FFR CT : Clinical studies
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1 FFR CT : Clinical studies Bjarne Nørgaard Department Cardiology B Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Denmark Disclosures: Research grants: Edwards and Siemens
2 Coronary CTA: High diagnostic sensitivity for detecting CAD, and the best non-invasive test for ruling-out CAD BUT!! Cheng V et al, JACC Imag Meijboom W et al, JACC 2008 Schuijj JD et al JACC 2006
3 Coronary CTA: High diagnostic sensitivity for detecting CAD, and the best noninvasive test for ruling-out CAD BUT!! Poor correlation to stenosis severity as assessed with ICA Cheng V et al, JACC Imag Meijboom W et al, JACC 2008 Schuijj JD et al JACC 2006
4 Coronary CTA: High diagnostic sensitivity for detecting CAD, and the best noninvasive test for ruling-out CAD BUT!! Poor correlation to stenosis severity as assessed with ICA The hemodynamic significance of a stenosis cannot be assessed Cheng V et al, JACC Imag Meijboom W et al, JACC 2008 Schuijj JD et al JACC 2006
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6 FFR CT : Clinical studies PET-CT eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee FFR CT eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeemmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Image source Gaemperli O, EHJ 2011
7 FFR CT : Clinical studies PET-CT CT-perfusion eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee FFR CT eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeemmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Image source Gaemperli O, EHJ 2011
8 FFR CT : Clinical studies PET-CT CT-perfusion eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee FFR eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee CT FFR CT eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeemmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Image source Gaemperli O, EHJ 2011
9 FFR CT : Clinical studies DISCOVER-FLOW Completed 2011 N=104 patients DeFACTO Completed 2012 N=252 patients NXT Completed 2013 N~254 patients
10 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DISCOVER-FLOW trial 4 centers Patients with suspected or known CAD who underwent ccta, ICA and FFR Koo B-K, JACC 2011
11 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DISCOVER-FLOW trial 4 centers Patients with suspected or known CAD who underwent ccta, ICA and FFR Significant CAD by ccta: stenosis >50% (>2 mm vessel) Ischemia def: FFR CT / FFR 0.80 FFR CT and ccta core lab reads, FFR local reads Koo B-K, JACC 2011
12 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DISCOVER-FLOW trial 4 centers Patients with suspected or known CAD who underwent ccta, ICA and FFR Significant CAD by ccta: stenosis >50% (>2 mm vessel) Ischemia def: FFR CT / FFR 0.80 FFR CT and ccta core lab reads, FFR local reads 104 patients, 159 vessels Mean age, 63 y, 20% with known disease (AMI / PCI), 56% with FFR 0.80 Koo B-K, JACC 2011
13 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DISCOVER-FLOW trial Koo B-K, JACC 2011
14 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DISCOVER-FLOW trial P=0.001 P= Koo B-K, JACC 2011
15 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO trial 17 centers Clinically non-emergent indicated ICA after ccta <60 days ICA stenosis 30%-90% (>2 mm vessel) % Min J et al, JAMA 2012
16 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO trial 17 centers Clinically non-emergent indicated ICA after ccta <60 days ICA stenosis 30%-90% (>2 mm vessel) Significant CAD by ccta: stenosis >50% (>2 mm vessel) Ischemia def: FFR CT / FFR 0.80 % Min J et al, JAMA 2012
17 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO trial 17 centers Clinically non-emergent indicated ICA after ccta <60 days ICA stenosis 30%-90% (>2 mm vessel) Significant CAD by ccta: stenosis >50% (>2 mm vessel) Ischemia def: FFR CT / FFR 0.80 % FFR CT and ccta core lab reads, FFR local reads Min J et al, JAMA 2012
18 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO trial 17 centers Clinically non-emergent indicated ICA after ccta <60 days ICA stenosis 30%-90% (>2 mm vessel) Significant CAD by ccta: stenosis >50% (>2 mm vessel) Ischemia def: ccta stenosis >50%, FFR CT / FFR 0.80 % FFR CT and ccta core lab reads, FFR local reads Primary study end-point: Per-patient diagnostic accuracy of FFR CT for the diagnosis of ischemia with a lower limit of 95% CI >70% Min J et al, JAMA 2012
19 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO trial Min J et al, JAMA patients, 406 vessels Patient Characteristics Age (years) [mean + SD] 63 ± 9 Male gender 71% Prior MI 6% Prior PCI 6% Hypertension 71% Diabetes mellitus 22% Agatston score [mean + SD] 382 ± 401 FFR %
![SD] 63 ± 9 Male gender 71% Prior MI 6% Prior PCI 6% Hypertension 71%](/docs-images/42/14912343/images/page_19.jpg "Diabetes mellitus 22% Agatston score [mean + SD] 382 ± 401 FFR 0.")
20 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO trial Min J et al, JAMA 2012 Primary end point FFR CT <0.80 ccta >50% % CI FFR CT ccta Accuracy Sensitivity Specificity PPV NPV
21 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO trial Min J et al, JAMA 2012 % AUC, 0.68 ( ) vs 0.81 ( ) p<0.0001
22
23 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO vs NXT trial design Gaur S et al, JCCT 2013
24 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO vs NXT trial design Gaur S et al, JCCT 2013
25 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO vs NXT trial design Gaur S et al, JCCT 2013
26 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DeFACTO vs NXT trial design Gaur S et al, JCCT 2013
27 Abbara S et al. JCCT 2009 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Study objectives To determine the diagnostic performance of non-invasive FFR CT using FFR as the reference standard To compare the diagnostic performance of FFR CT vs. anatomic testing (coronary CTA or invasive coronary angiography)
28 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Patient recruitment Inclusion Criteria: Underwent >64-row CT and ICA scheduled < 60 days between CT and ICA Exclusion Criteria: Prior CABG or PCI Suspected ACS Recent MI within 30 days of CT Contraindication to nitrates, beta blockade or adenosine ICA = Invasive coronary angiography; CABG = coronary artery bypass surgery; ACS = acute coronary syndrome; MI = myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention
29 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Endpoints Primary Endpoint: Per-patient diagnostic performance as assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of FFR CT vs. coronary CTA for the diagnosis of ischemia in patients with stenosis severity 30%-90% (vessel diameter >2 mm) Secondary Endpoint: Diagnostic performance (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV) of FFR CT, coronary CTA, and invasive coronary angiography
30 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Study procedures Blinded core laboratories for FFR, FFR CT, and ICA CT: -Acquisition protocols according to societal guidelines 1 -Image quality independently evaluated using a predefined scoring system 2 -Site-read stenosis severity >50% 3 ICA: -Core-lab read stenosis severity >50% FFR: At maximum hyperemia during ICA Adenosine micg/kg/min IV Positive: Abbara S et al. JCCT Nørgaard B et al. JCCT Raff GL et al. JCCT Tonino PA et al. NEJM 2009
31 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Patient enrollment Screened Cohort (n=357) Study enrollment 9/2012 8/ sites in Europe, Asia, and Australia Image artifacts (n=44, 13%) Failed inclusion criteria (n=27) Excluded FFR quality (n=22): Invalid FFR (n=8), FFR in vessel <2 mm (n=11), missing measure location (n=3) Other (n=10) Secondary endpoints Patients n=254 Vessels n=484 Excluded from Primary Endpoint No ccta stenosis 30%-90% (n=3) Primary Endpoint Patients n=251
32 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Patients and CT characteristics CT Characteristics Nitrates 99.6% Patient Characteristics Age (years) [mean + SD] 64 ± 10 Male gender 64% Prior MI 2% Diabetes mellitus 23% Hypertension 69% Pre-test Likelihood of CAD 58% FFR % FFR assigned a value of 0.50 in 16 occluded vessels 3% Beta Blockers 78% Heart Rate (bpm) 63 Range Prospective 54% mean dose (msv) 3 Retrospective 46% mean dose (msv) 14 Calcium score* Mean 302 Range >300 33% *Available for 214 patients
33 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Per-vessel FFR - FFR CT correlation Pearson s CC = 0.82, P<0.0001
34 Sensitivity FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Discrimination of ischemia Per-patient Per-Vessel (n=484) Per-Patient Per-vessel (n=251) 1 - Specificity N=252 *Area under the receiver operating characteristics curve
35 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Per-patient diagnostic performance % % N=254 CI Accuracy Specificity PPV Sensitivity NPV FFR CT < 0.80
36 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Per-patient diagnostic performance % % N=254 CI * * Accuracy Specificity PPV Sensitivity NPV * CT > 50% ICA > 50% FFR CT < 0.80 * p<0.0001
37 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Per-patient diagnostic performance % % N=254 CI * * Accuracy Specificity PPV Sensitivity NPV * CT > 50% ICA > 50% FFR CT < 0.80 * p<0.0001
38 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Per-patient diagnostic performance % % N=254 CI * * * FFR CT correctly reclassified 68% of 34 CT false positive to true negatives 30 Accuracy Specificity PPV Sensitivity NPV CT > 50% ICA > 50% FFR CT < 0.80 * p<0.0001
39 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Per-patient diagnostic performance LAD stenosis 70-90% FFR CT 0.93 FFR 0.94 FFR CT Model
40 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Per-vessel diagnostic performance % N=484 95% C * * * Accuracy Specificity PPV Sensitivity NPV 95 CT > 50% ICA > 50% FFR CT < 0.80 * p<0.0001
41 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Intermediate lesions (30%-70%) % 51 * * * ccta >50% FFR CT <0.80 *p< Acc Spec PPV Sens NPV n= 235 (93%)
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43 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Coronary calcification Acc Sens Spec Acc Sens Spec Acc Sens Spec FFR CT <0.80 Agatston score: mean, 302 range, Ag: >300 N (214):
44 FFR CT : Clinical studies, NXT trial, Coronary calcification * * * * * * FFR CT <0.80 ccta >50% *p< Agatston score: mean, 302 range, Acc Sens Spec Acc Sens Spec Acc Sens Spec Ag: >300 N (214):
45 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DISCOVER-FLOW, DeFACTO, and NXT trials FFR CT has high diagnostic accuracy and discrimination for the diagnosis of ischemia
46 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DISCOVER-FLOW, DeFACTO, and NXT trials FFR CT has high diagnostic accuracy and discrimination for the diagnosis of ischemia When compared to anatomic interpretation by coronary CTA or invasive angiography, FFR CT leads to a marked increase in diagnostic accuracy, specificity, and PPV
47 FFR CT : Clinical studies, DISCOVER-FLOW, DeFACTO, and NXT trials FFR CT has high diagnostic accuracy and discrimination for the diagnosis of ischemia When compared to anatomic interpretation by coronary CTA or invasive angiography, FFR CT leads to a marked increase in diagnostic accuracy, specificity, and PPV FFR CT is performed from standard acquired CT datasets without the need for additional imaging, radiation or medication
48 FFR CT : Clinical studies, FFRct vs other non-invasive testing modalities Desai RR, AJR 2013
49 FFR CT : Clinical studies, FFRct vs other non-invasive testing modalities Per patient pooled sens / spec: 89% (95% CI, 84-93) / 85% (77-91) Per-territory pooled sens / spec: 88% (84-91) / 89% (87-90) Desai RR, AJR 2013
50 FFR CT : Clinical studies, FFRct vs other non-invasive testing modalities Single-center studies Desai RR, AJR 2013
51 FFR CT : Clinical studies, FFRct vs other non-invasive testing modalities Single-center studies # patients: Desai RR, AJR 2013
52 FFR CT : Clinical studies, FFRct vs other non-invasive testing modalities Single-center studies # patients: Local FFR reads Desai RR, AJR 2013
53 FFR CT : Clinical studies, FFRct vs other non-invasive testing modalities Single-center studies # patients: Local FFR reads The rate of actual FFR measurements was <70% in 10 of 12 studies (ICA stenosis >90% => FFR, 0.50, and in normal vessels => FFR, 0.95) Desai RR, AJR 2013
54 FFR CT : Clinical studies, FFRct vs other non-invasive testing modalities Single-center studies # patients: Local FFR reads The rate of actual FFR measurements was <70% in 10 of 12 studies (ICA stenosis >90% => FFR, 0.50, and in normal vessels => FFR, 0.95) Desai RR, AJR 2013
55 FFR CT : Clinical studies, FFRct vs other non-invasive testing modalities 22%-69% of FFR values were directly measured Desai RR, AJR 2013
56 FFR CT : Clinical studies, FFRct vs other non-invasive testing modalities 22%-69% of FFR values were directly measured All FFR values were directly measured Desai RR, AJR 2013
57 Diagnostic performance of Coronary diagnostic tests for Functional (FFR 0.80) disease
58 Diagnostic performance of Coronary diagnostic tests for Functional (FFR 0.80) disease
59 FFR CT : Clinical studies, Building the Body of Evidence 609 patients 1051 vessels, FFR directly measured in 1035 vessels (98%) DISCOVER-FLOW NXT DeFACTO Cath lab Population Dx Accuracy 30-90% Stenosis Dx Accuracy
60 Use of FFR CT to select patients for ICA and PCI may result in 30% lower costs and 12% fewer events at one year compared to the most common strategy of ICA 60
61 FFR CT : Clinical studies, Building the Body of Evidence 609 patients 1051 vessels, FFR directly measured in 1035 vessels (98%) DISCOVER-FLOW DeFACTO NXT PLATFORM Randomized Controlled Trials Analysis of existing databases Cath lab Population Dx Accuracy 30-90% Stenosis Dx Accuracy Stable Angina Outcomes and resources ACS (- enzyme) Outcomes and resources
62 Thank you for the attention
63 FFR CT false-negatives and FFR grey zone 24 vessels had false negative results of FFR CT when compared to FFR. FRR ( grey zone ), n=17
64 FFR CT false-negatives and FFR grey zone 24 vessels had false negative results of FFR CT when compared to FFR. FRR ( grey zone ), n=17 Assuming, patients with false-negative FFR CT values in the grey zone are in fact true negatives, the NPV for FFR CT increased to 98%. Thus, in vessels with FFR CT >0.80 the risk of having an FFR <0.75 is only 2%.
65 Limitations No control over CT image acquisition protocol at clinical sites Did not interrogate every vessel with invasive FFR Did not solely enroll patients with intermediate stenosis Did not test whether FFR CT -based revascularization reduces ischemia
66 Conclusions FFR CT demonstrated improved accuracy over CT for diagnosis of patients and vessels with ischemia FFR CT diagnostic accuracy 73% (95% CI 67-78%) Pre-specified primary endpoint >70% lower bound of 95% CI Increased discriminatory power FFR CT superior to CT for intermediate stenoses FFR CT computed without additional radiation or imaging First large-scale demonstration of patient-specific computational models to calculate physiologic pressure and velocity fields from CT images Proof of feasibility of FFR CT for diagnosis of lesion-specific ischemia
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