Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector

Transcription

1 Annex to final report on freshwater availability and use in the UK Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector A sub-sectoral analysis of the use of licensed freshwater resources by manufacturing in the United Kingdom Project code: RSC ISBN: n/a Research date: January to May 2011 Date: November 2011

2 WRAP s vision is a world without waste, where resources are used sustainably. We work with businesses and individuals to help them reap the benefits of reducing waste, develop sustainable products and use resources in an efficient way. Find out more at Written by: Mark Kowalski, Stephen Lynn, Carmen Waylen, Anna Bujnowicz Document reference: [e.g. WRAP, 2006, Report Name (WRAP Project TYR Report prepared by..banbury, WRAP] Front cover photography: Copyright WRc Photo Library 2011 WRAP and WRc plc. believe the content of this report to be correct as at the date of writing. However, factors such as prices, levels of recycled content and regulatory requirements are subject to change and users of the report should check with their suppliers to confirm the current situation. In addition, care should be taken in using any of the cost information provided as it is based upon numerous project-specific assumptions (such as scale, location, tender context, etc.). The report does not claim to be exhaustive, nor does it claim to cover all relevant products and specifications available on the market. While steps have been taken to ensure accuracy, WRAP cannot accept responsibility or be held liable to any person for any loss or damage arising out of or in connection with this information being inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. It is the responsibility of the potential user of a material or product to consult with the supplier or manufacturer and ascertain whether a particular product will satisfy their specific requirements. The listing or featuring of a particular product or company does not constitute an endorsement by WRAP and WRAP cannot guarantee the performance of individual products or materials. This material is copyrighted. It may be reproduced free of charge subject to the material being accurate and not used in a misleading context. The source of the material must be identified and the copyright status acknowledged. This material must not be used to endorse or used to suggest WRAP s endorsement of a commercial product or service. For more detail, please refer to WRAP s Terms & Conditions on its web site: Legacy research commissioned by the previous government.

3 Executive summary A study has been carried out for WRAP to determine where and how freshwater resources are used by nonhousehold sectors across the UK. Principal data sources included environmental regulatory datasets for the volume of water abstracted and used directly by non-household sectors from freshwater sources, and water utility datasets for information on the sectoral use of public water supply. Of water that is directly abstracted and used by non-household sectors, the manufacturing sector was identified as the largest user, accounting for between 45% and 55% of the volume of water that is directly abstracted in England and Wales from non-tidal sources, excluding major non-consumptive uses. The manufacturing sector was also identified in the main study as the single largest non-household user of mains water (27% of the total volume used by non-households). This report looks in more detail at the water use by sub-sectors of the manufacturing industry. Those abstracting less than 20m 3 directly from the environment do not require a license and hence only data relating to licensed abstractions have been analysed in this study. The data currently available on mains water use does not support any additional sub-sectoral analysis. Information relating to direct abstraction is therefore supplemented by a desk-based literature review for high priority sectors to confirm if there are any alternative sources of information on specific sub-sectors such as data collated by trade associations. For England and Wales as a whole (the largest geographic area of the UK for which sectoral abstraction data are available), the following five Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) divisions were the largest in terms of the volume directly abstracted for use in the manufacturing sector in 2006: Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (SIC division 20); Manufacture of basic metals (SIC division 24); Manufacture of paper and paper products (SIC division 17); Manufacture of beverages (SIC division 11), and; Manufacture of food products (SIC division 10). A spatial assessment of direct abstraction within these categories showed considerable regional variation. In England, manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (SIC division 20) is the largest sub-sector in terms of volume directly abstracted, representing over one-half of the total volume directly abstracted by the manufacturing sector for consumptive uses. Another significant sub-sector was the Manufacture of paper and paper products (SIC division 17). In total, these two sub-sectors accounted for approximately 70% of the total volume directly abstracted for consumptive use by the manufacturing sector in England. In Wales, the manufacture of basic metals (SIC division 24) sub-sector accounted for the majority of the volume directly abstracted in 2006, representing at least two-thirds of the total volume directly abstracted for consumptive uses in the manufacturing sector in Wales. For England and Wales as a whole, the top five abstraction categories were; Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, Manufacture of basic metals, Manufacture of paper and paper product, Manufacture of beverages and Manufacture of food products. The key aspects of the variation in the volume directly abstracted for these five sub-sectors are presented below. A tabulated summary including total figures for all regions for which data are available is presented in Table 1. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 1

4 Table 1 Estimated volume directly abstracted from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, excluding major non-consumptive uses (upper and lower bounds) and excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by subsector classification (divisions for SIC section C) (Ml, 2006) Upper Bound (Ml, 2006) Lower Bound (Ml, 2006) SIC 2007 Division Description England Wales Grand Total Rank England Wales Grand Total Rank 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 227, , , , Manufacture of basic metals 16, , , ,561 21,133 35, Manufacture of paper and paper products 51,356 4,203 55, ,356 4,203 55, Manufacture of beverages 20, , , , Manufacture of food products 18,777 2,130 20, ,960 2,130 16, Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 18, , , , Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 5,978 3,879 9, ,483 3,879 9, /15 Manufacture of textiles / Manufacture of leather and related products 6, , , , Manufacture of rubber and plastic products 4,854 4, ,628 4, / /28 29 Manufacture of food products / Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations Manufacture of electrical equipment / Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semitrailers 4, , , , ,720 2, ,242 2, , ,050 1, Printing and reproduction of recorded media 1,014 1, Other manufacturing Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Manufacture of wearing apparel Manufacture of tobacco products Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products Manufacture of furniture Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Total 382, , , ,113 33, ,496 There are some existing sources of information for water use in specific sectors, or sub-sectors, of manufacturing. The majority of these data have been collected for studies that are now potentially out-of-date. The data in general for these older studies appears to have been collected via surveys of individual manufacturers. This indicates that water monitoring amongst manufacturers is, prevalent and that there is potential for a similar methodology to be repeated and data from earlier studies updated. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 2

5 It is not possible or appropriate to compare directly information from the literature review to the figures produced from the detailed NALD analysis presented within this report as there remains uncertainty about the exact method of calculation of previously published values for water use. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 3

6 Contents 1.0 Introduction Project appreciation and objectives Scope of this report Methodology for assessing direct abstraction in England and Wales Summary of methodology from main study Methodology for determining consumption associated with manufacturing sectors from abstraction records Deriving upper and lower bound estimates of consumptive use Results of analysis relating to abstractions for the manufacturing sector Introduction Relationship between NALD secondary description and SIC Spatial assessment by SIC Summary and conclusions Desk-based review of additional data sources Scope Manufacture of food products and beverages (SIC divisions 10 and 11) Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products (SIC divisions 13-15) Manufacture of paper and paper products (SIC division 17) Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (SIC Division 20) Manufacture of furniture (SIC division 31) Other sectors (SIC division 16, 21, 23, 26, 27 and 28) Conclusions References Appendix A SIC2007 structure for manufacturing activities Appendix B Volumes abstracted by the manufacturing sector by SIC2007 division and NALD secondary description (excluding major non-consumptive uses): upper and lower bound estimates Appendix C Volumes abstracted by the manufacturing sector by SIC and NALD secondary description (all uses) Appendix D Volumes abstracted by the manufacturing sector by NALD secondary description (excluding major non-consumptive uses) Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 4

7 Glossary Abstraction, Direct abstraction Abstraction licence Consumptive use Groundwater Megalitre (Ml) NALD Non-consumptive use Non-household Non-tidal SIC Source Surface water The process of withdrawing water from a natural source. In this report, the term direct abstraction is used to distinguish the process by which water is obtained from a natural source directly by an abstraction licence holder, from the use of mains water that is supplied (and originally abstracted) by water utilities. A document issued by a UK national environmental regulator which specifies the terms under which that licence holder may abstract water from the environment. These include details of the location of the abstraction and the maximum permitted volume that may be abstracted over one or more specified time periods. See Non-consumptive. The fraction of the total water resources available which is stored below the surface of the Earth, typically in aquifers. One Megalitre (Ml) is equivalent to 1000m 3 water, or 1,000,000 litres. The acronym for National Abstraction Licensing Database. The definitive source of information on abstraction licence details for England and Wales, held and maintained by the Environment Agency. NALD also includes data on actual volumes abstracted by abstraction licence holders who are required to report this information. For categorising the purpose of each abstraction, NALD uses a two-level hierarchical classification system of primary description and secondary description. NALD defines 7 primary description categories, e.g. Industrial, Commercial & Public Services, each of which is further disaggregated into a number of secondary description categories, e.g. Food and Drink. There are a total of 60 secondary descriptions defined in NALD. NALD also records the intended nature of use(s) for each abstraction licence, as a use description. NALD defines 56 such use descriptions, some of which are relevant to more than one primary/secondary description, e.g. Process water. For the purposes of this project, a use of abstracted water in which the water is returned to the immediate environment whence it came, requiring little or no wastewater treatment. For analysis purposes, non-consumptive uses are defined as the use of directly abstracted water in: fish farm/cress pond throughflow, hydropower generation, milling and water power other than electricity generation, hydraulic rams, non-evaporative cooling, and transfers between sources. Consumptive uses of abstracted water are taken to be all uses excluding those non-consumptive uses listed above. The use of water by all sectors excluding that used by households. In the context of this project, all surface water sources of fresh (non-saline) water. The acronym for Standard Industrial Classification. A multi-level hierarchical system for classifying types of industrial and commercial activities. Analysis carried out in this project has used the uppermost two levels of the system (SIC sections and divisions) and sectoral water use is reported here at the highest level (SIC section). SIC has undergone several revisions since its inception: the latest classification method, SIC 2007, has been used in this work. In the context of this project, the point of origin of a freshwater supply, conventionally divided into two main types: non-tidal surface water sources and groundwater sources. The fraction of the total water resources available which resides on or near the surface of the Earth, typically in rivers or reservoirs. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 5

8 Acknowledgements The assistance of the following contributors of data and information is gratefully acknowledged: Environment Agency. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 6

9 Total volume used by sector, Ml, Introduction 1.1 Project appreciation and objectives WRc has conducted a study on freshwater availability and use for WRAP. The report (WRc, 2011) presents analyses of where and how freshwater is used by sector across the UK. Principal data sources included environmental regulatory datasets for the volume of water abstracted and used directly by non-household sectors from freshwater sources, and water utility datasets for information on the sectoral use of public water supply. WRAP requested that WRc gather more evidence on water use by the manufacturing sector. This report is the principal output of that request. Figure 1.1 Estimated volumes of directly abstracted water and mains water supplied to the manufacturing sector, as a proportion of the total supplied from each of these sources 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, ,000 Other non-household sectors Other non-household sectors Other non-household sectors 600, , ,000 0 Manufacturing SIC2007 Section C Manufacturing SIC2007 Section C Manufacturing SIC2007 Section C Other non-household sectors Manufacturing SIC2007 Section C UK England & Wales only Upper bound Lower bound Mains water use Direct abstraction (England & Wales only) Note on Figure 1.1. The bars pertaining to directly abstracted water include all water directly abstracted in England and Wales from all non-tidal sources, excluding major non-consumptive uses (upper and lower bound estimates) and excluding that abstracted for public water supply. Volumetric data relating to abstractions are not currently available for Scotland and Northern Ireland. The estimate for mains water used by the manufacturing sector is provided separately based upon reported values by UK water utilities. (Ml, 2006). From the main WRc study, total water use (excluding large non-consumptive uses) in England and Wales by the manufacturing sector is estimated to be between 666,637 Ml and 875,188 Ml in 2006, equivalent to between 48% and 62% of total water used by non-households from both directly abstracted and mains water sources. Of water that is directly abstracted and used by non-household sectors, the manufacturing sector was identified as the largest user, accounting for between 45% and 55% of the volume of water that is directly abstracted in England and Wales from non-tidal sources, excluding major non-consumptive uses. The range of values given above represents the lower and upper bounds of consumption based upon available information regarding nonconsumptive uses 1. The objective of this work is to identify the water use by sub-sectors of manufacturing industry. The information relating to direct abstraction is therefore supplemented by a desk-based literature review (Chapter 4) to confirm if 1 See Section 2.3 for a description of why upper and lower bond estimates are necessary and how they were calculated. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 7

10 there are any alternative sources of information on specific sub-sectors such as data collated by trade associations. 1.2 Limitations Sub-sectoral analysis of abstraction information is limited to data pertaining to licensed abstractions in England and Wales. An abstraction licence is only required from the Environment Agency for abstractions over 20 m 3 per day, hence smaller abstractions are not counted here. The manufacturing sector was also identified in the larger study as the single largest non-household user of mains water (27% of the total volume used by non-households). However, the data currently available on mains water use do not support any additional sub-sectoral analysis and hence mains water use by the manufacturing sector is not considered further in this report. The literature review (Chapter 4 of this report) includes information where available relating to the sectors that are likely to use substantial quantities of mains water. 1.3 Scope of this report This report details the methodology used, the results of data analysis and a desk-based review on water use by the manufacturing sector in the UK. Chapter 2 contains an overview of the methodology used for determining direct abstraction for manufacturing activities at a sub-sectoral level. Chapter 3 presents the results of data analysis at a sub-sectoral, regional and national level, with key differences in sub-sectors and regions highlighted. Chapter 4 details the results of the literature review conducted on specific sub-sectors of the manufacturing industry. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 8

11 2.0 Methodology for assessing direct abstraction in England and Wales 2.1 Summary of methodology from main study This section provides an overview of the data collation and manipulation exercise undertaken as part of the main study conducted by WRc for WRAP on freshwater availability and use in the UK (WRc, 2011). This is followed in subsequent sections by an explanation of the method used to extract and study abstraction data relating to the manufacturing sector. Direct abstraction data from the National Abstraction Licensing Database (NALD) were obtained from the Environment Agency (EA) as part of the above study. NALD holds a record of abstraction licences, actual and authorised volumes abstracted from the environment in England and Wales by source type (tidal, groundwater, surface water). Associated with each licence record is additional information on the purpose and use of the water abstracted: this is documented in NALD in the data fields labelled secondary description and use description. An extract of NALD was used for the purposes of this study which deliberately excluded tidal water abstractions 2 and abstractions for public water supply 3. In NALD, actual volumetric abstraction data are reported against abstraction licences, which may be granted for more than one purpose and may have multiple intended uses. In the terminology of NALD, the purpose of the abstraction is reflected in the secondary description data field; further information on the intended use is given in the use description data field. Hence a single licence may have multiple secondary descriptions and use descriptions. Careful interrogation of this dataset is necessary to avoid double-counting of volumetric data. Data from NALD were associated for this study with the latest revision of the Standard Industry Classification System produced by the Office of National Statistics in 2007 (SIC2007). Association with a standard classification such as SIC allows abstraction data to be collated on an equal footing with other data sources, such as mains water data from water utilities, which is categorised by SIC or a similar classification system. This process ascribed one of 21 SIC sections (labelled A to U) and one of 88 SIC divisions (numbered 1 to 88) to each record held in NALD. A full listing of the SIC section and divisional categories is given in Appendix A. Volumetric data (actual volume abstracted) held in NALD were manipulated to provide an assessment of direct abstraction by non-household sector. Where an abstraction had a blank return entry (indicating that volumetric data had not been received by the EA), the actual volume abstracted was estimated on advice from the EA. More information on this and other data manipulation and analysis methodologies is documented in the main Freshwater Availability and Use in the UK report (WRc, 2011). 2.2 Methodology for determining consumption associated with manufacturing sectors from abstraction records Manufacturing activities are classified under SIC section C within the SIC2007 structure and sub-divided into 24 divisions (numbered between 10 and 33). Of a total of 13,749 licences in the NALD data extract studied, 1,040 were linked to the manufacturing sector (SIC section C). These 8% of licences account for between 48% and 62% of the total water used by nonhouseholds, when large non-consumptive uses are excluded. The relationship between licence, secondary description and use description (nature of use) is presented in terms of number of licences and the actual volume abstracted, where this assignment is possible in, Figure 2.1. The majority of licences linked to SIC section C (982 of 1,040) were related to activities solely in the manufacturing sector. The remaining 58 licences were linked (indirectly) to more than one sector i.e. SIC section C and at least one other (Figure 2.1). Owing to the way in which data are reported to NALD, the actual volume abstracted cannot always be distributed fairly amongst multiple secondary descriptions associated with a single licence. The volumes associated with the above 58 licences were therefore not included in the estimate of the total actual volume abstracted. 2 The specific aim of the study was to report statistics on freshwater availability and use across the UK. 3 Public water supply was considered separately by interrogation of water utility data. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 9

12 Figure 2.1 NALD hierarchical structure with licence numbers and estimated actual volumes abstracted from non-tidal sources (including non-consumptive uses) for those licences aligned to the manufacturing sector * It was not possible to apportion fairly the actual volume abstracted between secondary descriptions due to the fact that some licences have multiple secondary descriptions associated with them. In these cases, the actual volume abstracted was excluded from the total estimated volume abstracted. Similarly, in the group of licences associated solely with the manufacturing sector (982 licences), a small number (25 licences) had multiple secondary descriptions. Again, it was not possible to distribute fairly the actual volume abstracted amongst the multiple secondary descriptions for these 25 licences and hence the information associated with these has not been used in the subsequent analysis. For the remaining 957 licences able to be used for analysis (licences with a single use description ), a review of the original assignment of SIC2007 division to each record was conducted independently by two members of the WRc project team. Previous work had focussed on ensuring accurate SIC2007 section assignment only. For almost all licences it has been possible to ascribe the water use to a single SIC2007 division. However, in a number of cases it has not been possible. These instances are: 25 licences where the secondary description is food and drink, and licence holders manufacture products associated with both SIC2007 divisions 10 and licences where the secondary description is leather and textiles and it is not possible to determine the licence holder s manufacturing use of water as being solely SIC2007 division 13 or licences where the secondary description is machinery and electronics and it is not possible to determine the licence holder s manufacturing use of water as being solely SIC2007 division 27 or 28. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 10

13 In these cases the licences continue to be linked to both SIC divisions. The final result of the assignment of SIC division(s) to NALD secondary description is presented in Table 2.1. The majority of NALD secondary descriptions may be linked to a single SIC division. However, several secondary descriptions are aligned to a number of different SIC divisions (or vice versa). The most notable example is that of Other Industrial/Commercial/Public Services whose associated licence records are linked to no fewer than 18 different SIC divisions. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 11

14 10: 10/11: 11: 13/15: 14: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 25: 26: 27/28: 29: 30: 32: SIC2007 Division Manufacture of food products Manufacture of food products / Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of textiles / Manufacture of leather and related products Manufacture of wearing apparel Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Manufacture of paper and paper products Printing and reproduction of recorded media Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products Manufacture of electrical equipment / Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Manufacture of other transport equipment Other manufacturing Table 2.1 Final alignment of NALD secondary description to SIC2007 division for manufacturing: number of licences in each SIC division, by NALD secondary description Secondary Description Grand Total Aquaculture Fish 1 1 Breweries/Wine Chemicals Construction Dairies Extractive Food & Drink General Agriculture Industrial/Commercial/Energy/Public Services Machinery And Electronics Metal Mineral Products Other Industrial/Commercial/Public Services Paper And Printing Petrochemicals Rubber Slaughtering Textiles & Leather Total Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 12

15 2.3 Deriving upper and lower bound estimates of consumptive use NALD data were further interrogated to remove major non-consumptive uses. For the purposes of this study, and in line with the main WRc study, non-consumptive uses are defined as a use of abstracted water which is returned to the immediate environment from where it came, with the water requiring little or no wastewater treatment. For analysis purposes, non-consumptive uses are defined as the use of directly abstracted water in: fish farm/cress pond throughflow; hydropower generation; milling and water power other than electricity generation; hydraulic rams; non-evaporative cooling, and; transfers between sources. Where an abstraction return has a single use description assigned to it, or several use descriptions, all of which are non-consumptive, the volume is removed from all subsequent analysis as it is assumed to be returned to the immediate environment. Where an abstraction return has a single use description assigned to it, or several use descriptions, all of which are not non-consumptive, the volume is included in all subsequent analysis. For those licences that had a combination of use descriptions, it was not possible to apportion the volume abstracted amongst the various use descriptions without introducing considerable additional uncertainty. As such, it was agreed with the client to report upper and lower bounds on the true value of consumptive use based on the selective and non-selective removal of major non-consumptive uses. Specifically, the upper bound calculation constituted the removal of only those abstraction returns that had solely non-consumptive uses associated with them, while the lower bound calculation constituted the removal of all abstraction returns that had non-consumptive uses associated with them, irrespective of whether the licence has use descriptions which are not defined as non-consumptive. In other words: Upper bound estimate of consumptive use = total volume abstracted volume abstracted for major nonconsumptive uses (volume for abstraction returns which have solely non-consumptive uses associated with them) Lower bound estimate of consumptive use = total volume abstracted volume abstracted for major nonconsumptive uses (volume for abstraction returns which have at least one non-consumptive use associated with them) Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 13

16 3.0 Results of analysis relating to abstractions for the manufacturing sector 3.1 Introduction This chapter of the report presents the results of the data manipulation exercise described in chapter 2, with the results presenting direct abstraction for manufacturing activities at a sub-sectoral (SIC division) and national level. The data analysis undertaken was completed for the specific purposes of WRAP and is not intended to replace, or be compared directly, to other published data as there may be differences due to different categorisation methods and assumptions made. The analysis of direct abstraction data also deliberately excludes figures for direct abstraction for public water supply. 3.2 Relationship between NALD secondary description and SIC2007 An assessment of the total volume directly abstracted from non-tidal sources excluding non-consumptive uses by region (country), as well as regional sub-sectoral (SIC division) variability is presented in Appendix B for reference. An assessment of the total volume directly abstracted for all non-household uses (including major nonconsumptive uses) is presented in Appendix C. A spatial assessment by NALD secondary description, showing the variation in estimated volume of direct abstraction from non-tidal sources in England and Wales in 2006 by abstraction purpose (NALD secondary description ) for the manufacturing sector is provided in Appendix D. 3.3 Spatial assessment by SIC2007 The variation in the estimated volume direct abstraction (excluding non-consumptive uses, with upper and lower bounds presented) from non-tidal sources in England and Wales in 2006 by sub-sector classification (divisions for SIC section C) is illustrated in Figure 3.1. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 14

17 Figure 3.1 Estimated volume directly abstracted for manufacturing purposes from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, excluding major non-consumptive uses (upper and lower bounds) and excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by sub-sector classification (divisions for SIC section C) (Ml, 2006) In England, the Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (SIC division 20) is the largest sub-sector in terms of volume directly abstracted, representing over one-half of the total volume directly abstracted by the manufacturing sector for consumptive uses. Another significant sub-sector was the Manufacture of paper and paper products (SIC division 17). In total, these two sub-sectors accounted for approximately 70% of the total volume directly abstracted for consumptive use by the manufacturing sector in England. In Wales, the Manufacture of basic metals (SIC division 24) sub-sector accounted for the majority of the volume directly abstracted in 2006, representing at least two-thirds of the total volume directly abstracted for consumptive uses in the manufacturing sector in Wales. For England and Wales as a whole, the top five abstraction categories were; Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, Manufacture of basic metals, Manufacture of paper and paper product, Manufacture of Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 15

18 beverages and Manufacture of food products. The key aspects of the variation in the volume directly abstracted for these five sub-sectors are presented below. A tabulated summary including total figures for all regions for which data are available is presented in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Estimated volume directly abstracted for manufacturing purposes from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, excluding major non-consumptive uses (upper and lower bounds) and excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by sub-sector classification (divisions for SIC section C) (Ml, 2006) Upper Bound (Ml, 2006) Lower Bound (Ml, 2006) SIC 2007 Division Description England Wales Grand Total Rank England Wales Grand Total Rank 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 227, , , , Manufacture of basic metals 16, , , ,561 21,133 35, Manufacture of paper and paper products 51,356 4,203 55, ,356 4,203 55, Manufacture of beverages 20, , , , Manufacture of food products 18,777 2,130 20, ,960 2,130 16, Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 18, , , , Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 5,978 3,879 9, ,483 3,879 9, /15 Manufacture of textiles / Manufacture of leather and related products 6, , , , Manufacture of rubber and plastic products 4,854 4, ,628 4, / /28 29 Manufacture of food products / Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations Manufacture of electrical equipment / Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semitrailers 4, , , , ,720 2, ,242 2, , ,050 1, Printing and reproduction of recorded media 1,014 1, Other manufacturing Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Manufacture of wearing apparel Manufacture of tobacco products Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products Manufacture of furniture Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Total 382, , , ,113 33, ,496 Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 16

19 3.4 Summary and conclusions For England and Wales as a whole (the largest geographic area of the UK for which sectoral abstraction data are available), the following five abstraction purposes (NALD secondary description ) were the largest in terms of the volume directly abstracted for use in the manufacturing sector in 2006: Metal; Chemicals; Other Industrial/Commercial/Public Services; Paper And Printing, and; Food & Drink. With respect to sub-sector classification for England and Wales as a whole, the following five SIC divisions were the largest in terms of the volume directly abstracted for use in the manufacturing sector in 2006: Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (SIC division 20); Manufacture of basic metals (SIC division 24); Manufacture of paper and paper products (SIC division 17); Manufacture of beverages (SIC division 11), and; Manufacture of food products (SIC division 10). A spatial assessment of direct abstraction within these categories, however, showed regional variation. In England, with respect to abstraction purpose, the Chemicals category is the most important consumptive user, albeit with a large uncertainty in the true value of consumptive use (there is a significant difference in the lower and upper bound estimates of consumptive use). Other important categories in England with respect to the NALD classification system are Other Industrial/Commercial/Public Services and Paper And Printing. With respect to SIC sub-sector classification, in England, the Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (SIC division 20) category was the largest, followed by Manufacture of paper and paper products (SIC division 17) and Manufacture of beverages (SIC division 11). As might be expected, the uncertainty in the true value of consumptive use in the chemicals sub-sector was also evident when classified by SIC2007. In Wales, the Metal NALD category was the largest user followed by Paper And Printing. Considerable uncertainty exists in the true value of consumptive use for the Metal NALD category in Wales. When classified using SIC, a similar result for Wales was observed: the Manufacture of basic metals (SIC division 24) category was the largest followed by Manufacture of paper and paper products (SIC division 17). As in the NALD classification, there is some considerable uncertainty in the true value of consumptive use by the Manufacture of basic metals sub-sector. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 17

20 4.0 Desk-based review of additional data sources 4.1 Scope To augment the evidence of water use in individual manufacturing sub-sectors from NALD, a desk-based review of available literature on water use in these sectors was carried out. Unlike the methodology described in Section 2 which is limited to the assessment of abstraction data excluding public water supply, it was anticipated that a desk-based review would provide information relating to water use from all freshwater resources (direct abstraction and mains water). The review has been carried out using internet sources including information published by the UK and Scottish Governments and sector-specific information from trade associations. Many sectors have industry-led sustainability initiatives in place, some of which include water-related actions. 4.2 Manufacture of food products and beverages (SIC divisions 10 and 11) The Federation House Commitment (FHC 2011) is an initiative which is managed by WRAP in partnerships with the Food and Drink Federation (FDF), with the aim of improving water efficiency within the industry. In the joint industry and Defra Food Industry Sustainability Strategy (FISS) (Defra 2006) there is a target to reduce water use (excluding that embedded in products) by 20% by 2020 against a 2007 baseline. The first element for the FHC was therefore to develop a 2007 baseline of water use for the Commitment. According to the FISS, the food industry in England and Wales is estimated to use 157,950 Ml per year of mains water and 94,900 Ml per year from direct abstraction. This figure includes water use by dairies, and includes non-consumptive uses... The data from FHC indicates that the majority of water use by the industry is from mains water supplies. The FHC signatories draw 79% of their water used from mains compared with 20% from boreholes and rivers. The other 1% is from alternative sources such as rainwater harvesting. In 2007 the Food Industry Sustainability Strategy Champions Group on Water (CGWR) published a report highlighting potential data sources for information regarding water use in the food and drink sector (Defra 2007). The sources identified were: The National Abstraction Licence database (NALD). Three categories were identified as being of relevance: the brewery and wine, dairy, and food and drink categories. It was also highlighted that the volume permitted was recorded and this was likely to be different to that actually abstracted. Issues with incorrect categorisation of licence holders were raised. Data from water suppliers. It was highlighted that refining the data could be difficult as not all water suppliers hold data on water usage by the food industry sector. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control data. IPPC measures are implemented at some of the larger food manufacturing sites and therefore it should be possible to obtain data on water use by sites that are registered. It was not known, however, what proportion of the food and drink manufacturing sector s total water use falls under IPPC. It was suggested this might be a useful way to measure progress, but not to derive a baseline consumption. Data held by trade associations. It was recognised that some sectors such as the brewing sector has good data held by the relevant association. Data held by Envirowise. A review was carried out in However, concerns were raised on the availability and quality of the data. Office of National Statistics data. ONS was conducting a survey that included some questions relating to water use. The survey would, however, only have covered large manufacturers. The British Soft Drinks Association (BSDA) also has its own Soft Drinks Industry Sustainability Strategy that mirrors the FHC. In its 2010 progress report the BSDA highlighted case-studies of individual companies that have taken steps to reduce water consumption, although they do not publish an overall water use figure that represents usage by its members (BSDA 2010). As stated above, the FISS estimate of 157,950 Ml per year of mains water and 94,900 Ml per year from direct abstraction includes non-consumptive uses. In this study, the volume of directly abstracted water supplied to the food and drink sector (SIC2007 divisions 10 and 11) in 2006 is estimated to be between 41,000 Ml and 47,000 Ml (excluding major non-consumptive uses), but approximately 64,000 Ml when major non-consumptive uses are Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 18

21 included. This is still substantially lower than the 94,900 Ml quoted by FISS. It is likely that the difference relates to the different classification procedures undertaken in each study since the boundaries between which company operations are agricultural, and which relate to, for example, the wholesale or food and drink sectors are often blurred. For instance, some nursery and wholesale vegetable production has been categorised by this study as agriculture rather than food and drink. Other sources of comparative values for the food and drink sector have also been identified, although there are questions surrounding the methodologies used to calculate values. Envirowise (2001) indicates that water consumption in the food and drink sector totalled 307,000 Ml. This is based upon 1998 consumption data. A Defra/Food and Drink Federation (2004) report also indicates total consumption to be 307,000 Ml, although this cites the previous Envirowise study. This was estimated to be 13% of all water consumed by UK industry, or 1.8% of total UK water consumption. Envirowise (2007) updated the 2001 study using a different methodology, and calculated water consumption by the food and drink sector across both directly abstracted and mains water to be 434,836 Ml. This comprises 299,668 Ml from mains water, and 135,168 Ml directly abstracted. In Scotland a study was undertaken in 2004 to estimate water use by different economic sectors in preparation for implementation of the Water Framework Directive (SEPA 2004). The report produced includes water use estimates from direct abstraction only from 3 manufacturing sectors including food processing, including whisky and soft drinks. The food and drink sector is estimated to use 260,000 Ml per year of directly abstracted water. It is not clear, however, how this value has been derived, or whether or not it includes large nonconsumptive uses that might be associated with the industry. The Scotch Whisky Distilling Industry provided information for this report that includes a sector report. The sector report states that 90% of the water used by the industry is non-consumptive, and is returned to its original watercourse after being used for cooling purposes. The other 10% is used for a variety of purposes, the largest being for mashing in the early part of the production process. Based on the volume of spirit produced, the Industry s annual usage of water is estimated to be between 2000 Ml and 3000 Ml, with the rest (between 30,000 Ml and 40,000 Ml) being used for cooling. 4.3 Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products (SIC divisions 13-15) Very little information is available regarding water use in these sectors. As part of the Scottish study (SEPA 2004) a sector report was provided for the Scottish leather sector. The report states that there are 5 large tanneries in the UK, of which 4 are based in and around Glasgow. The report further highlights that the manufacture of leather is an intensive water-using process ; approximately 20 tonnes of water are used to process 1 tonne of raw hide, from which there will result only 300kg of saleable leather product. In addition to the water intensive processes, the wastewater requires extensive treatment prior to sewer discharge and therefore few tanneries discharge to river. The Scottish study also includes an estimate of directly abstracted water use by the whole textiles industry of 1800 Ml per year. It is unclear how this figure has been derived. In 1997 Envirowise produced a sector guide for the textiles industry focussed on improving efficiency of water and chemicals use. Whilst this guide includes information on the water using processes within the industry, there are no overall figures relating to water consumption by the industry. The manufacture of leather is a sector included within Envirowise s benchmarking water use tool (Envirowise, accessed February 2011). The extract in Table 4.1 has been taken from the site and details the available information on water use collected as part of an industry survey undertaken by Envirowise. It is not clear from the site in which year these data were gathered. Table 4.1 Estimated Water use benchmarking data for the leather sector (Envirowise, accessed February 2011) Water use units Water usage Minimum (good) Water usage Average Water usage Maximum (poor) No. of samples m 3 /employee Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 19

22 m 3 / hide It has not been possible to identify any further information on water use by the textiles, leather and wearing apparel industries in the UK. 4.4 Manufacture of paper and paper products (SIC division 17) From the literature review it appears that water use by the paper and paper products industry was a focus for sustainability approximately 10 years ago, however recently there has seen a shift towards chemical and energy use. Information on the specific water consumption (the amount of water (m 3 ) used by a mill to produce one airdried tonne (ADt) of paper) of different types of paper mill is available from the Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme guide (ETBPPG 1997a) based on data provided by The Paper Federation of Great Britain. The information is, however, relatively outdated having been collected via survey in The values illustrated in Figure 4.1 have excluded cooling water, a large non-consumptive use. Figure 4.1 Estimated specific water consumption range per paper mill sector (ETBPPG 1997a) The report (ETBPPG 1997a) also indicates the proportion of water drawn from different sources. 76% of water used by 34 respondents to the survey came from direct abstraction of surface water sources, 11% from direct abstraction of groundwater sources (boreholes), with the final 18% coming from mains water sources. The Confederation of Paper Industries (Confederation of Paper Industries, accessed February 2011) includes information relating to the environment on their website; however, the focus is on energy, carbon and chemicals usage. Envirowise include the paper and board sector within the water benchmarking tool (Envirowise, accessed February 2011). The extract in Table 4.2 has been taken from the site and details the available information on water use collected as part of an industry survey undertaken by Envirowise; however, it is not clear from the site in which year this data was gathered. Table 4.2 Water use benchmarking data for the paper and board sector (Envirowise, accessed February 2011) Water use units Water usage Minimum (good) Water usage Average Water usage Maximum (poor) No. of samples Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 20

23 m 3 /tonne product m 3 /employee Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (SIC Division 20) Envirowise include the chemicals manufacture sector within the water benchmarking tool (Envirowise, accessed February 2011). The extract in Table 4.3 has been taken from the site and details the available information on water use collected as part of an industry survey undertaken by Envirowise; however, it is not clear from the site in which year this data was gathered. Table 4.3 Water use benchmarking data for the chemical sector (Envirowise, accessed February 2011) Water use units Water usage Minimum (good) Water usage Average Water usage Maximum (poor) No. of samples m 3 /tonne product m 3 /employee Further information regarding water use in the chemicals industry is available from an Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme guide (ETBPPG 1997b). It should be noted that, as for the paper and board sector, the information could now be out of date as the document was published in Although there is no figure provided for overall water use in the chemical sector, the guide does provide useful insight into how water is used by the industry (Figure 4.2) and from where the water is derived (Figure 4.3). Figure 4.2 Water using processes in the chemical sector (ETBPPG 1997b) Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 21

24 Figure 4.3 Source of water used by chemical sector (ETBPPG 1997b) Envirowise also published a guide to managing water use in speciality chemicals manufacture; however, no information is provided as to the total volume of water used by the industry (Envirowise 2003). 4.6 Manufacture of furniture (SIC division 31) Within the furniture manufacturing sector, the focus of environment/sustainability improvements appears to have been on reducing solvent use (see, for instance, BFM 2001). Other issues for the furniture industry, where sustainability initiatives appear to have focussed are (FISP, accessed February 2011): reduction in waste responsible sourcing of wood products improving recyclability of products. Envirowise include the furniture manufacture sector within the water benchmarking tool (WRAP/Envirowise, accessed February 2011). The extract in Table 4.4 has been taken from the site and details the available information on water use collected as part of an industry survey undertaken by Envirowise; however, it is not clear from the site in which year this data was gathered. Unfortunately, information is only available as a unit of m 3 water used per employee. Table 4.4 Water use benchmarking data for the furniture sector (WRAP/ Envirowise, accessed February 2011) Water use units Water usage Minimum (good) Water usage Average Water usage Maximum (poor) No. of samples m 3 /employee It has not been possible to identify any further information relating to water use in the furniture manufacturing industry; however, a number of individual company case studies, which include initiatives to reduce water use, are available although not necessarily with a UK focus (see, for instance, Centre for Sustainability, accessed February 2011, and Envirowise 2006). Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 22

25 4.7 Other sectors (SIC division 16, 21, 23, 26, 27 and 28) Despite the use of general internet searches, identification of relevant trade associations and reviews of published sector sustainability initiatives, it has not been possible to identify any quantitative information relating to water use within the following manufacturing sectors in the UK: wood and products of wood and cork except furniture articles of straw and plaiting materials rubber and plastic products other non-metallic mineral products computer, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment, machinery and equipment n.e.c. 4.8 Conclusions There are some existing sources of information for water use in specific sectors, or sub-sectors of manufacturing. The majority of these data have been collected for studies that are now potentially out-of-date. The data in general for these older studies appears to have been collected via surveys of individual manufacturers. This indicates that water monitoring amongst manufacturers is, perhaps, prevalent, and that there is potential for a similar methodology to be repeated. If this was to occur, it is likely that partnering with relevant trade associations would be appropriate as in much of the previous work undertaken. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 23

26 References BSDA (2010) Sustainability in Action, The Soft Drinks Industry Sustainability Strategy, Progress report 2010 Centre for sustainability [online] accessed February 2011 Confederation of paper industries (2011) [online] [accessed February 2011] Defra (2006) Food Industry Sustainability Strategy available at Defra (2007) Report of the Food Industry Sustainability Strategy Champions Group on Water (CGWR) available at Defra/Food and Drink Federation (2004) Study on environmental impacts of the food and drink industry [cited in Envirowise 2007] Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme Guide (1997a) Water use in the paper and board manufacture EG69 Guide Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme Guide (1997b) Water use in the manufacture of speciality chemicals EG105 Guide Envirowise (2001) A review of water use in UK Industry and Commerce Envirowise (2003) Managing water use in speciality chemicals manufacture: a signposting guide Guide GG363 Envirowise (2006) Furniture Manufacturer sitting pretty on water savings Action Profile CS597 Envirowise (2007) A review of water use in Industry and Commerce Envirowise [online] Tool.html [accessed February 2011] FHC (2011) [online] Available from [accessed February 2011] Furniture industry sustainability programme [online] [accessed February 2011] Moran D., MacLeod, M., McVittie, A., Lago, M., Oglethorpe D (2007) Dynamics of water use in Scotland, Water and Environment Journal Vol CIWEM Scottish Executive (2002), Evaluating the economic impact of abstraction controls on high and medium volume water users in Scotland. [pdf] [online] Available from: [last accessed 13/5/2011)] SEPA (2004) An economic analysis of water use in the Scotland: river basin district summary report The Association for British Furniture Manufacturers (2001) Benchmarking solvent use in the UK furniture manufacturing sector [online] WRc (2011) Freshwater availability and use in the United Kingdom Final Report, WRc, Reference number: UC8447 Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 24

27 Appendix A SIC2007 structure for manufacturing activities This Appendix presents the 2007 revision of the Standard Industry Classification System with a full listing of the SIC section (section C) and divisional categories (numbered between 10 and 33) that are associated with manufacturing activities. Table A.1 SIC2007 structure for manufacturing activities: division codes and description SIC2007 (Section) SIC2007 (Division) Description C 10 Manufacture of food products C 11 Manufacture of beverages C 12 Manufacture of tobacco products C 13 Manufacture of textiles C 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel C 15 Manufacture of leather and related products C 16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials C 17 Manufacture of paper and paper products C 18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media C 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products C 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products C 21 Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations C 22 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products C 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products C 24 Manufacture of basic metals C 25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment C 26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products C 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment C 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. C 29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers C 30 Manufacture of other transport equipment C 31 Manufacture of furniture C 32 Other manufacturing C 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 25

28 Appendix B Volumes abstracted by the manufacturing sector by SIC2007 division and NALD secondary description (excluding major non-consumptive uses): upper and lower bound estimates Table B.1 shows for each sub-sectoral classification (divisions of SIC section C), the total volume directly abstracted from non-tidal sources excluding non-consumptive uses (upper bound) in England and Wales in 2006 by each purpose of abstraction (NALD secondary description ). Table B.2 shows for each sub-sectoral classification (divisions of SIC section C), the total volume directly abstracted from non-tidal sources excluding non-consumptive uses (lower bound) in England and Wales in 2006 by each purpose of abstraction (NALD secondary description ). These total volumes of directly abstracted water from non-tidal sources include estimates for the null returns in NALD. The total volume directly abstracted from all non-tidal sources is presented for reference in Appendix C. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 26

29 20: 24: 17: 11: 10: 19: 23: 13/15: 22: 10/11: 21: 27/28: 29: 18: 32: 25: 30: 16: 14: 12: 26: 31: 33: Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of paper and paper products Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of food products Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Manufacture of textiles / Manufacture of leather and related products Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Manufacture of food products / Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations Manufacture of electrical equipment / Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Printing and reproduction of recorded media Other manufacturing Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Manufacture of wearing apparel Manufacture of tobacco products Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products Manufacture of furniture Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Table B.1 Estimated volume directly abstracted for manufacturing purposes from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, excluding major non-consumptive uses (upper bound estimate) and excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by sub-sector classification (divisions for SIC section C) and abstraction purpose (NALD secondary description ) (Ml, 2006) NALD Secondary Description Grand Total Rank Metal 171, ,177 1 Chemicals 159, ,767 2 Other Industrial/Commercial/Public Services 68, ,560 3,318 2, ,054 2, , , ,936 3 Paper And Printing 46, ,443 4 Food & Drink 8,197 16,320 4,798 29,314 5 Petrochemicals 18,479 18,479 6 Breweries/Wine 9,864 9,864 7 Mineral Products , ,482 8 Textiles & Leather 4,087 4,087 9 Rubber 3,939 3, Dairies 1,789 1, Construction Machinery And Electronics Slaughtering Extractive Industrial/Commercial/Energy/Public Services General Agriculture Total 228, ,942 55,559 21,379 20,906 19,143 9,858 6,130 4,854 4,798 2,720 1,146 1,050 1, ,047 Rank Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 27

30 20: 17: 24: 11: 19: 10: 23: 13/15: 22: 10/11: 21: 29: 27/28: 32: 30: 18: 16: 25: 14: 12: 26: 31: 33: Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of paper and paper products Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products Manufacture of food products Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Manufacture of textiles / Manufacture of leather and related products Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Manufacture of food products / Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Manufacture of electrical equipment / Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Other manufacturing Manufacture of other transport equipment Printing and reproduction of recorded media Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of wearing apparel Manufacture of tobacco products Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products Manufacture of furniture Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Table B.2 Estimated volume directly abstracted for manufacturing purposes from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, excluding all major non-consumptive uses (lower bound estimate) and excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by sub-sector classification (divisions for SIC section C) and abstraction purpose (NALD secondary description ) (Ml, 2006) NALD Secondary Description Grand Total Rank Chemicals 96,096 96,096 1 Other Industrial/Commercial/Public Services 68,398 8, , ,074 1,924 2, , ,051 2 Paper And Printing 46, ,443 3 Metal 35,463 35,463 4 Food & Drink 8,147 11,655 4,516 24,318 5 Petrochemicals 18,479 18,479 6 Breweries/Wine 9,396 9,396 7 Mineral Products 15 6, ,054 8 Rubber 3,939 3,939 9 Textiles & Leather 3,855 3, Dairies 1,767 1, Construction Slaughtering Extractive Machinery And Electronics Industrial/Commercial/Energy/Public Services General Agriculture Total 164,544 55,559 35,694 20,861 19,081 16,089 9,362 5,889 4,628 4,516 2, ,496 Rank Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 28

31 Appendix C Volumes abstracted by the manufacturing sector by SIC and NALD secondary description (all uses) This Appendix presents an assessment of the total volume directly abstracted from all non-household non-tidal sources by region (country), with regional sub-sectoral (SIC division) variability also presented. Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 29

32 20: 24: 17: 10: 11: 19: 23: 10/11: 13/15: 22: 21: 27/28: 29: 18: 16: 32: 25: 30: 14: 12: 26: 31: 33: Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of paper and paper products Manufacture of food products Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Manufacture of food products / Manufacture of beverages Manufacture of textiles / Manufacture of leather and related products Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations Manufacture of electrical equipment / Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Printing and reproduction of recorded media Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Other manufacturing Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of wearing apparel Manufacture of tobacco products Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products Manufacture of furniture Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Table C.1 Estimated volume directly abstracted for manufacturing purposes from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, including major non-consumptive uses but excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by sub-sector classification (divisions for SIC section C) and abstraction purpose (NALD secondary description ) (Ml, 2006) NALD Secondary Description Grand Total Rank Metal 171, ,830 1 Chemicals 159, ,997 2 Other Industrial/Commercial/Public Services 68, ,716 10,429 4, ,253 2, , , ,768 3 Paper And Printing 63, ,920 4 Food & Drink 17,365 8,710 9,894 35,969 5 Petrochemicals 18,862 18,862 6 Breweries/Wine 10,697 10,697 7 Mineral Products , ,542 8 Textiles & Leather 4,120 4,120 9 Rubber 3,939 3, Dairies 1,853 1, Machinery And Electronics 1, , Construction 1,427 1, Slaughtering Extractive Industrial/Commercial/Energy/Public Services General Agriculture Total 228, ,679 72,193 30,240 23,752 19,526 10,708 9,894 6,439 4,877 4,460 2,179 1,095 1, ,787 Rank Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 30

33 Table C.2 Estimated volume directly abstracted for manufacturing purposes from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, including major non-consumptive uses but excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by abstraction purpose (NALD secondary description ) (Ml, 2006) NALD Secondary Description England Wales Grand Total Rank Metal 15, , ,830 1 Chemicals 159, ,997 2 Other Industrial/Commercial/Public Services 107,287 1, ,768 3 Paper And Printing 59,718 4,203 63,920 4 Food & Drink 31,544 4,426 35,969 5 Petrochemicals 18, ,862 6 Breweries/Wine 10, ,697 7 Mineral Products 3,699 2,843 6,542 8 Textiles & Leather 4, ,120 9 Rubber 3, , Dairies 1, , Machinery And Electronics 1, , Construction 1,427 1, Slaughtering Extractive Industrial/Commercial/Energy/Public Services General Agriculture Total 419, , ,787 Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 31

34 Figure C.1 Estimated volume directly abstracted for manufacturing purposes from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, including major non-consumptive uses but excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by abstraction purpose (NALD secondary description ) (Ml, 2006) Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 32

35 Table C.3 Estimated volume directly abstracted for manufacturing purposes from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, including major non-consumptive uses but excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by sub-sector classification (divisions for SIC section C) (Ml, 2006) SIC 2007 Division Description England Wales Grand Total Rank 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products 228, , Manufacture of basic metals 16, , , Manufacture of paper and paper products 67,990 4,203 72, Manufacture of food products 28,110 2,130 30, Manufacture of beverages 22,535 1,217 23, Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products 18, , Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 6,779 3,928 10, /11 Manufacture of food products / Manufacture of beverages 8,138 1,756 9, /15 Manufacture of textiles / Manufacture of leather and related products 6, , Manufacture of rubber and plastic products 4, , /28 Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations Manufacture of electrical equipment / Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. 4,460 4, , , Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 1, , Printing and reproduction of recorded media 1,014 1, Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Other manufacturing Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of wearing apparel Manufacture of tobacco products Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products Manufacture of furniture Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 20 Total 419, , ,787 Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 33

36 Figure C.2 Estimated volume directly abstracted for manufacturing purposes from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, including major non-consumptive uses but excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by sub-sector classification (divisions for SIC section C) (Ml, 2006) Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 34

37 Appendix D Volumes abstracted by the manufacturing sector by NALD secondary description (excluding major nonconsumptive uses) The variation in the estimated volume direct abstraction (excluding non-consumptive uses, with upper and lower bounds presented) from non-tidal sources in England and Wales in 2006 by abstraction purpose (NALD secondary description ) is illustrated in Figure D.1. Figure D.1 Estimated volume directly abstracted for manufacturing purposes from non-tidal sources in England and Wales, excluding major non-consumptive uses (upper and lower bounds) and excluding that abstracted for public water supply, by abstraction purpose (NALD secondary description ) (Ml, 2006) In England, the Chemicals abstraction purpose category is the largest sector in terms of volume directly abstracted, representing over one-third of the total volume directly abstracted for consumptive uses. Other significant categories in England are Other Industrial/Commercial/Public Services and Paper and Printing. In total, these three categories accounted for approximately 75% of the volume of water direct abstracted for consumptive uses in the manufacturing sector in England. In Wales, the Metal abstraction purpose category accounts for the majority of water used from that which is direct abstracted, representing at least two-thirds of the total volume directly abstracted by the manufacturing sector for consumptive uses. For England and Wales as a whole, the top five abstraction purpose categories were; Metal, Chemicals, Other Industrial/Commercial/Public Services, Paper and Printing and Food and Drink. A tabulated summary including total figures for all regions for which data are available is presented in Table D.1 Freshwater use in the UK: manufacturing sector 35