The following alternative groupings of selected FOR fields are provided here: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies - Maori Studies Pacific Peoples Studies DEFINITION OF PACIFIC PEOPLES Note: "Pacific peoples" are those people who identify with or feel they belong to one or more Pacific ethnicities. The term applies to a person who has emigrated from one of the lesser islands of the Pacific to Australia or New Zealand, or one of their descendants born in Australia or New Zealand. While the majority of these people originate from Polynesia, others come from Micronesia and Melanesia. This definition excludes Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, and New Zealand Maori. ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER STUDIES Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Environmental Knowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Information and Knowledge Systems Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Knowledge Management Traditional Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Medicine and Treatments Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Policy Studies of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Society Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Law Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Performing Arts Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultural Studies Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Literature Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Archaeology Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History 14 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

23 CHAPTER 3 FIELDS OF RESEARCH continued MAORI STUDIES Maori Environmental Knowledge Maori Information and Knowledge Systems Traditional Maori Medicine and Treatments Maori Health Kura Kaupapa Maori (Maori Primary Education) Te Whariki (Maori Early Childhood Education) Kohanga Reo (Maori Language Curriculum and Pedagogy) Maori Education (excl. Early Childhood and Primary Education) Studies of Maori Society Kaupapa Maori Psychology Nga Tikanga Maori (Maori Customary Law) Te Maori Whakahaere Rauemi (Maori Resource Law) Te Tiriti o Waitangi (The Treaty of Waitangi) Te Ture Whenua (Maori Land Law) Maori Law not elsewhere Maori Performing Arts Maori Cultural Studies Te Reo Maori (Maori Language) Maori Literature Maori Archaeology Maori History PACIFIC PEOPLES STUDIES Pacific Peoples Environmental Knowledge Pacific Peoples Information and Knowledge Systems Pacific Peoples Health Pacific Peoples Education Studies of Pacific Peoples' Societies Pacific Peoples Performing Arts Pacific Cultural Studies Pacific Languages Pacific Literature Archaeology of New Guinea and Pacific Islands (excl. New Zealand) Pacific History (excl. New Zealand and Maori) AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

24 FIELDS OF RESEARCH DIVISION 01 MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES This division covers mathematics, statistics, and mathematical aspects of the physical sciences. This division contains six groups: 0101 Pure Mathematics 0102 Applied Mathematics 0103 Numerical and Computational Mathematics 0104 Statistics 0105 Mathematical Physics 0199 Other Mathematical Sciences a) Statistical physics is included in Group 0203 Classical Physics. b) Statistical mechanics associated with chemical processes is included in 0307 Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. c) Mathematics associated with computer science is included in Division 08 Information and Computing Sciences. d) Bioinformatics is included in Group 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology. e) Geodesy is included in Group 0909 Geomatic Engineering. f) Applications of control theory to engineering are included in Groups 0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering and 0913 Mechanical Engineering. g) Applications of statistical techniques are included in the appropriate division, e.g. the statistical analysis of correlations between human health and environmental factors is included in Division 11 Medical and Health Sciences. h) Mathematics and statistics applied in economics are included in Division 14 Economics. i) Criminology is included in Group 1602 Criminology. j) History and philosophy of science is included in Group 2202 History and Philosophy of Specific Fields. GROUP 0101 PURE MATHEMATICS This group covers pure mathematics. This group has thirteen fields: Algebra and Number Theory Algebraic and Differential Geometry Category Theory, K Theory, Homological Algebra Combinatorics and Discrete Mathematics (excl. Physical Combinatorics) Group Theory and Generalisations Lie Groups, Harmonic and Fourier Analysis Mathematical Logic, Set Theory, Lattices and Universal Algebra Operator Algebras and Functional Analysis Ordinary Differential Equations, Difference Equations and Dynamical Systems Partial Differential Equations Real and Complex Functions (incl. Several Variables) Topology Pure Mathematics not elsewhere a) Physical combinatorics is included in Group 0105 Mathematical Physics. b) Mathematics associated with computer science is included in Division 08 Information and Computing Sciences. 16 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC) 2008

25 FIELDS OF RESEARCH continued DIVISION 01 MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES continued GROUP 0102 APPLIED MATHEMATICS This group covers applied mathematics. This group has eight fields: Approximation Theory and Asymptotic Methods Biological Mathematics Calculus of Variations, Systems Theory and Control Theory Dynamical Systems in Applications Financial Mathematics Operations Research Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Applied Mathematics not elsewhere a) Mathematical aspects of physics are included in Group 0105 Mathematical Physics. b) Bioinformatics is included in Group 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology. c) Geodesy is included in Group 0909 Geomatic Engineering. d) Applications of control theory to engineering are included in Groups 0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering and 0913 Mechanical Engineering. e) Mathematics applied in economics is included in Division 14 Economics. GROUP 0103 NUMERICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS This group covers numerical and computational mathematics. This group has four fields: Numerical Analysis Numerical Solution of Differential and Integral Equations Optimisation Numerical and Computational Mathematics not elsewhere a) Computational analysis and mathematical software are included in Group 0802 Computation Theory and Mathematics. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

26 FIELDS OF RESEARCH continued DIVISION 01 MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES continued GROUP 0104 STATISTICS This group covers statistics. It includes the development of statistical techniques. This group has seven fields: Applied Statistics Biostatistics Forensic Statistics Probability Theory Statistical Theory Stochastic Analysis and Modelling Statistics not elsewhere a) Statistical mechanics is included in Group 0105 Mathematical Physics. b) Statistical physics is included in Group 0203 Classical Physics. c) Bioinformatics is included in Group 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology. d) Applications of statistical techniques are included in the appropriate division, e.g. the statistical analysis of correlations between human health and environmental factors is included in Division 11 Medical and Health Sciences. e) Econometrics, economic time series analysis and fields are included in Division 14 Economics. f) Criminology is included in Group 1602 Criminology. GROUP 0105 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS This group covers the mathematical aspects of physics. This group has seven fields: Algebraic Structures in Mathematical Physics Integrable Systems (Classical and Quantum) Mathematical Aspects of Classical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Information Theory Mathematical Aspects of General Relativity Mathematical Aspects of Quantum and Conformal Field Theory, Quantum Gravity and String Theory Statistical Mechanics, Physical Combinatorics and Mathematical Aspects of Condensed Matter Mathematical Physics not elsewhere a) Combinatorics other than physical combinatorics is included in Group 0101 Pure Mathematics. b) Development of statistical techniques is included in Group 0104 Statistics. c) Statistical physics is included in Group 0203 Classical Physics. d) Statistical mechanics associated with chemical processes is included in 0307 Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. 18 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC) 2008

27 FIELDS OF RESEARCH continued DIVISION 01 MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES continued GROUP 0199 OTHER MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES This group covers any mathematical sciences not elsewhere. This group has one field: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere a) Statistical physics is included in Group 0203 Classical Physics. b) Statistical mechanics associated with chemical processes is included in 0307 Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. c) Mathematics associated with computer science is included in Division 08 Information and Computing Sciences. d) Bioinformatics is included in Group 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology. e) Geodesy is included in Group 0909 Geomatic Engineering. f) Applications of control theory to engineering are included in Groups 0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering and 0913 Mechanical Engineering. g) Applications of statistical techniques are included in the appropriate division, e.g. the statistical analysis of correlations between human health and environmental factors is included in Division 11 Medical and Health Sciences. h) Mathematics and statistics applied in economics are included in Division 14 Economics. i) Criminology is included in Group 1602 Criminology. j) History and philosophy of science is included in Group 2202 History and Philosophy of Specific Fields. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)

28 FIELDS OF RESEARCH continued DIVISION 02 PHYSICAL SCIENCES This division covers the physical sciences. It includes biological physics (other than human biophysics), medical physics and synchrotron and accelerator technologies. This division has seven groups: 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics 0203 Classical Physics 0204 Condensed Matter Physics 0205 Optical Physics 0206 Quantum Physics 0299 Other Physical Sciences a) Mathematical aspects of physics are included in Group 0105 Mathematical Physics. b) Optical properties of materials are included in Group 0303 Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry. c) Tropospheric and stratospheric physics are included in Group 0401 Atmospheric Sciences. d) Extraterrestrial geology is included in Group 0403 Geology. e) Geophysics is included in Group 0404 Geophysics. f) Soil physics is included in Group 0503 Soil Sciences. g) Engineering aspects of the physical sciences are included in Division 09 Engineering. h) Technological aspects of the physical sciences are included in Division 10 Technology. i) Human biophysics is included in Group 1116 Medical Physiology. j) History and philosophy of science is included in Group 2202 History and Philosophy of Specific Fields. GROUP 0201 ASTRONOMICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES This group covers astronomical sciences, including cosmology and space sciences. This group has eleven fields: Astrobiology Astronomical and Space Instrumentation Cosmology and Extragalactic Astronomy Galactic Astronomy General Relativity and Gravitational Waves High Energy Astrophysics; Cosmic Rays Mesospheric, Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Physics Planetary Science (excl. Extraterrestrial Geology) Space and Solar Physics Stellar Astronomy and Planetary Systems Astronomical and Space Sciences not elsewhere a) String theory is included in Group 0206 Quantum Physics. b) Tropospheric and stratospheric physics are included in Group 0401 Atmospheric Sciences. c) Extraterrestrial geology is included in Group 0403 Geology. d) Satellite and space vehicle design and testing is included in Group 0901 Aerospace Engineering. e) Remote sensing is included in Group 0909 Geomatic Engineering. f) Communications technologies using satellites are included in Group 1005 Communications Technologies. 20 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC) 2008

29 FIELDS OF RESEARCH continued DIVISION 02 PHYSICAL SCIENCES continued GROUP 0202 ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, NUCLEAR, PARTICLE AND PLASMA PHYSICS This group covers atomic, molecular, nuclear, particle and plasma physics. This group has five fields: Atomic and Molecular Physics Nuclear Physics Particle Physics Plasma Physics; Fusion Plasmas; Electrical Discharges Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics not elsewhere a) Atom optics is included in Group 0206 Quantum Physics. GROUP 0203 CLASSICAL PHYSICS This group covers classical physics. This group has five fields: Acoustics and Acoustical Devices; Waves Electrostatics and Electrodynamics Fluid Physics Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics Classical Physics not elsewhere a) Mathematical aspects of classical physics are included in Group 0105 Mathematical Physics. b) Classical optics is included in Group 0205 Optical Physics. GROUP 0204 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS This group covers condensed matter physics. This group has seven fields: Condensed Matter Characterisation Technique Development Condensed Matter Imaging Condensed Matter Modelling and Density Functional Theory Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Condensed Matter; Superconductivity Soft Condensed Matter Surfaces and Structural Properties of Condensed Matter Condensed Matter Physics not elsewhere a) Other material sciences are included in Groups 0302 Inorganic Chemistry, 0303 Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry, 0903 Biomedical Engineering, 0912 Materials Engineering and 0914 Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy. b) Nanotechnology and nanoscale characterisation is included in Group 1007 Nanotechnology. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STANDARD RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION (ANZSRC)