AIR QUALITY IN PARIS REGION 2014

Transcription

1 AIR QUALITY IN PARIS REGION 214 Summary May 215

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3 AIR QUALITY IN THE PARIS REGION 214 Summary May 215 This report is an English summary of the annual report on ambient air quality in the Paris region. It gives an overview of the concentrations for the European Union regulated pollutants during year 214. The complete report in French can be downloadedd at Air quality complete data in the Paris region can bee downloadedd on AIRPARIF website w Annual pollution maps are available at All data, website. reports and studies made by AIRPARIF are publicly available. Full and free accesss is granted on AIRPARIF Any use of part of this report should mention AIRPARIF Air quality Assessment Network in the Paris Region. Cover illustration: map of the hourly PM1 concentration (source AIRPARIF) Contact us AIRPARIF - Air quality assessment network in the Paris region 7 rue Crillon 754 PARIS Phone Fax

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5 I. Key facts for 214 In 214, particles and nitrogen dioxide levels remain an issue in Ile-de-France region with substantial exceedances of limit values. However, 214 confirms a decrease of chronic pollution levels for these pollutants. With regards to meteorology, 214 is the warmest year since 19. Temperatures were above normal throughout the year, except for the summer months, which were cool, cloudy and rainy. This particular weather has hugely impacted the Ile-de-France air quality (reduction of emissions, few photochemistry). On a trend line basis, mean levels in 214 were slightly lower than those in 213. For particles, a net decrease is observed. Daily and annual limit values for PM1 particles are still greatly exceeded on roadside sites. In 214, around 4 inhabitants in the living close to main roads were potentially affected by the PM1 exceedance of the daily limit value. This is far less than in 213. This is related to less exceedances of the PM1 5 µg/m 3 daily threshold during the 214 winter months. For fine particles (PM2.5), in 215, 11.1 million inhabitants of Ile-de-France were potentially affected by air quality objective exceedance. levels away from road traffic were, on average, 1.5 times higher than the objective and up to three times higher on roadside situations. The 214 limit value is met, for the first time, on the three roadside sites, as the A1 highway site registered a concentration equal to this value. The slight decrease of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels is confirmed both in the greater Paris urban for roadside levels and away from the traffic. Along the main roads, levels are on average twice the annual limit value. The limit value is thus largely exceeded over a wide portion of the Ile-de-France road network, as almost 15 km of roads are concerned. Levels slightly decrease at most sites in 214. The limit value is also exceeded at background sites, away from the traffic, in the centre of the. All in all, in 214, around 2,3 million Ile-de-France inhabitants were potentially exposed to NO2 levels exceeding the annual limit value. After a period of stability, a slight decrease of background levels of nitrogen dioxide is observed over the past two years in the. Regarding ozone levels, every year, the quality objective, is exceeded in all parts of the region, and especially in sub-urban and rural areas. In 214, summer was fresh, cloudy and rainy. Therefore, exceedances of the quality objective for health protection are less important in 214 than in 213. After a long period of sharp decrease which began at the end of the 199 s, benzene levels continue to decline slightly on the whole region, and especially near traffic. Although the quality objective for background is met everywhere, this is not the case at roadside sites where the national quality objective is exceeded on about 13 km of regional roads. Generally speaking, almost 1 Ile-de-France inhabitants, in the and at roadside situations, are potentially exposed to an exceedance of the annual quality objective for benzene. Regarding pollution episodes, the information and warning procedure was triggered 16 days in 214. This is more than twice less than in 213. Almost all of these episodes are due to PM1: 11 days of exceedance of the information warning threshold and 4 days for the alert threshold, among which 12 between March 6 th and April the 1 st. This major pollution episode led to the alternate plate traffic restriction on 214 March 17 th. One exceedance of the information threshold has been also recorded for nitrogen dioxide during this period. No exceedance was observed for ozone in summer. Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May 215 1

6 Trend Standards to be met Non binding standards Limit value Quality objective Target value Away Roadside Away Roadside Away Roadside Away Roadside from traffic from traffic from traffic from traffic PM1 Met Exceeded Met Exceeded PM2.5 Met Met Exceeded Exceeded Met Exceeded NO 2 Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded O 3 Exceeded Met Benzène Met Met Met Exceeded Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May 215 2

7 II. Pollutants exceeding air quality standards Particulate matter in brief 4 inhabitants are potentially exposed to an exceedance of the PM1 daily limit value. Recurrent and severe exceedances of PM1 limit value near traffic. PM2.5 background levels are almost 1,5 times higher than the quality objective threshold, and 2 or 3 times higher near traffic. All the Ile-de-France inhabitants, that is to say 11.1 million people, would be exposed to an exceedance of this threshold. exceedance intensity very important > + 5 % important + 3 à + 5 % moderate + 1 à + 3 % light à + 1 % Particulate Matter (PM1) Annual quality objective exceedance Annual limit value exceedance Daily limit value exceedance no exceedance Rural background Roadside Rural background : max = threshold Roadside Particulate Matter (PM2,5) Rural background Roadside Rural background Quality objective exceedance French target value exceedance 27, 29 Limit value (215) exceedance Limit value (214) exceedance non applicable Roadside every year PM 1 Quality objective and annual limit value Highest monitoring station in 214 in Ile de France PM 1 Daily limit value (number of days >= 5 µg/m 3 ) Highest monitoring station in 214 in Ile de France 6 Limit value Quality objective 245 Limit value (35 days) Concentrations (µg/m 3 ) outside 46 Raodside Number of days outside 92 Raodside PM 2,5 Annual limit value Highest monitoring station in 214 in Ile de France 4 Limit value 214 Limit value 215 French target value Quality objective 35 Concentrations (µg/m 3 ) Raodside Summary of air quality standards exceedances for particulate matter (PM 1 and PM 2.5 ) in Ile de France Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May 215 3

8 PM1 Particles roadside sites urban and suburban (S) sites Rural background sites Measurement uncertainties Zone rurale Nord Ouest Frémainville Zone rurale Sud Bois Herpin Zone rurale Ouest Prunay le Temple Nogent sur Marne Lognes Cergy Pontoise Vitry sur Seine La Défense Paris stade Lenglen (15ème) Bobigny Tremblay en France (S) Paris Centre 4ème Gennevilliers Paris 18ème RN6 Melun Boulevard Haussmann Place de l'opéra RD934 Coulommiers Place Victor Basch Avenue des Champs Elysées Boulevard Périphérique Est RN2 Pantin Boulevard périphérique Auteuil Autoroute A1 Saint Denis Figure 1: PM 1 annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS / BAM) in the Paris region in µg/m 3 French annual quality objective 3 µg/m 3 EU Annual Limit Value 4 µg/m roadside sites urban & suburban (S) background sites rural background sites Zone rurale Ouest Prunay le Temple Zone rurale Sud Bois Herpin Zone rurale Nord Ouest Frémainville Cergy Pontoise La Défense Paris stade Lenglen Nogent sur Marne Paris Centre 4ème Lognes Tremblay en France (S) Vitry sur Seine Paris 18ème Bobigny Gennevilliers Boulevard Haussmann RN6 Melun Place de l'opéra RD934 Coulommiers Place Victor Basch Avenue des Champs Elysées Boulevard Périphérique Est RN2 Pantin Boulevard périphérique Auteuil Autoroute A1 Saint Denis Figure 2: PM 1 annual number of days exceeding the 5 µg/m 3 EU threshold for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS / BAM) in the Paris region in EU limit value 35 days of exceeding Number of days 92 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May 215 4

9 PM1 Annual mean (µg/m 3 ) EU limit Value French Quality Objective PM 1 PM 1 Figure 3: PM1 annual mean concentration in the suburbs, 214 Paris region, background and a roadside, focus on Pariss and near Km of roads exceeding the PM 1 daiy limite value * 28* 29* 21 * exceedance calculated with excluded threshold Figure 4: Kilometres of roads exceeding the PM 1 daily limit value in the Paris region, 27 to sites average Highest background site Number of days >= 5 µg/m * 28* 29* 21 * exceedance calculated with excluded threshold Figure 5: number of days exceeding PM 1 5 µg/m 3 threshold, average and highest background site, 27 to 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summaryy May 215 n 5

10 Surface area (km 2 ) * 28* 29* * exceedance calculated with excluded threshold Figure 6: Trend in surface area exceeding daily limit value in PM 1 in the Paris region, 27 to 2144 PM 1 (Nb D > 5) PM 1 (Nb D > 5) PM 1 Nb of days above 5 µg/ m 3 Limit Value PM 1 (Nb D > 5) PM 1 1 (Nb D > 5) PM 1 (Nb D > 5) PM 1 (Nb D > 5) PM 1 (Nb D > 5) Figure 7: Risk of exceeding the EU dailyy limit value in PM 1 in the Paris region, background and roadside Air quality in the Paris region 214: summaryy May 215 n 6

11 * 28* 29* * exceedance calculated with excluded threshold inhabitants (millions) Figure 8: millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to PM 1 level exceeding the EU daily limit value in the Paris region, 27 to 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May 215 7

12 PM2.5 Particles roadsite sites urban background sites Zone rurale Sud Bois Herpin Zone rurale Sud Est Forêt de Fontainebleau Zone rurale Nord Saint Martin du Tertre Vitry sur Seine Gonesse Gennevilliers Bobigny Paris Centre (4ème) RN6 Melun Boulevard périphérique Est Boulevard périphérique Auteuil Autoroute A1 Saint Denis 8 9 French quality objective : 1 µg/m French target value 21 : 2 µg/m EU limit value 215 : 25 µg/m µg/m 3 Figure 9: PM 2,5 annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS) in the Paris region in 214 PM2.5 Annual Mean µg/m 3 Limit value Target T value PM 2.5 PM 2.5 Quality objective Figure 1: : annual mean concentration of fine particles PM 2,5 in the Paris region and focus on Paris and suburbs,, background and roadside in 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summaryy May 215 n 8

13 Nitrogen dioxide in brief Nitrogen dioxide remains an important issue in Ile-de-France: in 214, around 2,3 million inhabitants living in the centre of the were potentially exposed to an exceedance of the annual limit value. Recurrent limit value exceedances are recorded, especially near road traffic. levels are overall stable between 213 and 214. After a significant decrease of background levels since the beginning of the 2 s, concentrations have been more stable for several years. The main source of nitrogen dioxide remains road traffic, particularly from diesel powered vehicles. Levels along major roads can be twice higher than the air quality standards. exceedance intensity no exceedance very important > + 5 % important + 3 à + 5 % moderate + 1 à + 3 % light à + 1 % Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) Rural background Roadside Rural background Roadside 23, 27, 29, Annual limit value exceedance * 21, 211, 212, every year 213 Hourly limit value exceedance * since 26 * considering margins of tolerance decreasing from year to year Concentrations (µg/m 3 ) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Annual limit value Highest monitoring station in 214 in Ile de France 41 Limit value 11 outside 96 Raodside Number of hours exceeding Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Hourly limit value (number of hours exceeding the 2 µg/m 3 threshold) Highest monitoring station in 214 in Ile de France 1 1 Limit value (18 exceedances) outside 53 Raodside Summary of air quality standards exceedances for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in Ile de France Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May 215 9

14 Nitrogen dioxide Figure 11: nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) annual mean concentration for all monitoring sites in the Paris region in 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summaryy May 215 n 1

15 Limit Value NO 2 NO 2 Figure 12: nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) annual mean concentration in the Paris region, background andd roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 214 kilometres of roads exceeding the NO 2 annual limit value * 28* 29* * exceedances calculated with excluded threshold Figure 13: kilometres of main road network exceedingg the nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) EU E annual limitt value in the Paris region, 27 to Surface area (km 2 ) * 28* 29* * exceedances calculated with excluded threshold Figure 14: trend in surface area exceeding the annuall limit value (4 µg/m 3 ) in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the Paris region, 27 to 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summaryy May 215 n 11

16 Inhabitants (millions) * 28* 29* * exceedances calculated with excluded threshold Figure 15: millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) level exceeding EU annual limit value in the Paris region, 27 to µg/m Figure 16: trend in the nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) tri annual mean concentration, sample of the same six urban background sites in the Paris, to µg/m Figure 17: trend in the nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) tri annual mean concentration, sample of the same five roadside sites in the Paris, to Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May

17 3% 25% NO 2 /NOx (%) 2% 15% 1% 5% 23.4% 24.% 23.5% 2.6% 21.7%22.4% 22.3%21.2% 18.7% 16.9% 15.5% 14.% 12.6% 1.3%11.3% 9.% 9.3% % Figure 18: [NO2]/[NOx] ratio trend, averaged roadside sites in the Paris (background level subtracted), 1998 to 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May

18 Ozone in brief Stabilization of the mean levels increase. Less exceedances of the quality objective than 213 because of a cloudy and rainy summer. exceedance intensity no exceedance very important > + 5 % important + 3 à + 5 % moderate + 1 à + 3 % light à + 1 % Ozone (O 3) Quality objective exceedance (health) Long term objective applicable in 22 (health) Target value exceedance applicable in 212 (health) Quality objective exceedance (vegetation) Long term objective applicable in 22 (vegetation) Rural background Roadside Rural background Roadside no measurement every year every year no measurement no measurement every year until 26 every year until 26 no measurement no measurement every year every year no measurement Target value exceedance applicable in 212 (vegetation) no measurement no measurement Ozone (O 3 ) health Quality objective and long term objective Highest monitoring station in 214 in Ile de France Ozone (O 3 ) health Quality objective and long term objective Highest monitoring station in 214 in Ile de France 5 Quality objective and long term objective no exceeding day 5 Quality objective and long term objective no exceeding day 4 4 Number of days Number of days outside outside Ozone (O 3 ) health Quality objective and long term objective Highest monitoring station in 214 in Ile de France Ozone (O 3 ) health Quality objective and long term objective Highest monitoring station in 214 in Ile de France 5 Quality objective and long term objective no exceeding day 5 Quality objective and long term objective no exceeding day 4 4 Number of days Number of days outside outside Summary of air quality standards exceedances for ozone (O 3 ) in Ile de France Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May

19 Ozone O 3 O 3 O 3 Nb of days > 12 µ µg/m 3 O 3 O 3 French Qualityy objective O 3 Figure 19: number of days exceeding the French quality objective (= EU long term objective), o threshold 12 µg/m 3 8 hour mean, objective = no exceeding) for ozone (O 3 ) in the Paris region, 22 to 214 Number of days Paris Rural area of the Paris region 29 EU target value for human healthh protection 25 days * * * 213* * exceedance calculatedwith excluded threshold Figure 2: : number of days exceeding the threshold off the EU targett value for protection of human health (12 µg/m 3 8 hour average, not over 25 days of exceeding on a 3 years period) in the Paris region, for the highest monitoring g site in urban and rural parts of the region, to Air quality in the Paris region 214: summaryy May 215 n 15

20 urban and suburban (S) sites rural background sites specific observation site Paris 18ème Neuilly sur Seine Melun (S) Paris Centre (4ème) Zone rurale Est Saints Zone rurale Ouest Prunay le Temple Paris 13ème Mantes la Jolie (S) Garches Montgeron Cergy Pontoise Cachan Tour Eiffel 3ème étage Zone rurale Sud Est Forêt de Fontainebleau Villemomble Zone rurale Sud Bois Herpin Lognes Zone rurale Nord Ouest Frémainville Zone rurale Nord Est Montgé en Goële Zone rurale Nord Saint Martin du Tertre Les Ulis (S) Tremblay en France (S) Champigny sur Marne Figure 21: number of days exceeding the threshold of the EU target value for protection of human health (12 µg/m 3 8 hour average) in the Paris region (3 years average ) Number of days of exceedence EU target value for protection of human health : 25 days (average over 3 years) urban and suburban (S) sites rural background sites specific observation site Paris 18ème Neuilly sur Seine Tour Eiffel 3ème étage Zone rurale Ouest Prunay le Temple Paris 13ème Mantes la Jolie (S) Zone rurale Est Saints Melun (S) Montgeron Garches Champigny sur Marne Cergy Pontoise Cachan Tremblay en France (S) Villemomble Zone rurale Nord Ouest Frémainville Zone rurale Nord Est Montgé en Goële Lognes Zone rurale Sud Ouest Forêt de Rambouillet Zone rurale Sud Est Forêt de Fontainebleau Les Ulis (S) Zone rurale Nord Saint Martin du Tertre Zone rurale Sud Bois Herpin µg/m 3.h EU target value for protection of végétation: 18 µg/m 3.h (average over 5 years) Figure 22: target value in ozone for the protection of vegetation (AOT4, threshold of 18 µg/m 3.h) in the Paris region (average ) Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May

21 urban and suburban (S) sites rural background sites specific observation site Paris 18ème Paris Centre (4ème) Neuilly sur Seine Tour Eiffel 3ème étage Paris 13ème Zone rurale Ouest Prunay le Temple Melun (S) Mantes la Jolie (S) Villemomble Cachan Montgeron Zone rurale Est Saints Cergy Pontoise Zone rurale Nord Est Montgé en Goële Zone rurale Sud Est Forêt de Fontainebleau Zone rurale Nord Ouest Frémainville Champigny sur Marne Tremblay en France (S) Les Ulis (S) Zone rurale Nord Saint Martin du Tertre Garches Lognes Zone rurale Sud Bois Herpin Long term objective for protection of vegetation: 6 µg/m 3.h µg/m 3.h Figure 23: long term objective in ozone (O3) for the protection of vegetation (AOT4, threshold of 6 µg/m 3.h) in the Paris region in 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May

22 Benzene Roadside sites continuous random sampling Urban and suburban (S) background sites continuous random sampling Vitry sur Seine Gennevilliers Gonesse (S) Paris Centre (4ème) Paris 18ème Paris Stade Lenglen Nogent sur Marne Neuilly sur Seine Aubervilliers Saint Denis RD934 Coulommiers RN6 Melun RN2 Pantin Boulevard périphérique Est Rue Bonaparte Boulevard Haussmann RN2 Montlhéry RD7 Courbevoie Place de l'opéra Place Victor Basch Place de la Bastille Rue de Rivoli Measurement uncertainties,9,9,9 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,1 1,1 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,1 2,2 French Quality objective: 2 µg/m 3 2,7 2,8 3, 3,3 Figure 24: annual mean concentration of benzene in the Paris region in 214 EU limit Value: 5 µg/m µg/m ,5 26, ,5 µg/m , ,1 8,7 7,5 5 6,4 5,4 4,6 4 3,7 3,6 3,5 3, Figure 25: trend in the benzene annual mean concentration on Place Victor Basch Paris roadside monitoring site, 1994 to 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May

23 6 5 4 µg/m ,3 5,2 4,7 4,1 3 2,3 1,8 1,7 1,5 1,3 1, 31,3 1,4 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,2 1, Figure 26: trend in the benzene tri annual mean concentration, sample of five to ten urban background sites in the Paris, to kilometres of roads exceeding the benzene quality objective * 28* 29* Figure 27: kilometres of main road network exceedingg the benzene French quality objective (2 µg/m 3 ) in the Paris region, 27 to 214 Annual mean µg/m 3 EU limit value Benzenee Benzene French Quality Objective Figure 28: benzene annual mean concentration in the e Paris region, background andd roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summaryy May 215 n 19

24 inhabitants (millions) 5, 4,5 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1,,5, 1,8 1,9 1,1,9 1,,4,3,1 27* 28* 29* Figure 29: millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to an exceeding of the benzene French quality objective (2 µg/m 3 ) in the Paris region, 28 to 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May 215 2

25 III. Pollutants meeting air quality standards Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 4 3 Paris average 32 Boulevard périphérique Porte d'auteuil roadside site <LD <LD <LD <LD <LD <LD <LD µg/m <LD: under the detection limit Figure 3: trend in the sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) tri annual mean concentration, changing sample of urban background sites in the Paris and roadside site on Paris ring road, to Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May

26 Carbon monoxide (CO) Annual mean Maximum 8 hours mean µg/m background sites EU limit value: 1 µg/m 3 for the maximum 8 hours Paris Centre (4ème) Aubervilliers Boulevard périphérique Auteuil roadside sites Place Victor Basch Autoroute A1 Saint Denis Figure 31: carbon monoxide (CO) annual mean and annual maximum 8 hour mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites in the Paris region in 214 Roadside sites Paris urban sites Paris µg/m EU limit value since 22 1 µg/m Figure 32: trend in the carbon monoxide (CO) annual maximum 8 hour mean concentration, urban background sites and roadside sites in the Paris, 1991 to 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May

27 Metals (Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium and Nickel) Place Victor Basch (road side) Paris (urban background) * available data from 7/27/21 to 12/31/21 na : unavailable ** : end of monitoring at road traffic site Place Victor Basch on 12/31/ EU limit value :.5 µg/m 3 µg/m French quality objective :.25 µg/m 3.1. na na * ** Figure 33: trends in the lead annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in Paris, 1991 to 214 Place Victor Basch (roadside) Paris (urban background) 2. EU target value : 6 ng/m ng/m * * available data from 7/27/21 to 12/31/21 Figure 34: trends in the arsenic annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in the Paris region, 1999 to 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May

28 Place Victor Basch (roadside) Paris (urban background) 2. EU target value : 5 ng/m ng/m * * available data from 7/27/21 to 12/31/21 Figure 35: trends in the cadmium annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in the Paris region, 1999 to EU target value : 2 ng/m ng/m na na : non available Figure 36: nickel annual mean concentration, urban background site in Paris, 27 to 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May

29 Benzo(a)pyrene Agglomération roadside sites Agglomération background sites Neuilly sur Seine.13 EU target value: 1 ng/m 3 Paris.14 Vitry sur Seine.17 Gennevilliers.2 Bd périphérique Est ng/m 3 Figure 37: benzo(a)pyrene annual mean concentration for all monitoring sites in the Paris region in Urban background mean (changing sample of urban background sites) Boulevard périphérique Auteuil (roadside site) ng/m Figure 38: trend in the benzo(a)pyrene annual mean concentration, urban background sites mean and roadside site in the Paris, 1998 to 214 Air quality in the Paris region 214: summary May