whoami Alec Stuart Muirk Network Security Architect Firewall Engineer Ruxcon attendee Security hobbist
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2 whoami Alec Stuart Muirk Network Security Architect Firewall Engineer Ruxcon attendee Security hobbist
3 DISCLAIMER This research is not related to my job or current employer. This is purely an exercise in security research and is for educational use only Each vulnerability has been reported to the vendor.
4 Agenda Firewall evolution Firewall as the target What is the Cisco ASA? Hardware Software Super Mario Adventure!
5 Agenda Mario Super Adventure cisco>enable cisco# #id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) Jail break Local shell access Obtain SSL VPN User Access Device Compromise & Privilege Escalation Pwn the Network with Hidden Config
6 Firewall Evolution Packet Filtering Stateful Inspection Application Awareness UTM Next Gen IP Address Port Protocol IP Address Port Protocol Session state IPsec VPNs IP Address Port Protocol Session state IPSec VPN Application Protocol Aware IP Address Port Protocol Session state IPSec VPN Application Protocol Aware SSL VPN Content filtering IPS/IDS AV IP Address Port Protocol Session state IPSec VPN Application Protocol Aware SSL VPN Content filtering IPS/IDS AV Layer 7 application awareness
7 Firewall Evolution Packet Filtering Stateful Inspection Application Awareness UTM Next Gen IP Address Port Protocol IP Address Port Protocol Session state IPsec VPNs IP Address Port Protocol Session state IPSec VPN Application Protocol Aware User-defined input. IP Address Port Protocol Session state IPSec VPN Application Protocol Aware SSL VPN Content filtering IPS/IDS AV IP Address Port Protocol Session state IPSec VPN Application Protocol Aware SSL VPN Content filtering IPS/IDS AV Layer 7 application awareness
8 Firewall Evolution Cisco ASA IP Address Port Protocol Session state Application Protocol Aware WebVPN Content filtering IPS/IDS AV
9 Firewalls as the Target Traditional reasons to pwn the firewall Network access, sniff/mitm traffic etc.. My reason to pwn the firewall Compromise of the firewall allows an attacker to blend into the network Security landscape is changing Moving away from the walled garden SIEM, IPS, DLP are the new black Increased focus on detection and response
10 Firewalls as the Target Firewall rule-base shows us trust relationships in the network Describes expected network traffic patterns A firewall rootkit could NAT intruder traffic to match normal network traffic. Bypass tiered firewalls and anomaly based IPS
11 Cisco ASA Hardware Cisco ASA is sold as a black box appliance Underlying hardware is Intel
12 Cisco ASA Legacy Hardware Model RAM CPU Cisco ASA GB Pentium MHz (32bit) Cisco ASA GB Pentium MHz (32bit) Cisco ASA GB P4 Celeron 2000MHz (32bit) Cisco ASA GB P4 Celeron 1600 MHz(32bit) Cisco ASA M AMD Geode 500Mhz (32bit)
13 Cisco ASA 5505 SOHO/branch appliance = affordable Supports the latest ASA releases Runs the same firmware image as the higher spec 32-bit appliances 32-bit exploit dev environment
14 Cisco ASA Next Gen Hardware Model RAM CPU Cisco ASA 5512-X 4GB Multicore, enterprise-grade Cisco ASA 5515-X 8GB Multicore, enterprise-grade Cisco ASA 5525-X 8GB Multicore, enterprise-grade Cisco ASA 5545-X 12GB Multicore, enterprise-grade Cisco ASA 5555-X 16GB Multicore, enterprise-grade
15 Cisco vasa Virtual firewall (VMWare/KVM) Supports the latest ASA releases Runs the same firmware image as the higher spec Next Gen 64-bit appliances 64-bit exploit dev environment
16 Cisco ASA Software Restricted CLI environment (Cisco IOS-like) Non-exec mode Exec mode (enable) Config mode (config t) Persistent storage is disk0: (config/firmware etc) ASDM for GUI configuration Java based HTTP POSTs to exec/config commands
17 Cisco ASA Software show kernel process reveals underlying OS
18 Cisco ASA Software Cisco documentation shows open source used inside the firmware Open Source Used In Cisco ASA PDFs Cisco will provide code as required by license (eg GPL).
19 Cisco ASA Software Software Release Release Date Kernel Version Cisco ASA 8.4 Jan 2011 Linux Cisco ASA 9.0 Oct 2012 Linux Cisco ASA 9.1 Dec 2012 Linux Cisco ASA 9.2 April 2014 Linux Cisco ASA 9.3 July 2014 Linux
20 Cisco ASA Software Unpack the firmware Binwalk to extract the filesystem Basic Linux environment with busybox /asa contains the Cisco files We want to see this filesystem in a running environment
21 Cisco ASA Boot Order Firmware image verification execv( /asa/bin/lina ) BIOS ROMMON BootLoader Grub Kernel init rcs S59a /asa/scripts/rcs /asa/bin/lina_monitor /asa/bin/lina
22 Jail break to Shell CVE Method 1 Firmware asa842-k8.bin contains insecure LD_LIBRARY_PATH /mnt/disk0/lib/ /mnt/disk0/ = disk0: (Cisco CLI land) Create a trojan disk0:/lib/libc.so.6 Hijack execv() Launch shell instead of lina
23 Boot to Shell asa842-k8.bin Launch a shell via hijacked execv() Jail break to Shell Firmware image verification Method 1 BIOS ROMMON BootLoader Grub Kernel init rcs S59a /asa/scripts/rcs LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/mnt/disk0/lib/ /asa/bin/lina_monitor /asa/bin/lina /bin/sh
24 Jail break to Shell Method 1 We can use 842-k8.bin as a bootloader for newer versions Extract /asa from any firmware version (eg 9.1.5) and copy to the device Load 842-k8.bin, drop to shell Replace /asa (842) with /asa (915) Start /asa/bin/lina (v 9.1.5) in a controlled environment
25 Jail break to Shell Start lina with gdb attached!
26 Jail break to Shell Method 1 Potential place to launch persistent rootkit Image verification already completed Subvert linux/lina before starting /asa/bin/lina
27 Rootkit? Hijack execv() Firmware image verification BIOS ROMMON BootLoader Grub Kernel init rcs S59a /asa/scripts/rcs LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/mnt/disk0/lib/ /asa/bin/lina_monitor Rootkit code /asa/bin/lina
28 Jail break to Shell Method 2 CVE Shell access without a reboot! Static analysis of /bin/lina (9.2) shows a fork/exec to external /asa/scripts/pa_setup.sh pa_setup.sh is called by CLI config mode command vnmc policy-agent Analysis of pa_setup.sh shows insecure use of CLI data as shell parameters We can run OS level commands from restricted CLI mode!
29 Jail break to Shell Method 2 Surround shared-secret in & to launch our shell script! Valid config, shared-secret script will execute at boot
30 The Linux environment The Linux environment ASLR disabled /dev/mem access (CONFIG_STRICT_DEVMEM = N) Modules enabled gdbserver included ptrace support! No native networking /asa/bin/lina is the firewall process
31 The Linux environment No native networking
32 The Linux environment LINA controls network interfaces User space PCI drivers Handles all frames/packets No network access from Linux shell? Some scripts need network access (/asa/scripts/) References to LD_PRELOAD=libdsocks.so
33 The Linux environment libdsocks.so is Dante or socksify Forces application connect() through a SOCKS proxy Cisco CLI hidden commands, enable a socks proxy in Lina We now have network access from shell!
34 Upload nc/socat Jail break to Shell Method 2 Change console shell to socat reverse shell!
35 Jail break to Shell Method 2 Cisco ASA Reverse connect /bin/sh Demo
36 Quest for Shell
37 Jail break to Shell Software Release Shell Method Reboot Cisco ASA Use as loader Yes Cisco ASA 9.2 vnmc policy-agent No Cisco ASA 9.3 vnmc policy-agent No
38 Shell Access! Access to shell on our hardened appliance! Reverse connect shell without reboot on our target firmware (9.2.1)!
39 Agenda Mario Super Adventure #id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) Jail break Local shell access Obtain SSL VPN User Access
40 Looking for Remote Cisco ASA has a patchy history Two likely candidates for remote exploit Application Protocol Inspection WebVPN Services
41 Remote Unauthenticated Vulns (DoS/Overflow/Bypass) CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE Jan 11 Feb Oct Mar 12 May Jun Aug Oct Jan 13 Feb Apr Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Feb 14 Apr May Jul
42 Memory Corruption in Protocol Inspection CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE Jan 11 Feb Oct Mar 12 May Jun Aug Oct Jan 13 Feb Apr Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Feb 14 Apr May Jul
43 Looking for Remote Vulnerabilities in Application Layer Protocol Inspection DNS Inspection CVE ESMTP Inspection - CVE H.323 Inspection - CVE HTTP Inspection - CVE Instant Messenger Inspection - CVE ILS Inspection - CVE RADIUS Inspection -CVE SIP Inspection - CVE SCCP Inspection - CVE UDP Inspection - CVE (DNS/SIP/SNMP/GTP/MCGP/XDMCP) SQL*Net Inspection - CVE Most memory corruption vulnerabilities are classified as DoS
44 Looking for Remote Checkheaps most likely offering protection DoS instead of code exec Previous work on IOS checkheaps bypass could be used in ASA land? Michael Lynn BlackHat 2005 Expect more research in this space
45 Memory Corruption in Protocol Inspection CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE Cisco Firewall Services Module and Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance CVE DCERPC CVE Inspection Buffer Overflow Vulnerability CVE An unauthenticated, remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to cause a stack overflow condition which could be leveraged to execute CVE arbitrary CVE CVE commands or cause an affected device to reload, resulting in a DoS condition. CVE Cisco Vulnerability Alert CVE CVE Jan 11 Feb Oct Mar 12 May Jun Aug Oct Jan 13 Feb Apr Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Feb 14 Apr May Jul
46 Looking for Remote CVE Stack-based buffer overflow ASLR disabled! GDB/IDA attach to serial console /asa/bin/lina_monitor -g -s /dev/ttys0 -d
47 Bug Hunting CVE Disclosure shows issue in DCERPC inspection Static analysis shows some memcpy operations to a fixed sized buffer Focus on ISystemActivator / RemoteCreate Instance RPC Messages Fuzz the protocol parameters
48 Bug Hunting CVE Windows RPC WMI ISystemActivator ISystemActivator: BIND ISystemActivator : BIND-ACK RemoteCreateInstance : REQUEST RemoteCreateInstance : RESPONSE RPC client Buffer overflow triggered by malformed RCI RESPONSE packet! RPC server
49 Bug Hunting CVE
50 Looking for Remote CVE Overwrite EIP with xlarge oxidbinding info Unfortunately string content is restricted to valid IP address string characters ASCII 0-9 (0x30-0x39) and. (0x2e) Partial overwrite / ROP opportunity? Our princess is in another castle!
51 Looking for Remote WebVPN Portal another likely target CVEs related to Web Services (XSS/Bypass/Gain Privs) CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE CVE Jan 11 May 12 Jul 13 Mar 14 Apr Jun
52 WebVPN Popular remote access method A web server on your firewall? Two web services WebVPN Portal / AnyConnect Gateway ASDM services (launch ASDM/ handles ASDM GUI config via POST/GET) Assume no access to ASDM services!
53
54 Provides access to internal web resources. Intranet server etc. Cisco ASA acts as a proxy HTML rewriter. Embeds returned content into the WebVPN portal.
55 Provides access to internal resources. Launches Java applets. Cisco ASA proxies the SSH/RDP/Citrix connections to the remote server
56 WebVPN Lots of server side processing! Embedded Lua provides server side functions Scripts are stored as plaintext blobs in lina binary `strings lina` reveals 86 Lua scripts Plenty of complied Lua also.. Code review of server side Lua shows us some interesting bugs
57 Some code here
58 WebVPN CheckAsdmSession(cookie, no_redirect) Checks to see if file $cookie exists Validates session if file exists! Where is CheckAsdmSession() used? WebVPN Customization Editor! Used to edit look and feel of WebVPN portal
59 WebVPN
60
61
62 WebVPN
63 WebVPN Preview Button actions: Creates /asdm/onetimerandomcedvalue POST the Customization contents launches a URL to view the preview =DfltCustomization&preview=logon&f=logon&pf=logon& ced=b96ad3a d48087d f32 ced value is used as CheckAsdmSession(file,1)
64 WebVPN cedlogon.html can also be accessed as: Set ced= to a known file across all versions ced=../../locale/ru/lc_messages/webvpn.mo CheckAsdmSession(../../locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/web vpn.mo,1) always returns true Session check is bypassed.. We can request a preview of our own content So what?
65 WebVPN CVE Older versions of ASDM did all customization through web browser The code still remains in current versions! This includes the ability to save the preview content! We can use ced bypass to customize the WebVPN! via the internet facing web service!
66 WebVPN Content can be customized to serve clients some malware! Inject some BEEF.js Clients expect Java applets to be served (RDP/SSH plugins) Clients expect.exe to be served (updates for SSL AnyConnect client) Hijack the login form!
67 WebVPN Exploit Process.. Request Preview of our requested Customization content Request Preview Save of requested Customization content
68 WebVPN Request Preview With Customization Contents Request Preview Save Save Cotents
69 WebVPN Request Preview With Customization Contents Request Preview Save Save Cotents
70 WebVPN Request Preview With Customization Contents Request Preview Save Save Cotents
71 WebVPN Scrape the current login screen Customization Request Preview With Hijack Contents Request Preview Save Save Cotents Catch creds on HTTPS listener service Form submit sends us clear-text username/password combos. Javascript injection in portal sends session cookie. Customization is reboot/upgrade persistent (flash stored)
72 Metasploit CED Exploit demo
73 WebVPN Credentials stolen.. Remote VPN user access gained!
74 Agenda Mario Super Adventure cisco>enable cisco# #id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) Jail break Local shell access Obtain SSL VPN User Access Device Compromise & Privilege Escalation
75 Network Reconnaissance CVE Remotely detect the ASA firmware version.. Returns firmware version number i.e "9.2(1) VPN Server internal error." Write an nmap nse script!
76 WebVPN
77 WebVPN Network Reconnaissance shows two Cisco ASAs! High Availability / Redundant pair Typical enterprise configuration Maybe we can attack this?
78 Failover Two modes: Active / Active Allows both ASA to pass traffic Requires multi-contexts (not supported by WebVPN) Active / Standby Supported by WebVPN
79
80
81
82 Failover Failover Link Provides NAT Tables sync TCP/UDP connection tables sync ARP table sync VPN Session sync Dynamic route table sync WebVPN configuration (Customizations) Config / command replication
83 Failover Three proprietary protocols on Failover link IP Protocol 8 TCP/UDP/NAT table sync IP Protocol 105 HELLOs, config sync, file replication, command replication IP Protocol 9 WebVPN session and content sync, also syncs ASDM sessions
84 Failover As an unprivileged SSL user we can send packets across the fail over link to the Standby firewall! We can send IP Proto 105 packets and IP Proto 9, IP Proto 8 dropped Standby firewall will accept packets from any source!
85
86 Failover IP Protocol 105 Config Sync Packet Format CRC Field Length No replay protection! Config command sync No authentication! Sequence Number? This packet configures hostname MyCiscoASA on the standby ASA
87 Failover Cisco allows to run commands from active to standby firewall (or vice-versa) Eg. failover exec standby show version Commands run as user enable_15 (root)
88 Failover IP Protocol 105 Failover Exec Packet Format CRC Field Length Execute command Sequence Number?
89 CVE Failover As an unprivileged SSL VPN user we can send custom IP 105 packets to exec commands on the standby firewall! No authentication! Cisco default no logging standby SNMP/Syslog is disabled by default on Standby
90 Failover Demo scapy script sending commands to the standby firewall Fail-over command injection: First download a copy of running config Upload some of our own config We will create a user on the Standby firewall in order to send exec commands to the Active firewall! Login to standby and execute command on active!
91
92 Failover Cisco recommend that failover be secured by either: failover key failover ipsec preshared-key
93 Failover failover ipsec preshared-key Starts an IPsec VPN between ASAs, all the sync/exec packets are encrypted.. A logic flaw exists.. The Standby will accept unencrypted packets as successfully decrypted packets! Cisco recommended setting failover IPSec offers no security against command injection attack!
94 Failover Use failover command injection to configure secondary Cisco ASA without logging Login to secondary ASA and exec commands on the primary! Both devices now compromised!
95 Mario Super Adventure cisco>enable cisco# #id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) Jail break Local shell access Obtain SSL VPN User Access Device Compromise & Privilege Escalation Pwn the Network with Hidden Config
96 Owning the Network We now have our SSL tunnel and have compromised the firewall Lateral movement phase of attack.. Probing the network directly will raise alarms SIEM/IPS/Flow analytics etc
97 !
98 Remote Shell and Hidden Config Stolen firewall config shows us the access-lists Access-lists describe trust relationships and expected traffic flows
99 SOURCE DESTINATION SERVICE ACTION ANY DMZ_WEB_SERVER HTTP HTTPS PERMIT DMZ_WEB_SERVER INT_DMZ_DATABASE SQL_PORTS PERMIT ANY DMZ_MAIL_SERVER MAIL_SERVICES PERMIT DMZ_MAIL_SERVER ACTIVE_DIRECTORY AD_PORTS PERMIT
100 SOURCE DESTINATION SERVICE ACTION ANY DMZ_WEB_SERVER HTTP HTTPS DMZ_WEB_SERVER INT_DMZ_DATABASE [SQL_PORTS] TCP-1433 PERMIT PERMIT ANY DMZ_MAIL_SERVER MAIL_SERVICES PERMIT DMZ_MAIL_SERVER ACTIVE_DIRECTORY AD_PORTS PERMIT
101 SOURCE DESTINATION SERVICE ACTION DMZ_MAIL_SERVERS ACTIVE_DIRECTORY [AD_PORTS] TCP-389 TCP-3268 TCP-88 TCP-135 TCP PERMIT
102 Remote Shell and Hidden Config Upload NAT rules to blend into network Modify our source IP to match the expected traffic Pivoting without need to compromise hosts We could create a NAT entry for each rule in the firewall
103 SOURCE NAT SOURCE DESTINATION SERVICE ACTION VPN_IP DMZ_WEB_SERVER INT_DMZ_DATABASE SQL_PORTS PERMIT
104 SOURCE NAT SOURCE DESTINATION SERVICE ACTION VPN_IP DMZ_MAIL_SERVER ACTIVE_DIRECTORY AD_PORTS PERMIT
105 Remote Shell and Hidden Config Demo adding NAT rules Before and After nmap output Bowser Inc. Log server showing traffic
106 Demo adding NAT rules Before and After nmap output Bowser Inc. Log server showing traffic
107 Remote Shell and Hidden Config Rogue NAT statements are easily detected We need to hide our config changes! vnmc config jail break to launch a reverse shell to Linux Ptrace Lina to manipulate the firewall process memory We can change any function of the firewall We can hide our NAT statements!
108 SOURCE NAT SOURCE DESTINATION SERVICE ACTION VPN_IP DMZ_MAIL_SERVER ACTIVE_DIRECTORY PERMIT
109
110 Conclusions.. Your hardware firewall appliance is software This software is becoming more exposed to user input APTs will be targeting your network infrastructure Should we expect a higher software standard from security / network infrastructure companies?
111 Questions?
642 523 Securing Networks with PIX and ASA
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