People Data and the Web Forms and CGI. HTML forms. A user interface to CGI applications
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1 HTML forms A user interface to CGI applications
2 Outline A simple example form. GET versus POST. cgi.escape(). Input controls.
3 A very simple form <html> <head> <title>a simple form</title> </head> <body> <h1>a simple form</h1> </body> </html> <form method="post" action=" <input type="text" name="foo" /> <input type="submit" /> </form>
4 The simple form looks like this in Safari
5 A very simple form <html> <head> <title>a simple form</title> </head> <body> <h1>a simple form</h1> <form method="post" action=" <input type="text" name="foo" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html> Usual HMTL stuff. Note the use of xhtml syntax. Probably should declare DOCTYPE and the xhtml namespace for validation purposes, but we are keeping it short for the sake of these slides.
6 A very simple form The form element, containing two control elements. <html> <head> <title>a simple form</title> </head> <body> <h1>a simple form</h1> </body> </html> <form method="post" action=" <input type="text" name="foo" /> <input type="submit" /> </form>
7 A very simple form The first control element is a text input box. The name of the control is foo. <html> <head> <title>a simple form</title> </head> <body> <h1>a simple form</h1> </body> </html> <form method="post" action=" <input type="text" name="foo" /> <input type="submit" /> </form>
8 A very simple form <html> <head> <title>a simple form</title> </head> <body> <h1>a simple form</h1> </body> </html> <form method="post" action=" <input type="text" name="foo" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> The second control element is a submit button. When the user clicks on the button, the form data is sent to the server.
9 A very simple form <html> <head> <title>a simple form</title> </head> <body> <h1>a simple form</h1> <form method="post" action=" <input type="text" name="foo" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html> The method attribute of the form element says how the form data is sent to the server. It can either be get or post. It determines the underlying HTTP request method used by the client.
10 A very simple form <html> <head> <title>a simple form</title> </head> <body> <h1>a simple form</h1> <form method="post" action=" <input type="text" name="foo" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html> The action attribute of the form element determines which CGI script the form data should be sent to for processing.
11 The form in action 1. Type some text into the input box. 2. Click on the submit button.
12 HTTP_REFERER = SERVER_SOFTWARE = Apache/2.2.8 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.2.8 OpenSSL/0.9.7l DAV/2 SCRIPT_NAME = /~bjpop/env.py SERVER_SIGNATURE = REQUEST_METHOD = POST SERVER_PROTOCOL = HTTP/1.1 QUERY_STRING = PATH = /usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin CONTENT_LENGTH = 27 Output from the env.py CGI script. HTTP_USER_AGENT = Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_5_4; en-us)... HTTP_CONNECTION = keep-alive SERVER_NAME = localhost REMOTE_ADDR = ::1 SERVER_PORT = 80 SERVER_ADDR = ::1 DOCUMENT_ROOT = /Library/WebServer/Documents SCRIPT_FILENAME = /Users/bjpop/Sites/env.py SERVER_ADMIN = you@example.com HTTP_HOST = localhost REQUEST_URI = /~bjpop/env.py HTTP_ACCEPT = text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/ plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5 GATEWAY_INTERFACE = CGI/1.1 REMOTE_PORT = HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE = en-us CONTENT_TYPE = application/x-www-form-urlencoded HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING = gzip, deflate stdin = foo=who+let+the+dogs+out%3f
13 HTTP_REFERER = SERVER_SOFTWARE = Apache/2.2.8 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.2.8 OpenSSL/0.9.7l DAV/2 SCRIPT_NAME = /~bjpop/env.py SERVER_SIGNATURE = REQUEST_METHOD = POST SERVER_PROTOCOL = HTTP/1.1 QUERY_STRING = PATH = /usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin CONTENT_LENGTH = 27 HTTP_USER_AGENT = Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_5_4; en-us)... HTTP_CONNECTION = keep-alive SERVER_NAME = localhost REMOTE_ADDR = ::1 SERVER_PORT = 80 SERVER_ADDR = ::1 DOCUMENT_ROOT = /Library/WebServer/Documents SCRIPT_FILENAME = /Users/bjpop/Sites/env.py SERVER_ADMIN = you@example.com HTTP_HOST = localhost REQUEST_URI = /~bjpop/env.py HTTP_ACCEPT = text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/ plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5 GATEWAY_INTERFACE = CGI/1.1 REMOTE_PORT = HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE = en-us CONTENT_TYPE = application/x-www-form-urlencoded HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING = gzip, deflate stdin = foo=who+let+the+dogs+out%3f The form used method= post, so the REQUEST_METHOD is POST. The QUERY_STRING is empty because POST sends the data via standard input (stdin). Data from the input box called foo. Note that the data is encoded. Spaces have been replaced with +, and the question mark is encoded as %3F.
14 GET versus POST <html> <head> <title>a simple form</title> </head> <body> <h1>a simple form</h1> <form method="get" action=" <input type="text" name="foo" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html> Change the method to get.
15 HTTP_REFERER = SERVER_SOFTWARE = Apache/2.2.8 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.2.8 OpenSSL/0.9.7l DAV/2 SCRIPT_NAME = /~bjpop/env.py SERVER_SIGNATURE = REQUEST_METHOD = GET SERVER_PROTOCOL = HTTP/1.1 QUERY_STRING = foo=who+let+the+dogs+out%3f PATH = /usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin HTTP_USER_AGENT = Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_5_4; en-us) AppleWebKit/ (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/3.1.2 Safari/ HTTP_CONNECTION = keep-alive SERVER_NAME = localhost REMOTE_ADDR = ::1 SERVER_PORT = 80 SERVER_ADDR = ::1 DOCUMENT_ROOT = /Library/WebServer/Documents SCRIPT_FILENAME = /Users/bjpop/Sites/env.py SERVER_ADMIN = you@example.com HTTP_HOST = localhost HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL = max-age=0 REQUEST_URI = /~bjpop/env.py?foo=who+let+the+dogs+out%3f Output from the env.py CGI script, when the form uses the get method instead of the post method. HTTP_ACCEPT = text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/ plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5 GATEWAY_INTERFACE = CGI/1.1 REMOTE_PORT = HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE = en-us HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING = gzip, deflate stdin =
16 GET versus POST At the time of writing POST is not working properly on IVLE (oops). Hopefully it will be fixed soon. In the meantime, just use the get method for forms. In general, get is recommended only for idempotent requests. A request is idempotent if it returns the same result every time it is run. An idempotent request does not have side effects. That is, it does not change the state of the server. For example, it does not cause a file on the server to be modified. Why do you think this is this recommended?
17 An alternative CGI script for the action import cgi Assume that this script is called foo.py. print 'Content-Type: text/html' print store = cgi.fieldstorage() print '<html><head></head><body><h1>' if 'foo' in store: print store.getvalue('foo') print '</h1></body></html>'
18 Modify the action attribute to point to foo.py <html> <head> <title>a simple form</title> </head> <body> <h1>a simple form</h1> <form method="post" action=" <input type="text" name="foo" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html> Letʼs send the form data to foo.py instead of env.py.
19 The foo.py script in action. who let the dogs out?
20 The foo.py script in action. This is really the HTML: <html><head></head><body><h1> who let the dogs out? </h1></body></html> who let the dogs out?
21 The foo.py script in action. Notice that the string is decoded automatically by the Python cgi library. who let the dogs out?
22 Warning! import cgi print 'Content-Type: text/html' print store = cgi.fieldstorage() Danger! Danger! What happens if the user types html tags in the input box? print '<html><head></head><body><h1>' if 'foo' in store: print store.getvalue('foo') print '</h1></body></html>'
23 The user types HTML tags into the input text. This is really the HTML: <html><head></head><body><h1> <i>who</i> let the dogs out? </h1></body></html> who let the dogs out?
24 cgi.escape() import cgi print 'Content-Type: text/html' print store = cgi.fieldstorage() Now it is safe. print '<html><head></head><body><h1>' if 'foo' in store: print cgi.escape(store.getvalue('foo')) print '</h1></body></html>'
25 cgi.escape() This is really the HTML: <html><head></head><body><h1> <i>who</i> let the dogs out? </h1></body></html> <i>who</i> let the dogs out?
26 Input controls HTML forms provide several input controls, for example: text input boxes (single line and multi-line) checkboxes radio buttons submit button reset button buttons (other than submit and reset) menus hidden fields
27 Input controls We don t have time to cover all the controls in the lecture. You will try them out in next week s workshop. See:
28 A form with a few different controls <form method="get" action=" Enter something: <input type="text" name="mytextbox" value="a default value" /> <br /> <input type="checkbox" name="mycheckbox1" /> <input type="checkbox" name="mycheckbox2" checked="checked" /> <br /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value1" checked="checked" /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value2" /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value3" /> <br /> <input type="submit" /> <input type="reset" /> </form>
29 The form looks like this in Safari
30 A form with a few different controls <form method="get" action=" Enter something: <input type="text" name="mytextbox" value="a default value" /> <br /> <input type="checkbox" name="mycheckbox1" /> <input type="checkbox" name="mycheckbox2" checked="checked" /> <br /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value1" checked="checked" /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value2" /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value3" /> <br /> <input type="submit" /> <input type="reset" /> </form> Controls are identified by their name. Radio buttons (and also check boxes) are grouped together by using the same name.
31 A form with a few different controls <form method="get" action=" Enter something: <input type="text" name="mytextbox" value="a default value" /> <br /> <input type="checkbox" name="mycheckbox1" /> <input type="checkbox" name="mycheckbox2" checked="checked" /> <br /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value1" checked="checked" /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value2" /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value3" /> <br /> <input type="submit" /> <input type="reset" /> </form> Some controls, such as text boxes, can have default values.
32 A form with a few different controls <form method="get" action=" Enter something: <input type="text" name="mytextbox" value="a default value" /> <br /> <input type="checkbox" name="mycheckbox1" /> <input type="checkbox" name="mycheckbox2" checked="checked" /> <br /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value1" checked="checked" /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value2" /> <input type="radio" name="myradio" value="value3" /> <br /> <input type="submit" /> <input type="reset" /> </form> Checkboxes and radio buttons can be checked by default.
33 Let s submit this form to env.py sent to env.py using the get method QUERY_STRING = mytextbox=who+let+the+dogs+out%3f&mycheckbox1=on&mycheckbox2=on&myradio=value2
34 Let s submit this form to env.py sent to env.py using the get method QUERY_STRING = mytextbox=who+let+the+dogs+out%3f&mycheckbox1=on&mycheckbox2=on&myradio=value2 See how the names of the controls are sent in the QUERY_STRING
35 Let s submit this form to env.py sent to env.py using the get method QUERY_STRING = mytextbox=who+let+the+dogs+out%3f&mycheckbox1=on&mycheckbox2=on&myradio=value2 Checkboxes which are selected get the value on by default, but you can also use custom values via the value attribute.
36 A (slightly) more interesting CGI script for our form import cgi Assume that this script is called bar.py. print 'Content-Type: text/html' print store = cgi.fieldstorage() print '<html><head></head><body><table border="1">' print '<tr><th>name</th><th>value</th></tr>' for var in store: value = cgi.escape(store.getvalue(var)) print '<tr><td>%s</td><td>%s</td></tr>' % (var, value) print '</table></body></html>'
37 Let s submit this form to bar.py sent to bar.py using the get method
38 Remarks A single HTML document can contain multiple forms, and hence multiple submit buttons. However, forms cannot be nested. That is, one form cannot be inside another. It is possible to write the CGI script to produce a form as output, and also act as the recipient of the form data (by being the action of the form).
39 Homework - make a form that looks like this
40 In the next lecture Cookies for tracking user identity.
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