Instability concept. Symposium- Cervical Spine. Barcelona, February 2014
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1 Instability concept Guillem Saló Bru, MD, Phd AOSpine Principles Symposium- Cervical Spine Orthopaedic Depatment. Spine Unit. Hospital del Mar. Barcelona. Associated Professor UAB Barcelona, February 2014
2 Disclosure information I have no financial relationships with commercial entities that produce health-care related products.
3 Case problem. 51 years old man. Occipital trauma due car accident. Cervical pain. Normal neurological assessment. X-ray:
4 Case Problem. Soft collar. Persistence of neck pain. Deformity in flexion. Re-consulting two weeks later...
5 Case problem.
6 Case problem. C6 C5
7 Case Problem. Dynamic X-ray
8 Case Problem. CT-Scan
9 Case Problem. 1 year
10 Definition loss of ability of the spine under physiologic loads to maintain relationships in such a way that there is neither damage nor subsequent irritation to the spinal cord or nerve roots and, in addition, there is no development of incapacitating deformity or pain A White, MM Panjabi, Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine., Under physiologic loads.potential for: Inceased deformity (first degree instability) Neurologic Damage (second degree instability). Pain / Disability
11 Definition Basic elements of Systematic Analysis of Instability in cervical spine: Anatomic elements of stability. Biomechanics of normal cervical spine Instability criteria of cervical spine.
12 Anatomic Considerations: cervical vertebras 45º 0º
13 Trabecular Anatomy Important transition point for forces within the c-spine Important anatomical points Superior and inferior articular processes are offset in the AP direction- due to different functions at each articulation Pars interarticularis- due to this transition is a frequent fracture site Odontoid process- the pivot for rotation The trabecular anatomy of the axis Authors:Heggeness,M.H. ; Doherty,B.J.Source:Spine, 1993, 18, 14, , UNITED STATES
14 Anatomic Considerations: Atlanto-Axial Anatomy Allow for the wide range of motion of upper C-spine while maintaining stability Classified according to location with respect to vertebral canal 1. Internal ligaments: Tectorial membrane Cruciate ligament including transverse ligament Alar and apical ligaments Tranverse Ligament C1-C2 joint Alar Ligament Occiput C1 C2
15 Anatomic Considerations: Atlanto-Axial Anatomy 2. External ligaments: Anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes Anterior and posterior atlanto-axial membranes Articular capsules Ligamentum nuchae Tectorial Membrane
16 Anatomic Considerations: Lower C- Spine 1. Anterior: anterior longitudinal ligament. 2. Posterior complex: Ligamentum nuchae Ligamentum interspinous. Ligamentum flavum. Capsule of facet joints
17 Biomechanics of cervical spine. Cervical mobility White y Pandjabi, Clinical Biomechanics of the spine. JP Lippincott, Philadelphia 2ª ed 1990
18 Biomechanics of cervical spine. Total Flexion-extension 130º C2-C7 flexion exension:100º C1-C2 flexion exension: 20-30º Total Lateral Bending 45º C0-C1 lateral bending 8º C2-C7 lateral bending 37º Total Rotation 80º C1-C2 rotation 24º C2-C7 rotation 56º Kapandji IA, cuadernos de fisiologia articular, Masson 1991
19 Biomechanics of cervical spine. Instantaneus centers of rotation of lower cervical spine (White y Pandjabi, Clinical Biomechanics of the spine. JP Lippincott, Philadelphia 2ª ed 1990).
20 Biomechanics of cervical spine. The displacement of instantaneous centers of rotation involves Cervical coupling in combined movemens White y Pandjabi, Clinical Biomechanics of the spine. JP Lippincott, Philadelphia 2ª ed 1990
21 Biomechanics of cervical spine. Body resistence to axial load (Newtons). LEVEL C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T11 T12 L1 L2 L3 L4 L White y Pandjabi, Clinical Biomechanics of the spine. JP Lippincott, Philadelphia 2ª ed 1990
22 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C0-C2). White y Pandjabi, Clinical Biomechanics of the spine. JP Lippincott, Philadelphia 2ª ed 1990
23 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C0-C2). >4mm
24 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C0-C2). Overhang C1-C2 Open Mouth view. Lateral displacement of C1 Laterral masses. Instability > 7 mm Implies rupture of transverse ligament Spence, JBJS, 1970
25 Instability criteria of cervical spine(c0-c2).
26 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C0-C2).
27 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C0-C2). Powers Ratio BC/OA >1 considered abnormal Limited Usefulness Positive only in Anterior Translational injuries False Negative with pure distraction Powers et al, Neurosurg, 1979
28 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C0-C2). Swischuk s line: pathologic > 2mm. Only indicates regional kyphosis. Swischuk LE. The cervical spine in childhood. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol Sep-Oct;13(5):1-26.
29 Instability criteria of cervical spine(c2-c7). Pavlov s ratio (A/B) 0.8 White AA III, Panjabi MM. The problem of clinical instability in the human spine. A systematic approach. Clinical biomechanics of the spine, 2nd ed. JB Lippincott 1990,
30 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C2-C7). TOTAL: 10 points
31 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C2-C7). TOTAL: 7 points
32 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C2-C7). White et al. (1975) found that cervical spines with intact anterior structures plus one posterior element, or spines with intact posterior structures plus one anterior structure remain biomechanically stable under physiological loads. Three-column concept of cervical spine stability: Stabilizing structures divided into three columns. Insufficiency of two or three columns indicates instability, whereas injuries of one column may be stable. Denis F. The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine 1983; 8: White AA III, Johnson RM, Panjabi MM, Southwick WO. Biomechanical analysis of clinical stability in the cervical spine. Clin Orthop 1975; 109:
33 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C2-C7). The classification system is based on morphologic descriptions and, secondly, by stability based on a quantifiable value. Four column model Severity score of 0 to 20, =>7 surgery In patiens with multiple levels of injury, only the most severe level is scored
34 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C2-C7). right left Ant = 5 R pilar = 5 L pilar = 5 Post =5 TOTAL = 20
35 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C2-C7). Ant = 2.5 R pilar = 1 L pilar = 3 Post =4 TOTAL = 10.5
36 Instability criteria of cervical spine (C2-C7) Interobservor ICC:0.83 Intraobservor ICC:0.97 Excellent reliability Alllow more acurate determination of stability and dictate treatement.
37 Radiologic considerations. Rx-rays, CT scan: Both are esential to identify and typify the cervical injury. MRI: the better tool to asses the cervical soft tissues injury and ligament instability. Increased Signal Intensity in : Joints Capsular Spinal Cord Ligaments Pre-vertebral soft tissues Dickman et al, J Neurosurg, 1991 Warner et al, Emerg Radiol, 1996
38 Conclusions. Take at home message. Its important to know the structures at risk in cervical spine trauma. Understand the patogenesis of cervical injuries Assesement of cervical instability is esential to plain the treatment of fractures. Is necessary to identificate unstable cervical injuries in order to administrate the appropiate treatment. Underestimated lesions could lead to a catastrofic results.
39 Excellence in Spine
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