Big data. Small data. No data? The roles of data and theory in GIScience. David M. Mark University at Buffalo (USA)
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1 Big data Small data No data? The roles of data and theory in GIScience David M. Mark University at Buffalo (USA)
2 I thanks the organizing committee for inviting me to this meeting!
3 CPGIS I am excited to see the development of CPGIS! 22 years ago, I attended the first CPGIS meeting in Buffalo, New York in 1992 I am proud of the success and leadership of University at Buffalo Geography graduates and faculty who are leaders in CPGIS!
4 CyberGIS and Big Data The theme of this conference is CyberGIS and Big Data CyberGIS faces challenge to become Multilingual Multilingual CyberGIS requires multilingual semantics for geographic information and knowledge
5 Data Sizes Big data Remote sensing Other sensors Small data Ethnography Questionnaire Surveys Qualitative Methods No data? Philosophy! (Traditional Ontology?)
6 Science vs Engineering Science: Get it right! Find the true answers Engineering: Get it done! Build it now! Use the best available science
7 Multiple Methods in Science Triangulation Multiple methods allow us to converge on correct solutions or even truth Multiple methods and approaches allow the community to find best engineering solutions Collaboration Collaboration is needed among people using different methods and approaches
8 The DIKW Pyramid
9 The Big Data Approach Inductive generation of knowledge
10 The Philosophers Approach Deductive approach to knowledge
11 Small Data: Ethnophysiography My research since 2002 has been mainly on Ethnophysiography Ethnophysiography attempts to understand and document variations in the conceptualization of landscape and geographic phenomena across human natural languages and cultures Results so far indicate that basic concepts do not line up across languages; this presents a challenge for WebGIS
12 Ethnophysiographic Methods Ethnophysiography research normally involves qualitative methods such as photo response, field interviews, and semistructured interviews small data!
13 Two Ethnophysiography Case Studies: Yindjibarndi and Navajo
14 Ethnophysiography Case Studies So far, two main case studies: Yindjibarndi people in Northwestern Australia Navajo people in the southwestern USA LACOLA project based in Lund, Sweden Using similar methods Case studies in Malaysia, Sweden, South America, Australia All of the above are endangered or threatened languages There are no similar studies for the more commonly-spoken languages such as English, Mandarin, Spanish, Arabic, etc.!
15 Language and landscape pilot and Ethnophysiography project Collaborative work at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Navajo Seri Lao Marquesan Chontal Tzeltal =Akhoe Hai//om Jahai Kilivila YélîDnye Yindjibarndi Burenhult, ed. (2008)
16 Case Study Locations Yindjibarndi country Navajo country Perth
17 Dora Soloman & others Mairee Pool, June
18 Ned Cheedy Roebourne, June
19 Vertical Orientation of Flow Horizontal Yindjibarndi: Water and Watercourses Strength of Flow No flow Gentle flow Strong flow wundu (dry) wundu (with yijirdi) wundu (with mangkurdu) thardarr (dry) thardarr (with yijirdi) thardarr (with mangkurdu)
20 Yindjibarndi is more correct! English and other European languages typically have a concept similar to River that combines the water and the channel Yindjibarndi landsaape concepts keep the channel and the water conceptually separate This is what hydrological models must do!
21 Navajo Case Study Navajo country
22 Loretta Holyan, Andrew Turk, Carmelita Topaha, Larry King September 25, 2005 Blue Canyon, Arizona
23 August Sanostee Chapter House
24 treated as equivalent and given a common name? Equivalent (same term) in English but not in Navajo
25 treated as equivalent and given a common name? Equivalent (same term) in Navajo but not in English
26 Bikooh Language (left) (right) (American) English Arroyo, Dry wash Canyon Different Categories Navajo Bikooh Bikooh Same Category? Yindjibarndi Wundu (not a feature?)??
27 Project with Chen-Chieh Feng: Names for Mountains and Hills in Malaysia and Indonesia
28 Larger Data Sets Work on Geographic Concepts also can be conducted using large yet shallow data sets Toponyms (place names) often contain generic components GEONAMES contains 8,268,922 toponyms! For example, 1,919,440 from Indonesia and 329,750 from Malaysia Digital Elevation Models (ASTER) also used
29 NGA Toponym Database Place name + feature designation + point-based location Place name in native language Feature designation in English (e.g., HLL and MT), determined by NGA staff fluent in English and local languages Malay place names generally carry the pattern of proper and generic name (0.85, ) BUKIT NIYAT HLL MT and HLL are considered to belong to the English language categories mountain and hill (NGA 2012)
30 Definitions from NGA HLL (hill) A rounded elevation of limited extent rising above the surrounding land with local relief less than 300m MT (mountain) An elevation standing high above the surrounding areas with small summit area, steep slope, and local relief larger than 300m MT and HLL are considered to belong to the English language category mountain and hill (NGA 2012) Category criteria were specified
31 Bukit and Gunung (translated) Malaysia (Kamus Dewan Edisi Empat) Bukit: a pile of earth that is higher than the surrounding but lower than a gunung Gunung: a very big and tall bukit (normally higher than 600m) Indonesia ( Bukit: an area of land that is high but not as high as gunung Gunung: bukit that is big and high (higher than 457 m)
32 MT and HLL Bukit Gunung In both Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia, bukit appears to be a more basic term; Gunung seems to be a subclass of bukit In contrast, in English mountain and hill are considered to be sister categories Size (vertical) appears to be an important property for defining bukit and gunung; quantitative threshold were specified Larger than the usual distinction for English
33 Frequency counts Place names with gunung and bukit categorized as MT and HLL MT HLL bukit 1,579 3,349 gunung 4,732 1,900 others 11,772 5,120 Malaysian and Indonesian place names combined (as of Aug 2012) Minimum heights for gunung Bahasa Malaysia: 457m Bahasa Indonesia: 600m Minimum height for mountain 300m No gunung should be categorized as HLL! Gunung used as a universal or as particular?
34 Crossing the country border Malaysia MT bukit 961 (25.7%) gunung 385 (74.6%) HLL 2781 (74.3%) 131 (25.4%) Indonesia Top three terms used for HLL features Malaysia: (1) bukit (~hill), (2) batu (~rock), (3) gunung (~mountain) Indonesia: (1) gunung (~mountain), (2) pasir (~sand), (3) bukit (~hill) Top three terms used for MT features Malaysia: (1) bukit (~hill), (2) pasir (~sand, ~sea edge), (3) gunung (~mountain) Indonesia: (1) gunung (~mountain), (2) pasir (~sand), (3) bulu (~upstream) MT HLL bukit 618 (52.1%) 568 (47.9%) gunung 4,338 (71.0%) 1,769(29.0 %)
35 Reasons causing mismatches Minimum size threshold Language region Generic terms used as particulars Blunders Distinctions are mainly based on prominence: General geomorphometry Results for elevation drops in 1km for bukit- HLL are reasonable Using minimum elevation of circular buffer at radius 1km, 2km, 10km Preliminary results presented at GIScience 12
36 Project: Generic Terms in the Names of Swiss Mountains
37 Swiss Mountain Names: Research Issue Common generic parts of Swiss mountain toponyms, such as spitze and horn, are no longer used as lndscape terms on their own Thus toponyms are not always a source of data about landscape categories Understanding the mountain names and naming in Switzerland is challenging! Paper presented at COSIT 13
38 Conclusions and Challenges Semantics will be a challenge for Big Data research on many topics, especially using Remote Sensing No data approaches from pure traditional philosophy will have trouble with grounding, and with convincing practitioners Small Data approaches combining qualitative and quantitative approaches can bridge these gaps!
39 Thank you for your attention!
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