The European Qualifications Framework and Tourism Studies

Transcription

1 The European Qualifications Framework and Tourism Studies A Comparative Analysis of Tourism Systems of Qualification Austria, Greece, Italy, Malta, Slovenia and Spain EQF FR AME (Flexible References and Methods of Evaluation) An EQF Leonardo da Vinci project supported by the Directorate for Education and Culture of the European Commission

2 Front cover: Leonardo da Vinci Self-portrait c. 1512

3 The European Qualifications Framework and Tourism Studies A Comparative Analysis of Tourism Systems of Qualification Austria, Greece, Italy, Malta, Slovenia and Spain EQF FRAME (Flexible References and Methods of Evaluation) An EQF Leonardo da Vinci project supported by the Directorate for Education and Culture of the European Commission

4 Malta Qualifications Council (MQC) 2008 This publication is the result of research undertaken by six partners forming part of the EQF-FRAME project which is partly funded by the Directorate-General for Education and Culture Lifelong Learning: Education and Training Policies LE2-707EQF. The project is led by the Malta Qualifications Council of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Malta). The five partners involved in the project are (in alphabetical order): 3s Research Laboratory, Vienna AUSTRIA Europa Lavoro Servizi e Formazione ELSFORM, Chieti ITALY The Organisation for Vocational Education and Training, Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs, Athens GREECE The National Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Ljubljana SLOVENIA and, The Directorate-General for Vocational Education and Training of the Ministry of Education and Science, Madrid SPAIN The officers involved in the research are: Karin Luomi-Messerer and Sonja Lengauer (Austria), Luciano Tusé and Marianna Caratelli (Italy), Vassilis Karavitis and Dimitrios Raftopoulos (Greece), Charles Mizzi, Claire Briffa Said and James Calleja (Malta), Bostjan Kosorok (Slovenia) and Soledad Iglesias, Rosario Esteban, Gema Cavada (Spain). Special thanks go to Ms Claire Briffa Said, Research Analyst who has prepared, for the EQF-FRAME partners, the comparative analysis of the data and Ms Valerie Attard who had proof read the document. The text is also available on the Malta Qualifications Council website and on the project website The contents of this publication may be reproduced in part, except for commercial purposes, provided that the extract is preceded by a complete reference to the EQF-FRAME Project followed by the date of publication of this document. Text completed on the 7 th of April Published by the Malta Qualifications Council. Design, layout and printing Salesian Press, Malta.

5 CONTENTS Introduction iv Tourism Programmes of Study and Qualifications in Partner Countries 1 Austria 3 1 The Tourism Labour Market in Austria 4 2 The Austrian Education System 5 3 Vocational Education and Training in Tourism Professions 5 4 Quality Assurance in VET 12 5 Accreditation 13 6 Learning Outcomes 16 7 Tourism Programmes of Study in Austria 17 Greece 27 1 Tourism in Greece 28 2 The Greek Education and Training System 28 Italy 57 1 Tourism in Italy 58 2 The Structure of Education in Italy 59 3 Tourism Education and Training in Italy 63 4 Training Credits 64 5 Tourism Programmes of Study in Italy 64 6 Summary of Tourism Qualifications in Italy 74 Malta 79 1 Tourism in Malta 80 2 The Maltese Education System 81 3 Malta s Qualifications Framework 87

6 ii 4 Vocation Educational Training 88 5 Tourism Programmes of Study Aligned to the EQF 88 6 Summarising Malta s Tourism Qualifications Aligned to the EQF 104 Slovenia Tourism in Slovenia The Structure of Education in Slovenia The National Qualifications Framework in Slovenia Summary of Tourism Programmes of Study and Qualifications in Slovenia 129 Spain Tourism Employment in Spain The Structure of Education in Spain Vocational Education and Training in Spain Tourism Programmes at Vocational Level Tourism Programmes of Study at Tertiary Level Summary of Tourism Programmes of Study in Spain 143 Conclusion 145

7 List of Tables iii Austria 7.1 Tourism Training in Austria ISCED and EQF Classification Tourism Qualifications in Austria Tentative Alignment to the EQF Detailed Classification of Tourism Qualifications in Austria 19 Greece 2.1A The Structure of the Greek Education System B The Structure of the Greek Education System (in detail) Courses Operated by O.T.E.K Tourism Programmes Aligned to ISCED Tourism Qualifications in Greece Aligned to the EQF 54 Italy 2.1 The Structure of the Educational System in Italy Tourism Qualifications in Italy Aligned to the EQF 75 Malta 2.1 The Maltese Mainstream Education System Malta s Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning Alignment of Existing Qualifications to Malta s NQF Tourism Programmes of Study Aligned to the EQF 103 Slovenia 2.1 The Structure of Education in Slovenia Tourism Qualifications in Slovenia Aligned to ISCED Tourism Qualifications in Slovenia Aligned to the EQF 128 Spain 3.1 The Structure of Education in Spain Tourism Qualifications in Spain Aligned to the EQF 144

8 iv Introduction James Calleja and Claire Briffa Said Tourism is one of the most important international economic activities internationally, and the main industry in many countries. According to UNWTO, tourism is the fastest growing economic sector in terms of foreign exchange earnings and job creation. The sector is an important driver of growth and prosperity and, within developing countries, for poverty reduction. In fact, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), most new jobs in developing countries are created by tourism industries. The year 2007 exceeded the expectations for international tourism with arrivals reaching new record figures close to 900 million. The results confirm both the sustained growth path of the past years and the resilience of the sector regarding external factors. This development has been supported by a strong world economy, which has experienced its longest period of sustained growth for more than two decades. In 2007, international tourism arrivals in fact expanded by 6%, to 898 million, as compared to This implies an additional 52 million than the year Of these, Europe received some 19 million and Asia and the Pacific 17 million. The Americas was up by around six million, Africa by three million and the Middle East by five million. The world s largest destination region, with a share of over 50% of all international tourist arrivals, Europe, is growing above average and totalled 480 million tourists in Destinations like Turkey (+18%), Greece (+12%), Portugal (+10%), Italy and Switzerland (both at +7%) are proof of the positive impact of the continued economic pick-up of the region in One of the leading contributors of this worldwide tourism growth in 2007 was the expansion and spread of low-cost/low-fare carriers which has led to the continuing trend towards shorter and more frequent trips. Other important factors included a healthy global economy, significant increases in outbound travel especially by less traditional European source markets, favourable demographics, rising incomes, stronger consumer confidence, increased trade and priority accorded by governments towards economic development. The outlook for 2008 is also positive though growth is expected at a slower rate closer to 5% rather than 6%. The growth in both inbound and outbound travel is a result of the fact that travelling is becoming a very important part of people s lives. Travellers increasingly look for an enriching travel experience; therefore, hospitality, authenticity, tradition, together with individuality, sustainability and quality are all considered important. This necessitates the need to have properly qualified, knowledgeable and professional people working in the industry. This publication is one of the main products of the EQF-FRAME (Flexible Reference and Methods of Evaluation) Leonardo da Vinci Community Vocational Training Action Programme Second Phase (Call for Proposals DG EAC/22/06) supported by DG EAC. The aim of this project is to apply the European Qualifications Framework to the sector of Tourism in order to study how the Framework can be applied to vocational education and training thus creating a process of rapprochement between existing qualifications in tourism studies and the EQF. The EQF is one of the principle landmarks in the history of the European Union and of European Education. Following the Bologna (1999), Lisbon (2000) and Copenhagen (2002) processes of the European Union, this project aims at furthering the Lisbon strategy to make the EU the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world capable

9 of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion, and respect for the environment. Taking Tourism Studies as a case study, the project embarked on the task of investigating the state-of-play in six EU Member States and of proposing a possible alignment of Tourism Studies qualifications to the EQF through set criteria based on specific knowledge-based competence matrices. v This report comprises a comparative analysis of tourism programmes of study in Austria, Greece, Italy, Malta, Slovenia and Spain. The aim of this analysis is to align existing qualifications in Tourism Studies with the European Qualifications Framework (EQF). As highlighted in both the Copenhagen and Bologna Process, this alignment will facilitate the transparency, comparability and transferability of tourism qualifications through Europe. This comparative analysis follows in-depth research into the tourism qualifications systems of each partner country. A Template was created acting as a Survey highlighting tourism programmes of study and qualifications in each country, together with the training providers, duration of training, course description, learning outcomes, associated job positions and accreditation. The results that emerged out of this analysis are three-fold: 1. The EQF is an excellent meta-framework of qualifications which assists policy-makers in pegging qualifications across different systems of education, culture and work practices; 2. Tourism Studies are as diverse as the cultures they represent yet a common base for quality in the service provision within the industry could be seen across the various examples of curricula and programmes of studies at the various levels of qualifications; 3. Aligning Tourism Studies qualifications to the EQF on the basis of occupational standards, level of academic and practical difficulty as well as the expected competence required in the industry were seen as flexible but appropriate tools to reach consensus over the level rating of qualifications. These results were achieved through close collaboration between partner countries through electronic-mail and during the two Partners meetings held during 2007 in Malta (March) and in Barcelona (November). Special thanks go to all Partners who have greatly collaborated in compiling the information requested and who have shown special interest in transforming the available data into flexible instruments of verification in order to align Tourism Studies from six different EU Member States to the European Qualifications Framework. We would also like to thank Valerie Attard who has painstakingly edited and proofread the final text and the Salesian Press for designing and printing this product. We hope that this publication will serve to help other training providers in aligning their qualifications to the European Qualifications Framework so that the processes which started in Bologna, Lisbon and Copenhagen will reach the classrooms and lecture halls in all vocational and higher education institutions in Member States across the European Union. Dr James Calleja is the EQF-FRAME Project Director while Ms Claire Briffa Said is the Research Analyst of this project.

10 Opposite page: Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian man 1492

11 Tourism Programmes of Study and Qualifications in Partner Countries

12 Opposite page: Leonardo da Vinci Rearing horse

13 Tourism Education and Training in AUSTRIA

14 AUSTRIA Tourists (overnight visitors) 20.3 mn (in 2006) Percentage Change +1.5% (06/05) Population 8,316,487 (2007 estimate) People employed in tourism 750,000 (direct & indirect) Earnings from tourism 15.7 billion Per capita income in foreign currency from tourism 1,900 Tourism expenditure in the country US$ 19,310 mn (in 2005) Share of tourism in GDP 16.4% Sources: UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, June 2007 WKO Tourismus Freizeit, May 2007 Austria s tourism and leisure industry plays a vital role in the Austrian economy. In 2005, the total foreign currency earnings from tourism amounted to approximately 15.7 billion. Thus, tourism accounts for approximately 16.4% of the GDP, according to the direct and indirect aggregate value added, generated in 2006 (Tourism Satellite Account TSA) and employs some 750,000 people. In terms of the per capita income in foreign currency from tourism, Austria is on second place worldwide with 1,900 in 2005, only surpassed by Cyprus with 2,800 and for the second time followed by Croatia with 1,400. In 2006, Austria received 20.3 million tourists, an increase of 1.5% over the previous year, making it the 9 th most popular tourist destination in the world. 1 The Tourism Labour Market in Austria Demand for highly qualified personnel in tourism is very high. Taking labour market statistics as an indicator for the demand for specialised qualified personnel in this field, it appears that there is still an above-average demand for jobs in tourism. Nonetheless there is still a high number of employees with an apprenticeship leaving certificate (38.6%) or with only compulsory schooling (37.4%) and only a rather low number of employees possess a degree of higher education. Furthermore, a rather high percentage of employees employed within accommodation and restaurants do not have a tourism-related qualification (source: Statistik Austria, Volkszählung 2001, own calculations 3s). Between 1999 and 2006, the number of employees increased by approximately 11.5%, from 167,268 to 186,551. On average, 34,589 foreign workers with a work permit were employed in 2005, about 21.1% of the total work-force in tourism. A characteristic of the tourism labour market is high mobility. Seasonal workers tend to change their employers regularly. Professions in tourism are particularly attractive for young adults: among the ten most popular apprenticeship trades with young females, four are to be found in the tourist sector (double apprenticeship restaurant specialist - service/cook, and the single apprenticeships restaurant specialist - service, cook, hotel and restaurant trade commercial assistant ). Austria

15 Among young males, the occupation of cook counts among the most popular qualification - this is all the more significant as 80% of female and 55% of male apprentices decide for a total of only ten apprenticeship trades. During and after apprenticeship training, there is a wide variety of vocational and further education and training opportunities open to them - technical schools, higher technical and vocational schools (BHS), special programmes, post-secondary courses, special academies, study courses at Fachhochschule (i.e. non-university institutions in 3 rd level education), university study programmes and courses all of which fulfil the needs of modern, high quality tourism and, at the same time, make it possible for the participants in the training process to obtain almost any formal qualification and any conceivable position on the career ladder due to the high degree of transparency in the educational system. 2 The Austrian Education System Austria s educational system is made up of the following areas: Pre-school education (kindergarten), School-based education (general as well as vocational), Apprenticeship training (dual system), Courses at Fachhochschule (i.e. non-university institutions in third level education), University and academy study, and Adult education (lifelong learning). Austria s school system has a coherent structure. Distinctions can be made according to educational content (between general and vocational schools, intermediate schools, higher schools and colleges, and teacher training colleges); and according to educational levels (between compulsory schools, intermediate schools, higher schools and colleges, and academies). Compulsory education is of a nine-year duration (from 6 to 15 years of age). 3 Vocational Education and Training for Tourism Professions Tourism education starts at the secondary level from the age of 15 onwards and takes place in several parts of the educational system in Austria: Vocational Education & Training in Tourism Secondary Level Post-Secondary Level/ Tertiary Level Post-Graduate Level Apprenticeship training (dual system) School-based VET Medium/Intermediate Technical and Vocational Schools Higher Schools for Tourism Universities of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschulen) Universities Other training possibilities (post-secondary courses/ colleges) Special courses Austria

16 3.1 Apprenticeship Training Apprenticeship training (Lehrlingsausbildung) is based on the principle of the dual system. It combines educational and employment systems and is called dual because vocational training is carried out on two parallel levels - by their employer and at vocational school. In-company on-the-job training and theoretical school-based instruction at vocational compulsory school complement each other. Apprentices receive their practical training mainly at work, while being taught the theoretical aspects of their occupation as well as general-interest subjects at vocational school. Apprenticeship training, as opposed to mere school-based education, is characterised by three distinguishing features: 1. learning does not take place at school but at the production centres or service enterprises. 2. Learners - or apprentices - are employed at a craftsman s enterprise, another type of trade or commercial business, an industrial enterprise, a trading enterprise, a practice of a liberal profession, or in Civil Service. Partly they get release from work in order to be able to attend vocational school. 3. Thus they are trainees, i.e. employed according to their apprenticeship training agreement - and hence also protected by Labour and Social Security Laws - while, at the same time, being students of part-time vocational schools. There are six typical apprenticeship trades established in the tourism and leisure industry in Austria: Cook Restaurant Specialist-Service (former waiter) Hotel and Restaurant Trade Commercial Assistant Travel Agency Assistant System Gastronomy Expert Fitness Coach In Austria, apprentices are entitled to be trained in two apprenticeship trades at the same time. The apprenticeship takes three years training, the double apprenticeship cook/waiter takes four years. In 2006 the Austrian Tourism Trade employed 14,756 apprentices. The Tourism Sector accounts for over 11.7 % of the total number of apprentices. 3.2 School-Based VET Medium/Intermediate Vocational Schools Intermediate technical and vocational schools (BMS or Berufsbildende Mittlere Schulen) include schools for the various trades e.g. tourism, commercial schools, schools for home economics. They have the task of providing students with the basic job-specific knowledge and skills they will need when exercising their future occupations in their respective fields. At the same time, general knowledge acquired beforehand is consolidated. BMS schools are attended after the eighth year of schooling and the course of study comprises three years Intermediate School for the Hotel Industry and the Catering Occupations (Hotelfachschule) Austria The educational goal of the three-year intermediate school for the hotel industry and the catering occupations is to provide students with the branch-specific, basic knowledge and skills enabling them immediately to exercise a profession in the field of the catering industry, with special emphasis on hotel businesses. For this reason, focus is placed on practice-

17 oriented instruction as well as on trying out the learning contents in the framework of accompanying practical seminars. Training ends with a final examination. Students can change over from an intermediate school for the hotel industry and the catering occupations to a higher technical and vocational school (BHS) after successful completion in all subjects that were taught at the respective school type. Under certain preconditions, examinations will be also held to reach this aim. During the three-year training the following compulsory subjects are taught: German English (including commercial correspondence) French (including commercial correspondence) History Geography Civics Law Tourism Food Science Meals and Cooking Beverage and Bar Management Service and Restaurant (Serving Techniques) Industrial Training (practical work experience) Hotel Management (incl. commercial correspondence, occupational hygiene) Operational Accounting Shorthand P.E. Two compulsory work experience periods each lasting twelve weeks is provided for between grades 1 and 2 and between grades 2 and 3. On the intermediate level various special programmes exist one of which is the Adults Programme for the Hotel and Restaurant Industry (Hotel- und Gastgewerbefachlehrgang für Erwachsene) in Bischofshofen. The minimum age of admission is 18 and the length of training is two years Ski Hotel School, Salzburg The Ski hotel school (Schihotelfachschule) lasts for four years, focuses on ski racing and is designed as a specific model within the Austrian education system. Instructions are based on the syllabus of the ordinary three-years hotel school but training for ski racing is added. Therefore this particular school is extended to four years. Terms of admittance are successful completion of the eight grade of compulsory school (general secondary school or lower grades of advanced general secondary school) and a proof of aptitude for ski racing by having a medical check, a sport-motoric test and a performance test in skiing Gastronomy School Gastronomy school, Vienna This Gastronomy school (Gastgewerbefachschule) lasts for three years and after the first year leaves the choice of opting for kitchen or for service. Instructions are divided into theory and practical work covering each 50% of school time. With the final examination and an additional two years practice in the tourism industry, graduates are fulfilling the prerequisites to exercise gastronomy as a self-employed. Terms of admittance are completion of the Austria

18 age of 14, completion of the eight grade of compulsory school and a positive entrance examination. Gastronomy school, St. Pölten This particular Gastronomy school (Gastgewerbefachschule) lasts for three years and differs to the hotel school in particular by providing stronger emphasis to practical training in a school restaurant (25% additional practical training) and to intensive training in foreign languages specific for waiting. Terms of admittance are completion of the age of 14, completion of the eight grade of compulsory school and a positive entrance examination Tourism school, Bad Leonfelden, Zell am Ziller The Tourism school (Tourismusfachschule) lasts for three years and qualifies for immediate exercise of medium-level expert professions in the tourism and leisure industry, particularly in administration and in travel agencies. After having acquired professional practice, graduates may perform duties of middle management in companies or may run small and medium sized enterprises in the tourism industry. Education and training include two compulsory work placements in industry during school holidays between the first and second class and the second and third class. Terms of admittance are completion of the eight grade of compulsory schooling Agricultural hospitality school Skills and knowledge relevant for tourism and hospitality business are also taught in particular medium agricultural schools run by the provinces: Agricultural school specialising in housekeeping business (Ländliche Hauswirtschaft) Agricultural school specialising in gastronomy and tourism (Gastronomie und Fremdenverkehrswirtschaft) Agricultural school specialising in hospitality, direct marketing and tourism in agriculture (Bäuerliche Gästebetreuung, Direktvermarktung und Tourismus im ländlichen Raum) Agricultural school specialising in direct marketing and holidays on a farm (Direktvermarktung und Urlaub am Bauernhof ) Higher Schools for Tourism (Höhere Lehranstalt für Tourismus) Higher technical and vocational schools (BHS or Berufsbildende Höhere Schulen) include advanced-level schools for the various crafts and trades, industrial and commercial schools, as well as tourism schools. They serve to impart a higher general and technical education and make it possible for their graduates to enter working life directly. Graduates may study at university, registering for the same or a related branch in which they specialized at schoollevel; or enrol at Fachhochschule study courses. The five-year training at the higher school for tourism or at the higher school for occupations in tourism is intended to provide students with the theoretical and practical knowledge and skills necessary for starting practical professional life. Upon successful completion, students have Reifeprüfung entitling them to study at University. An essential part of the educational goal in this school type is to obtain a high qualification for advancing into leading positions in hotel, restaurant or travel enterprises as well as in institutions of tourism administration. During the five-year training the following compulsory subjects have to be attended: Austria

19 German English Second living foreign language History and Culture Biology and Ecology Mathematics and Applied Mathematics Geography for Tourism Tourism and Marketing Transport, Traffic and Travel Agency Business Administration and Management Economics and Management of Restaurants Accounting and Controlling Economic Informatics Word Processing Political Education and Law Diet and Nutrition Kitchen Economics and Organisation Menus and Beverages Restaurant Industrial Training (practical work experience) P.E. and Sports Animation Furthermore, the following subjects will be covered, depending on the focus of instruction: A third living foreign language Foreign Languages and the Economy Hotel Management Tourist Management or Cultural Animation Compulsory practical training is provided for before entering the fifth year. 3.3 Post-Secondary/Tertiary Vocational Education and Training Attending academies, post-secondary TVE courses and colleges and accessing to universities or universities of applied sciences is possible after successfully graduating at Academic Secondary School or at Advanced-Level Secondary Vocational School and acquiring the Reifeprüfung-Certificate. There are also other options for example, passing the matriculation examination for working people (Berufsreifeprüfung) or sitting a specific university entrance qualification exam (Studienberechtigungsprüfung) Study Courses at Fachhochschule (i.e. Universities of Applied Sciences) (FH) Since the academic year 1994/95, Austria has a new educational path: study courses at Fachhochschule (i.e. non-university institutions in higher education). Because of the short duration of studies and their job-oriented learning content they represent both a supplement and an alternative to studies at University. Apart from the Federal Government, the regional provinces, communities, lobbies and private persons are providers of the Fachhochschulen ( FH ). Every FH study course is completed with a diploma and an oral examination in front of a commission. Successful completion of an FH study course entitles graduates to hold the academic degree of Magister/Master (Mag.), FH or Diplomingenieur/Graduate Engineer Austria

20 10 (Dipl.-Ing.), FH, with an additional specification characterising their respective field of work. Graduates from Fachhochschule are entitled to continue a course of study leading to the degree of doctor at university, with the duration of the study prolonged by two semesters University Courses University Course Tourism, Innsbruck The aim of this course is to provide and deepen the students knowledge of the most modern, state-of-the-art management tools for professional activities in the hotel business, in tourism associations as well as in other companies and organisations related to tourism. Apart from conveying knowledge purely connected to business administration and management, knowledge of the economy as well as the social and ecological framework of tourism, is integrated into the curriculum, thus imparting extensive qualifications for a modern tourism management. University Course Tourism Industry, Vienna This course lasts for four semesters and is mainly addressed to people with professional practice in the tourism industry but also to students of other study courses and graduates from advanced secondary general and vocational schools and colleges with professional experience in tourism. This short study provides for competent education and training of persons working in tourism and leisure industry enterprises, in tourism organisations and similar establishments. University Course Tourism Management, Klagenfurt This course on Tourism Management aims to convey management know-how necessary for successfully running high-quality hotels and restaurants. Furthermore, management issues concerning local and regional tourism institutions and supra-regional tourism establishments are dealt with. In addition, students receive broad-based knowledge on business administration and management techniques to understand existing international co-operations in the tourism business and also practical skills in the major foreign languages. University Course Tourism Management, Linz This course addresses managers in tourism and provides the necessary knowledge to meet the steady changes in tourism and to help to be active in developing a high-level quality tourism culture in particular by designing and introducing new tourism products. Generally, interrelations to tourism issues can be found in nearly all the different university study programmes in the field of Social Science and Economics. In fact, the following university studies emcompass tourism aspects: Austria Study Business Administration Practical Business Administration Commerce International Business Administration International Economics Sociology Social Economy Political Economy University Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Linz Klagenfurt Vienna, Linz Vienna Innsbruck Vienna, Linz Linz Vienna

21 3.3.3 Special Advanced-Level Courses 11 Other special advanced-level courses are available The Bridge Course for Tourism (Aufbaulehrgang für Tourismus) lasts for three years and finishes with the graduation of the Advanced tourism college and therefore entitles also for university studies. The Special Course for Animation and Recreation coaching (Lehrgang für Animation und Freizeitbetreuung) lasts ten months (March to December) and covers business administration, accounting, law, recreation pedagogy, animation, first aid, foreign languages and includes a two week work-placement for gaining experience. Advanced add-on courses for tourism and leisure industry (Kolleg für Tourismus und Freizeitwirtschaft) last for two years and provide the same knowledge and skills as a Higher/Advanced School for tourism. These add-on courses provide different focuses such as a third foreign language, tourism management, information technology in economics, city tourism and events management, hotel management, diet and nutrition, kitchen organisation and economics, business administration and management of restaurants. The Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management in Kleßheim provides two addon courses: one on tourism management (Tourist Management) another on hotel management (Hotel Management). These courses are held in English and last for eight months. In particular, these courses are addressed to international students with a professional practice. 3.4 Post-Graduate Education Post-graduate education in Austria has only recently started to expand, thus it is still lacking some kind of organisational structure. Regulations as to providers, admission requirements, fields of study and degrees differ widely. Special courses comprise Universitätslehrgänge and Hochschullehrgänge which are provided on an independent basis by art colleges and universities. These courses, which are careerrelated and financed by means of fees, usually last two to four semesters. Universitätslehrgänge which are organised on a post-graduate basis and which provide for at least 70 hours per semester may confer a Master s degree (Master of Advanced Studies, Master of Business Administration). Other Universitätslehrgänge which provide for at least 40 hours per semester may confer the title Academic (followed by a term referring to the relevant course). Upon authorisation by the Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, non-university institutions of education which also provide for study programmes may for a stipulated period of time refer to these programmes as university-like courses. 3.5 Further Education and Training Further education and training (Lifelong Learning) deals with a wide range of subjects and topics of general education and relevant for professional life, for self-development and adaptation to the changing world of work. Vocational and technical further education and training in particular serves to provide further and advanced job-related training in all professions and for all career levels. One particular important segment of further education and training in Austria are courses leading to mastership and mastership examinations or to professional ability examinations, thus giving access to run one s own business as a self-employed in regulated trades. Austria

22 12 Apprentices can obtain additional credentials after accumulating some experience in their chosen trade. Additional training and exams may lead to the Master Craftsman Credential (Meister) or an equivalent qualification, which allows the degree holder to train apprentices and is often the prerequisite for self-employment in a certain profession. Courses for Master Craftsmen (Meisterschulen) aim at enhancing technical knowledge and at preparing students for their Master Craftsman Examination. Master Craftsmen Courses are established at secondary technical and vocational schools and do not collect fees. Training of Master Craftsmen Courses usually lasts for two years and ends with a final exam. After two years of work experience, graduates may start self-employment. 4 Quality Assurance in VET 4.1 Apprenticeship Training / Dual System As far as apprenticeship training is concerned, quality is mainly assured through input control. The training profiles with a set of occupational descriptors for each trade are tailored to the needs of industry; the system is demand led with a strong involvement of social partners. Before being entitled to train apprentices, enterprises must apply for approval by the competent apprentice office. The necessary technical equipment and training facilities to teach the skills and knowledge required in a certain trade has to be available as well as a sufficient number of qualified trainers. The final apprenticeship exam also plays an important part to assure quality of the training. This exam tests whether the apprentice has acquired relevant practical know-how and job-related skills and is capable of performing, independently and in a professional manner, the tasks required for the practice of the relevant occupation. 4.2 School-Based VET The Austrian VET Initiative to assure and further develop quality in the school-based VET system is called QIBB. The initiative was initiated by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, the Arts and Culture. QIBB is aligned with nationally and internationally recognised quality-management systems for educational establishments. In particular, QIBB takes account of the common qualityassurance framework (CQAF) for VET, which was developed at the European level as part of the Copenhagen Process. 1 The initiative aims at assuring quality in the school-based educational VET system. It covers the entire Austrian school-based VET sector and is intended to form the joint basis for assurance and further development of quality. QIBB consists of several parts, which are systematic planning and agreement on objectives, regular evaluations, and outcome-based and objective-oriented reviews among management levels. 2 Furthermore QIBB uses the ideas of the CQAF (Common Quality Assurance Framework) and transfers them to national levels. For example, the steps of the annual chosen working themes are planned according to the four phases of the CQAF. This means, that the different phases of creating and using new tools and themes follow the way of planning, implementing, evaluating and reviewing/ improving. The implementation of QIBB started in fall 2005 via a pilot project in technical schools. Since then all kinds of schools have taken part, but their state of implementation is quite different. Some schools have already started with quality assurance strategies before QIBB was created. Those schools had made up their own system of quality management (which is very often an accumulation of different tools), or they were certified, e.g. through ISO Austria 1 Archan/Mayr 2006, 16p. 2 bm:bwk, QIBB, Qualitätsinitiative Berufsbildung, VET Quality Initiative, Wien, 2006, 47p. ( qibb.at/fileadmin/content/downloads/dg_de-en.pdf (Read )

23 9001. Even those schools decided to participate in QIBB, when it started. This means, that some VET schools in Austria combine several systems. A couple of schools use older quality management systems or certificates of quality (like ISO), nevertheless they are represented in QIBB and orientate themselves on the CQAF. One of the key processes in QIBB is the school program at the system level school. Every school has to create an annual school program containing all themes, the respective school is going to work on. The school program is a key process as well as an instrument for planning. The school program contains a dossier on the structure of the respective school including head master, teachers and other staff members as well as general information about the school Higher Education Public universities have to establish an internal quality management system to assure quality autonomously. Moreover internal and external evaluations have to take place concerning performances of professors, lectures and other research, art and teaching staff. 3 The autonomous responsibility to quality assurance involves the entire program at universities including continuing education courses. The FH Council is responsible for the external quality assurance (accreditation and evaluation) as far as universities of applied sciences are concerned. The FH Council is an autonomous organ whose responsibilities are accrediting and evaluating FH degree programmes and FH institutions as well as supervising their quality. Further responsibilities are promoting the quality of teaching and learning as well as innovations in FH degree programmes through research activities, awarding academic degrees for FH degree programmes and recognising foreign degrees, ensuring education standards by monitoring the degree programmes, in particular the final examinations, further education and other measures, advising the competent federal minister in issues regarding the FH system and the use of federal funds as well as recommending locations for FH degree programmes. 4 Organisations wishing to run a private university in Austria with the right to offer educational programmes leading to an academic degree must be awarded state recognition. This can be obtained through accreditation, which is offered through the Accreditation Council. This council assesses the quality of private universities through accreditation. Its tasks are accrediting private universities and academic programmes of already accredited private universities, re-accreditation and supervising of accredited private universities. 5 Coordination for quality assurance in higher education is offered by AQA (Austrian Agency for Quality Assurance 6 ), an independent institution. AQA has no juristic functions and considers itself a service provider in the field of quality assurance and evaluation. AQA assist public and private universities and universities of applied sciences with their processes of quality assurance and organisational development and help them and their programmes to attain prominence. 5 Accreditation 5.1 Apprenticeship On a national level, the responsibilities are divided between: 3 (Read ) 4 (Read ) 5 (Read ) 6 (Read ) Austria

24 14 (a) Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour company-based training drafting the Vocational Training Act (Berufsausbildungsgesetz) drawing up the official list of apprenticeship trades enacting the training and examination regulations for each apprenticeship trade. (b) Federal Ministry of Education, the Arts and Culture the school element of apprentice training drafting legislative bills drawing up framework curricula sharing the cost of teachers pay with the provinces. (c) The Federal Advisory Board on Apprenticeship (Bundes-Berufsausbildungsbeirat) The Federal Advisory Board on Apprenticeship comprises representatives of employers and employees organisations and of part-time schools for apprentices and was established by the Vocational Training Act. The board presents the Ministry of Economics and Labour with proposals in the form of expert reports on matters such as the introduction of new apprenticeship trades or the modernisation of existing trades. 7 Regional responsibilities are divided between the following authorities: a) Apprenticeship offices (Lehrlingsstellen) belonging to the chambers of commerce and chambers of agriculture: administration of apprentice training assessing the aptitude of training companies together with representatives of the Federal Chamber of Labour registering apprenticeship contracts organising final apprenticeship examinations. b) Regional Advisory Boards on Apprenticeship (Landes-Berufsausbildungsbeiräte) drawing up proposals making suggestions regarding apprentice training in their respective provinces. c) Regional Education Authority (LSR) supervise the part-time schools for apprentices by the regional school inspectors. d) Provinces establishing and maintaining part-time schools for apprentices meeting half of the expenditure on personnel. e) Apprentice and specialist training centres belonging to the regional chambers of agriculture on-the-job training in agriculture and forestry administration of apprentice training assessing the aptitude of training companies together with representatives of the Federal Chamber of Labour Austria 7 Archan/Mayr 2006, 20p

25 registering apprenticeship contracts organising final apprenticeship examinations School-Based VET In Austria different levels are responsible for the accreditation of vocational schools and colleges. There are national responsibilities, which are executed by the Federal Ministry of Education, the Arts and Culture. It is the highest supervisory authority. The responsibilities of the Ministry are: drafting of important educational legislation provision of schools and the payment and in-service training of teachers. design of framework curricula and college inspections for some engineering colleges (Höhere Technische Lehranstalten HTL) and for the educational aspects of the colleges of agriculture and forestry (Höhere Land- und Forstwirtschaftliche Lehranstalten). The Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft) has responsibilities on national level as well: establishing and maintaining the colleges of agriculture and forestry the selection and payment of teaching staff (Expenditure are partly covered by the provincial governments). On regional level, the Regional Education Authority (Landesschulrat LSR) is responsible for the supervision of the schools within a province, which is performed by the regional school inspectors. Each school inspector is responsible for a particular category of school. Within the Regional Education Authority the Education Board (Kollegium) is the main body. It is required to submit proposals for the appointment of head teachers (Direktoren/Direktorinnen) to the Ministry of Education. The Education Board can also deliver opinions on legislative bills and draft regulations, including proposed amendments to national curricula, and enact regulations applicable to schools within its region. 8 The provinces have responsibilities on regional level as well. They have to accomplish the establishment and maintenance of colleges of agriculture and forestry and meet half of the expenditure on teaching staff (the other half being met by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management). 5.3 Higher Education Public universities became fully legal entities with the passing of the Universities Act 2002 (UG 2002). The Conference of Austrian University Presidents is recognised as the highest body of the universities. With the UG 2002 it has become a public organisation under private law. Its purpose is to support Austrian universities with their work and thus advance academic knowledge and research. An Academic Council has been established for the purpose of political consultation, to advise the legislators, the Minister of Education, Science and Culture and the universities. The Academic Council consisting of twelve members from different sections of society observes and assesses the university/academic system in Austria, taking account of European and international developments, and makes suggestions to assist further development. 8 Archan/Mayr 2006, 20p Austria

26 16 The universities can establish or continue degree programmes such as bachelor, master and doctoral (Ph.D.) programmes, but also diploma degree programmes according to the old system, if required. Furthermore, they are entitled to set up non-degree university courses which are designed for continuing education purposes. Universities of Applied Science are accredited by the FH Council. The external quality assurance system in the FH sector is marked by a close connection between initial accreditation, evaluation and re-accreditation. Accreditation and re-accreditation requires particular consideration of the FH students future employability. The education offered has to qualify the graduates for a profession, and the curricula of the courses have to be designed in such a way that the graduates will stand a reasonable chance of finding a job that matches their qualifications. The University Accreditation Act 1999 specifies as private universities any educational facilities which are not recognised as post-secondary facilities by any other Austrian legal provision. The Accreditation Council is responsible for approval and extension of accreditation. 6 Learning Outcomes In Austria the learning outcomes approach is being discussed in the context of the EQF implementation, the NQF development and the ECVET consultation process. The learning outcomes approach was met with positive approval by stakeholders, although descriptions of qualifications are traditionally rather input oriented. Nevertheless, there have already been several innovations, which can be seen as relevant starting points for the further development of learning outcomes descriptions in Austria: Educational standards have been created in general education for the last grades of primary school, lower secondary school and academic secondary school. These standards describe learning outcomes as subject-based and cross-subject-related core competences which pupils and students are expected to have acquired at a certain educational level and which will be checked in national test. 9 (The educational standards have been implemented step by step since 2004 in two pilot phases. In 2008 the second pilot phase will be completed and then an overall and nationwide system of educational standards will be established.) 10 Presently educational and training standards for VET schools are being developed in a project coordinated by a steering group which includes representatives of all departments under the Directorate General for Technical and Vocational Schools (started in 2005). 11 In this project general subjects like German are developed in cooperation with general education, while core vocational elements are developed in close cooperation with neighbouring countries. These standards consist of a competence model for a particular subject or subject area and of standards, specified in model tasks. The educational and training tasks of VET schools are much more encompassing and go beyond these core competences. Therefore not everything will be covered by the educational standards specified for general and vocational core subjects (subject areas). That s why the standards can not be used to assess learning outcomes nor to rank the educational and training performances of individual schools. 12 Competence oriented descriptions are going to be elaborated in several sectors at the moment, e.g. tourism, construction and social care sectors. Those competence oriented descriptions are related to the relevant occupational areas, but only a few results are published so far. 13 Austria 9 Archan/Mayr 2006, 16pp 10 (Read ) 11 Archan/Mayr 2006, 17; Timischl QIBB n.d. (Read ) 13 e.g. Dachtler-Freiler 2006

27 For the dual system (apprenticeship training), a tendency towards outcome-based descriptions can be observed: there are already competences described, that should have been acquired by the end of the apprenticeship training ( job profiles ). In the competence profiles, knowledge and skills are listed that should be part of the training program. As far as vocational schools for apprentices are concerned, it seems that the preference is clearly for solution and action-oriented competence models (problem-solving and practical skills) in place of standards developed for specific subjects. In addition to the development of training standards for VET schools and colleges, existing Europass tools (certificate supplements, diploma supplements) can also be regarded as relevant starting points for the further development of outcome-based descriptions. For example, skills and competences of qualifications are described in certificate supplements. The Bologna system is presently being implemented in the Austrian sector of higher education. Learning outcomes to be attained by the end of the study cycles has yet to be defined, at least at the universities. In the sector of universities of applied science, where the accreditation principle is safely anchored, there is a stronger demand for gearing programmes to learning outcomes, even though a consistently systematic approach to the description of learning outcomes is still lacking Tourism Programmes of Study in Austria In Austria, tourism programmes of study are classified under the ISCED qualification system. However, for the scope of this analysis, a tentative alignment to the EQF has been made. The final decision of how qualifications will be classified will be made after the development of the National Qualifications Framework in Austria. Table 7.1 below depicts the type of training provided classified under ISCED and aligned to the EQF. Tourism training ranges from EQF 3 to EQF 7. Table 7.1 Tourism Training in Austria ISCED and EQF Classification Type of Training ISCED Classification EQF Tentative Alignment Apprenticeship Training 3b 3 or 4 School-Based VET Medium Vocational Schools 3b 3 or 4 Advanced Technical or Vocational Colleges 4a 5 Other Advanced-Level Courses 5 5 Tertiary VET Universities of Applied Sciences 5a 6 (BA) or 7 (MA) Universities 5b 6 (BA) or 7 (MA) 14 see Lassnig et al 2006, p48 Austria

28 18 Table 7.2 Qualifications in Austria Tentative Alignment to the EQF EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study 1 N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A 3 & 4 Final Apprenticeship Examination (VET Diploma or Certificate) 3 & 4 Final Examination (Abschlusszeugnis) (VET Diploma or Certificate) Apprenticeship Training Apprenticeship training: Cook Restaurant Specialist Service Hotel and Restaurant Trade Commercial Assistant Travel Agency Assistant System Gastronomy Expert Fitness Coach Training Providers School-based VET: Medium Vocational Schools School-Based VET: Secondary School for Hotels and Catering Ski Academy Gastronomy School Tourism School Agricultural Hospitality School School-based VET: Advanced Technical or Vocational Colleges 5 Reife-und Diplomprufung (VET Higher Diploma) VET Diploma Diploma of the Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management School-Based VET: Urban Tourism and Event Management Post-Secondary Courses: Animation and Recreation Coaching Tourism and Leisure Industry Hospitality Management Tourism Marketing Travel Agency Management Apprenticeship Training Workplace & VET School Medium Vocational Schools Advanced Technical or Vocational Colleges Advanced Technical or Vocational Colleges Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management (Klessheim/Salzburg) ITM Diploma Tourism and Management Course International College of Tourism Management ITM GmbH (Semmering) Tertiary Education & Training Universities of Applied Sciences 6 Bachelor of Arts Business Administration in Tourism & Hospitality Management Tourism and Leisure Management Institute of Tourism Studies (MODUL) International Management Centre (IMC) 7 Master of Arts MBA in Tourism Management Institute of Tourism Studies (MODUL) Austria

29 MBA in Tourism and Leisure Management International Management Centre (IMC) 19 Tertiary Education & Training - Universities 6 Bachelor s Degree University Courses in Tourism Universities in Innsbruck, Vienna, Klangenfurt, 7 Master s Degree University Courses in Tourism Universities in Innsbruck, Vienna, Klangenfurt, 8 N/A N/A N/A Table 7.3 Detailed Classification of Tourism Qualifications in Austria Level of qualification ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Qualification Final Apprenticeship Examination Programme of study Training provider Apprenticeship training Cook Work place, VET school (dual system) Job position Hotel and restaurant trade enterprises Leisure and social facilities ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Final Apprenticeship Examination Restaurant Specialist Service Work place, VET school (dual system) Hotel and restaurant trade enterprises ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Final Apprenticeship Examination Hotel and Restaurant Trade Commercial Assistant Work place, VET school (dual system) Hotel and restaurant trade enterprises ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Final Apprenticeship Examination Travel Agency Assistant Work place, VET school (dual system) Employment with travel agencies, tour operators, tourist offices ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Final Apprenticeship Examination System Gastronomy Expert Work place, VET school (dual system) Restaurant chains active in the gastronomy sector, in canteens, in catering and communal kitchens, in retail sector enterprises, in enterprises providing home delivery services ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Final Apprenticeship Examination Fitness Coach Work place, VET school (dual system) Fitness/Sport centres, recreational and training centres Accreditation is done by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour or the Federal Ministry of Education, the Arts and Culture. Austria

30 20 Level of qualification ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Qualification Programme of study Training provider School-Based VET Medium Vocational Schools Final Examination (Abschlusszeugnis) Secondary School for Hotels and Catering Medium Vocational School Job position Employee or entrepreneur in various branches of the tourist leisure industry Administration on intermediate clerical and management as well as administrative e.g. Receptionist, assistant in hotel or catering industry ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Final Examination (Abschlusszeugnis) Secondary School for Hotels and Catering & Ski Academy Medium Vocational School Employee or entrepreneur in various branches of the tourist leisure industry Administration on intermediate clerical and management as well as administrative e.g. Receptionist, assistant in hotel or catering industry ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Final Examination (Abschlusszeugnis) Gastronomy School Medium Vocational School Self-employed ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Final Examination (Abschlusszeugnis) Tourism School Medium Vocational School Employee or entrepreneur in various branches of the tourist leisure industry Administration on intermediate clerical and management as well as administrative e.g. Receptionist, assistant in hotel or catering industry ISCED 3b / EQF 3 or 4 Final Examination (Abschlusszeugnis) Agricultural Hospitality School (several specialisation programmes) Medium Vocational School Austria

31 Level of qualification ISCED 4a / EQF 5 Qualification Programme of study Training provider Job position School-Based VET Advanced Technical or Vocational Colleges Reife-und Diplomprufung (Advanced) Tourism College specialising in Urban Tourism and Event Management (several specialisation possibilities e.g. cultural animation, foreign language, hotel management) Advanced Technical or Vocational College Employee or entrepreneur in areas requiring high levels of individual responsibility within the tourist leisure industry; Administration on clerical and management as well as administrative eg assistant in the hotel and catering industry, product designer in tourism 21 Accreditation is done by the Federal Ministry of Education, the Arts and Culture. Austria

32 22 Level of qualification Qualification Programme of study Training provider Job position Other Courses ISCED 4c / EQF 5 Occupational Specification Special course for animation and recreation coaching Special Advanced Level Courses Placement in all field of tourism and leisure industry, particularly administration, recreation institutions for adults and young people and in social welfare institutions ISCED 5b / EQF 5 VET-Diploma Post-secondary course in tourism and leisure industry (several specialisation possibilities e.g. orientation food & beverage, hotel management, foreign languages Advanced Addon Courses entrepreneur in areas Employee or requiring a high level of individual responsibility in various branches within the tourism and leisure industry ISCED 5b / EQF 5 Diploma of the Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management Hospitality Management Tourism Marketing Travel Agency Management * Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management (Klessheim/ Salzburg) Management positions in hotels and catering enterprises ISCED 5b / EQF 5 ITM Diploma Diploma Certificate in Hotel and Tourism Management Tourism and Management Course International College of Tourism and Management ITM GmbH (Semmering) Diploma holders can, after a few years of experience, start their own hotel and tourism establishment * Accreditation is given by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour, for all other qualifications accreditation is provided for by the Federal Ministry for Education, the Arts and Culture. Austria

33 Level of qualification Qualification Programme of study Training provider Job position Tertiary Vocational Education and Training Universities of Applied Sciences ISCED 5a / EQF 6 Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Business Administration in Tourism & Hospitality Management Institute of Tourism Studies (MODUL) Assistant Director or Head of Department Marketing and Sales Junior Consultant 23 ISCED 5a / EQF 7 Master of Arts Master of Business Administration in Tourism Management Institute of Tourism Studies (MODUL) Accountancy, Marketing and Sales, Human Resources, Development of Products, Market Research Senior Consultant ISCED 5a / EQF 6 Bachelor of Arts Tourism and Leisure Management * IMC International Management Centre Tourism and Leisure Management ISCED 5a / EQF 7 Master of Arts Tourism and Leisure Management * IMC International Management Centre Tourism and Leisure Management and Research Accreditation by the Austrian Accreditation Council; * Accreditation by the FH Council. Austria

34 24 Level of qualification ISCED 5b / EQF 6 or 7 Qualification Programme of study Training provider Tertiary Vocational Education and Training Universities Tourismuskauffrau/ mann University Course in Tourism (Innsbruck) University (Innsbruck) Job position Graduates are qualified to work in middle and senior management positions in all areas of tourism and leisure industry ISCED 5b / EQF 6 or 7 Certified Tourism Manager University Course Tourism Industry (Vienna) University (Vienna) Graduates are qualified to work in middle and senior management positions in all areas of tourism and leisure industry as well as run their own tourism firms ISCED 5b / EQF 6 or 7 Certified Tourism Manager Univeristy Course Tourism Management (Klangenfurt) University (Klangenfurt) Graduates are qualified to work in middle and senior management positions in all areas of tourism and leisure industry ISCED 5b / EQF 7 Tourism Management MBA University Course Tourism Management (Linz) University (Linz) Graduates are qualified to work in all areas of tourism and leisure industries in middle and higher management and self employment Accreditation by the Federal Ministry of Science and Research. Further Education and Training in Tourism Institutions providing further education for specialised personnel in tourism Institutes for Economic Promotion Institutes for Professional Promotion Austrian Association of Hoteliers Examples for further education and training in tourism Head cook (mastership course) Dietetic cook Wine expert (mastership course) Certified barkeeper (mastership course) Brand and system gastronomy Gastronomy management Food & Beverage management Spa and tourist resort directors Austria

35 25

36 26 Opposite page: Leonardo da Vinci Study for Adoration of the Magi c. 1481

37 Tourism Education and Training in GREECE

38 28 GREECE Tourists (overnight visitors) 16,039,000 (in 2006) Percentage Change 06/ % Population 11 million (2004) Population in the workforce 4.4 million (2004) Unemployment rate 10% Jobs in tourism 867,200 jobs: 20% of total labour force (2006) Total international tourism receipts 1.3 billion Euros (2003) Tourism expenditure in the country 13,697 US$ Mn Share of tourism in GDP 18.2% (in 2006) Sources: UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, June 2007, January 2008 World Tourism and Travel Council, April Tourism in Greece In terms of tourism arrivals, Greece ranks among the top 20 destinations in the world, attracting some 14 million international travellers annually. Tourism has in fact become the most dynamic growth sector of the Greek economy. The WTTC estimates that the travel and tourism sector has sustained 867,200 jobs in 2006 representing 20% of the global workforce. By the year 2016, direct and indirect employment in the tourist economy is expected to increase by 349,000 jobs in Greece, amounting to 20.9% of total employment. The tourism sector accounts for 18.2% of Greek GDP. Tourism s direct contribution to the Greek economy was 7.27% in 2005, while the contribution of tourism economy was 16.35% before a recent GDP revision. Based on average per capita spending by foreign tourists, Greece ranked 10 th in the world tourism league with 1,072 US dollar per tourist, while the country ranked 24 th in the general economic competitiveness list. Tourism accounted for 6.1% of per capita GDP in Greece, while total tourism revenues accounted for more than 1,200 US dollar per capita. These figures rank Greece 5 th and 9 th in the world league, respectively. The World Tourism and Travel Council predicts an annual average growth rate of 6.5% in tourist demand for Greece until This demand will easily exceed the expected global development of tourist travel by 4.2% a year, as well as the European Union s expected average increase rate of 3.5%. 2 The Greek Education and Training System Greece The main aspects of the education system in Greece are supervised by the Ministry of Education. However, the total of education services form a much more complex, multileveled and differentiated infrastructure.

39 The Greek education system and especially the vocational system are very centralised and objectives oriented based on the specific educational curricula of each specialisation. A system based on learning outcomes has not yet been launched, although each course is accompanied by a professional profile described in terms of the skills and competence aimed by the program. Even more, there is not yet a modularised approach of the vocational system Education in Greece Education in Greece, which is compulsory for all children 6 to 15 years old, consists of three successive levels: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary education level Primary Education Primary education can be divided into Pre-school Education which is offered by kindergartens and Compulsory Primary Education which is offered by primary schools. The school life of the students can start from the age of 2.5 years (pre-school education) in institutions (private and public) called Vrefonipiakoi Paidikoi Stathmi (crèches). In some Vrefonipiakoi Stathmoi there are also Nipiaka Tmimata (nursery classes) which operate along with the Nipiagogeia (kindergartens). The Nipiagogeia, with recent legislation will turn to be compulsory. Attendance at Primary Education (Dimotiko) lasts for six years, and children are admitted at the age of 6. Along with the regular kindergartens (Nipiagogeia) and the Dimotika, all-day primary schools are in operation, with an extended timetable and an enriched Curriculum Secondary Education Secondary education consists of two parallel cycles: The Compulsory Secondary Education which is provided by Gymnasium and Post-compulsory Secondary Education which is provided by Unified (Eniaio) Lyceum and Technical Vocational Schools (TEE). The Gymnasium covers the three final years of compulsory education and constitutes the lower level of secondary education. The Gymnasium is for pupils aged 12 to 15 years. The Gymnasiums are day schools, but some operate during the evenings. Evening Gymnasiums are open to working pupils over 14 years old. There are also Music Gymnasiums, Multicultural Education Gymnasiums and Gymnasium sport departments. Remedial teaching is available for Gymnasium pupils with learning difficulties and for foreign students. In parallel, there are Special Gymnasiums and induction classes for children with special education needs. Finally, since 1996 it has adopted Multicultural Education designed to meet the educational needs of social groups with a particular social, cultural or religious identity. Pupils leaving the Gymnasiums are given a leaving certificate which entitles them to move on to higher-level secondary education. Besides, Gymnasium leavers of over 18 years of age may enrol at Vocational Training Institute (IEK) departments in certain specialisations, where they study for two semesters and obtain Vocational Training Certificate Level 1. Post-compulsory Secondary Education, according to the reform of 1997, consists of two school types: Eniaia Lykeia (Unified Upper Secondary Schools) and the Technical Vocational Educational Schools (TEE). The latter has been recently reformed to a new form of Professional Schools (EPAS) and Professional Lyceums (EPAL). Greece

40 30 Post-Secondary Education mainly includes the Vocational Training Institutes (IEK), which provide formal but unclassified level of education. These Institutes mainly provide initial vocational training and are not classified as an educational level, because they accept both Gymnasium (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates according to the relevant specialisations they provide Tertiary Education Pursuant to Act 2916/2001, Tertiary Education is divided into University Education, which is provided by the Universities, and Higher Technological Education, which is provided by the Technological Educational Institutes (TEIs). Besides, the Hellenic Open University was established in 1997/98. Pursuant to the Constitution, vocational and special education is also provided at the Higher Education Institutes. Table 2.1A The Structure of the Greek Education System ISCED Type of education Training provider Age Primary education ISCED 0 Pre-School Education Crèches Kindergartens 2-4 years 4-6 years ISCED 1 Compulsory Primary Education Primary Schools 6-12 years Secondary education ISCED 2 Lower (Compulsory) Secondary Education Gymnasium years ISCED 3 Higher (Post-Compulsory) Secondary Education Unified Lyceums (Eniaio Lykeio) years EPAS (Professional Schools) EPAL (Professional Lyceums) years years ISCED 4 Post-Secondary, Non-University Vocational Training Institutes 18+ Education Tertiary education ISCED 5 University Education Universities, Hellenic Open Univerity 18+ Non-University Education Technological Education / Higher Educational Institutes 22+ ISCED 6 Post-Graduate Studies Hellenic Open University 22+ Greece

41 Table 2.1B The Structure of the Greek Education System (in detail) 31 Level Age ISCED Level Qualifications Achieved Possible Pathways Vrefonipiakoi Paidikoi Stathmoi (Crèches) 2,5-4 0 Nipiagogeia (Kindergartens) Dimotiko (Primary School) Dimotiko (Primary School) Compulsory Education Apolytirio Dimotikou (Primary Education Leaving Certificate) Gymnasio (Lower Secondary Education) Gymnasio (Lower Secondary School) Compulsory Education Apolytirio Gymnasiou (Gymnasio Leaving Certificate) Eniaio Lykeio (Unified Upper Secondary Schools) Epaggelmatikes Scholes EPAS (Professional Schools) Epaggelmatika Lykeia EPAL (Professional Lyceums) Eniaio Lykeio (Unified Upper Secondary Schools) Upper Secondary Education Apolytirio Lykeiou (Lykeio Leaving Certificate) Institouta Epaggelmatikis Katartisis (Vocational Training Institutes) Kentra Epaggelmatikis Katartisis (Vocational Training Centres) Technologika Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Technological Education Institutes) Anotata Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Universities) Eliniko Anoikto Panepistimio (Hellenic Open University) Labour Market Greece

42 32 Level Age ISCED Level Qualifications Achieved Possible Pathways Epaggelmatikes Scholes EPAS (Professional Schools) Upper Secondary Education EPAS Certificate Institouta Epaggelmatikis Katartisis (Vocational Training Institutes) Kentra Epaggelmatikis Katartisis (Vocational Training Centres) Eniaio Lykeio (Unified Upper Secondary Schools) Labour Market Epaggelmatika Lykeia EPAL (Professional Lyceums) Upper Secondary Education EPAL Certificate Institouta Epaggelmatikis Katartisis (Vocational Training Institutes) Kentra Epaggelmatikis Katartisis (Vocational Training Centres) Technologika Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Technological Education Institutes) Labour Market Institouta Epaggelmatikis Katartisis (Vocational Training Institutes) Post- Secondary Education Diploma Epaggelmatikis Katartisis (Vocational Training Certificate) Labour Market Greece

43 Level Age ISCED Level Qualifications Achieved Possible Pathways 33 Technologika Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Technological Education Institutes) Tertiary Education Ptycheio (Degree) Anotata Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Universities) Metaptychiakes Spoudes (Post-graduate Studies) in Technologika Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Technological Education Institutes) Anotata Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Universities) Eliniko Anoikto Panepistimio (Hellenic Open University) Anotata Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Universities) Tertiary Education Ptycheio (Degree) Metaptychiakes Spoudes (Post-graduate Studies) in Anotata Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Universities) Eliniko Anoikto Panepistimio (Hellenic Open University) Labour Market Metaptychiakes Spoudes (Post-graduate Studies) in Technologika Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Technological Education Institutes) Tertiary Education Metaptychiako Labour Market Anotata Ekpaideftika Idrymata (Universities) Eliniko Anoikto Panepistimio (Hellenic Open University) Eliniko Anoikto Panepistimio (Hellenic Open University) Tertiary Education Ptycheio (Degree) Labour Market Greece

44 Vocational Training in Greece In Greece, in parallel with the formal education system, there is also a system of Initial Vocational Education and Training and Continuing Vocational Training. The system of Initial and Continuing vocational training differs from the formal education system in that it offers official education which leads to accreditation of no particular level since it accepts students from various levels of education depending on the individual skills they have. Moreover, the accreditation received by graduates contributes to their entry to the labour market but is not a passport for further studies. The bodies providing initial vocational training are Vocational Training Institutes (I.E.K.) while those providing continuing vocational training are Vocational Training Centres (K.E.K.). According to the International Standard Classification for Education, the system of initial and continuing vocational training is placed at ISCED level Initial Vocational Training Initial training is supervised by the Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs. Initial training is provided chiefly by the Vocational Training Institutes (I.E.K.s). The public and private IEKs operate in the framework of the National System of Vocational Education and Training (E.S.E.E.K.) which was established in 1992 under the aegis of the Organisation for Vocational Education and Training (O.E.E.K.). There are also some I.E.K.s under the supervision of other ministries and agencies, such as the Greek Manpower Employment Organisation (O.A.E.D.). The objective of the IEKs is to provide all types of vocational training, both initial and advanced, and to ensure that the students obtain the necessary qualifications by imparting scientific, technical, vocational and practical knowledge and by cultivating skills with a view to facilitating their occupational integration and their adaptation to the changing needs of the production process. Graduates of Unified Lyceum and Professional Schools/Lyceums (EPAS/EPAL) may enrol in the I.E.K.s. Certain I.E.K.s have specific Departments which also accept Gymnasium leavers aged over 18 who may study for up to two semesters. During term the students attend compulsory theoretical, laboratory and mixed lessons in the framework of the educational curricula, which cover a wide range of branches and specialisations including Transport and Tourism. Greece Continuing Vocational Training Continuing vocational training includes all vocational training and further training activities organised outside the formal initial vocational training and education system. The purpose of continuing vocational training is to maintain, refresh, upgrade and modernise the job skills of persons seeking employment and to help workers interested in career development. Continuing vocational training in Greece is provided by a plethora of bodies which focus on specific population groups and are supervised by various Ministries. The existing institutional framework focuses on four categories: Training of the unemployed Training of private-sector workers Training of wider public sector workers Training of socially disadvantaged groups The vocational training programmes are short-term and the number of hours of tuition depends on the subject, the content of the curriculum and the group to whom the programme is addressed.

45 In Greece, the public and private sector agencies which organise continuing vocational training programmes are the Vocational Training Centres (KEKs) The Organisation of Tourism Education and Training (O.T.E.K.) The Organisation of Tourism Education and Training (O.T.E.K.) is the specialised Greek state institution that provides education and training for professions in the field of Tourism. O.T.E.K. operates as a legal entity of Public Law, under the supervision of the Ministry of Tourism. Since its founding in 1937, it has supplied the tourism market with 200,000 professionals. Today, O.T.E.K. includes the former Schools of Tourism Professions and the Schools for Tour Guides. The new form of O.T.E.K. signals its role in the reorganisation and modernisation of tourism education and training in Greece, and in the creation of a modern system for the accreditation of the professional qualifications in the tourism sector. Table 2.3 Courses Operated by O.T.E.K. Level of Education Secondary Technical Vocational Education Post-Secondary Vocational Education Post-Secondary Education Schools / Courses Vocational Schools Courses in: Hotel and Food and Beverage Operations Cookery Confectionery Schools for Tourist Guides Institutes of Vocational Training Specialisations in: Culinary Art Hospitality and Catering Operations Travel Agencies Operations Housekeeper Assistant In the field of alternative tourism, O.T.E.K. operates 3 new specialisations: Mountain Escort Thalassotherapy Spa Specialist Balneotherapy Spa Specialist 2.4 Tourism Programmes of Study Greece has aligned its tourism qualifications to the ISCED Framework. Furthermore, for the purposes of this comparative analysis, a tentative alignment to the European Qualifications Framework has been provided. In Greece, tourism training programmes are offered from ISCED level 2 to ISCED level 6 of qualification. Various areas of specialisation are available relating to a number of sectors and sub-sectors of tourism economic activity including food and beverage operations, food and drink service, environment and agrotourism, hotel operations, events administration, front office and housekeeping, tour guiding, air transportation, shipping as well as health and wellness. Greece

46 36 At each level of qualification, training is provided both on a theoretical and on a practical basis. Training includes laboratory work as well as scheduled visits to tourism enterprises Courses at ISCED Level 2 (Lower Secondary Level of Education) ISCED Level Programme of Study Qualification 2 Cook Assistant Vocational Training Certificate Duration Training Provider 1 year, full-time I.E.K. O.E.E.K. I.E.K. O.T.E.K. 2 Restaurant Assistant 2 Confectionery Assistant 2 Patisserie Confectionery Assistant Vocational Training Certificate Vocational Training Certificate Vocational Training Certificate 1 year, full-time I.E.K. O.E.E.K. 1 year, full-time I.E.K. O.E.E.K. 1 year, full-time I.E.K. O.E.E.K. At this level, training is provided both on a theoretical and on a practical basis. The following are the job specific skills pertaining to each programme of study: Cook Assistant Cooking & Confectionery Art Enology Confectionery Assistant Confectionery Element of culinary art Restaurant Assistant Restaurant & Cooking Art Enology Patisserie Assistant Bakery-Confectionery Raw Materials General Chemistry Food Chemistry - Microbiology Apart from job specific skills, students are also taught generic skills comprising: Tourist labour and commercial legislation Food and bakery legislation Marketing and Public Relations Computer skills Foreign languages Business dexterity There is also laboratory work as well as scheduled visits to tourist places helping students gain experience in the specified field. Greece

47 2.4.2 Courses at ISCED Level 3 (Higher Secondary Level of Education) 37 ISCED Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 3 Environment & Agro-tourism EPAS Certificate 2 years, full-time EPAS YP.E.P.TH 3 Hotel-Restaurant Technique: Cooking EPAS Certificate 2 years, full-time EPAS O.T.E.K. 3 Hotel-Restaurant Technique: Confectionery EPAS Certificate 2 years, full-time EPAS O.T.E.K. 3 Hotel Enterprises EPAS/EPAL Certificate 2/3 years, full-time EPAS/EPAL YP.E.P.TH 3 Agro-tourism/ Agro-industry Enterprises EPAL Certificate 3 years, full-time EPAL YP.E.P.TH 3 Hotel-Restaurant Technique EPAL Certificate 3 years, full-time EPAL O.T.E.K. 3 Hotel & Catering Services Professional School Degree 2 years, full-time EPAS O.T.E.K. 3 Specialisation in the Art of Cooking Professional School Degree 2 years, full-time EPAS O.T.E.K. 3 Specialisation in the Art of Confectionery Professional School Degree 2 years, full-time EPAS O.T.E.K. YP.E.P.TH refers to the Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs At ISCED level 3, one finds tourism programmes of study relating to the Environment, Agrotourism, Cooking, Confectionery, Hotel Operations and Restaurant Operations. Knowledge provided is both theoretical and factual on every subject. Students are expected to carry out tasks based on knowledge acquired throughout the course. Students collect information either by participating in projects or by observation. The following are the job specific skills pertaining to Environment and Agro-tourism programmes of study: Environment & Agro-Tourism Environment & Agriculture Economy & Policy in Agriculture Agro-Tourism/Industry Enterprises Agricultural enterprises Farming trade There is also laboratory work as well as scheduled visits to tourist places helping students gain experience in the specified field. Greece

48 Courses at ISCED Level 4 (Post-Secondary Level of Education) There are various programmes of study at ISCED Level 4. These relate to a number of sectors and subsectors namely Kitchen and Restaurant, Hotel Operations, Wellness, Events and Guiding, Airport Employees, Shipping and Transport. All programmes of study are of a 2-year duration leading to a Vocational Training Diploma. ISCED Level Programme of Study 4 Cook Technician Qualification Kitchen & Restaurant Duration Training Provider 4 Patisserie- Confectionery Technician 4 Bar Tender Vocational Training Diploma 2 years, full-time I.E.K. O.E.E.K. 4 Catering Systems Specialist Hotel operations / Front office / Wellness 4 Hotel Services & Supplies Specialist I.E.K. O.E.E.K. I.E.K. O.T.E.K. 4 Hotel Animation Specialist I.E.K. O.E.E.K. 4 Reception & Hospitality Specialist Vocational Training Diploma 2 years, full-time I.E.K. O.E.E.K. 4 Spa-Therapy Specialist I.E.K. O.E.E.K. 4 Thalassotherapy Specialist I.E.K. O.E.E.K. Greece

49 ISCED Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 39 Events & Guiding 4 Tourist Events Administration Specialist 4 Recreation Areas & National Parks Guide 4 Tour Leader Vocational Training Diploma 2 years, full-time I.E.K. O.E.E.K. 4 Tourist-Open Air Activity Specialist 4 Mountain Guide Other 4 Airport Employee 4 Tourist Office Employee 4 Taxi Driver 4 Flight Supervisor 4 Shipping Specialist Vocational Training Diploma 2 years, full-time I.E.K. O.E.E.K. 4 Cargo-Air Transport Technician 4 Air flight Specialist At ISCED Level 4, the Curriculum is designed so as to provide students with the necessary skills and theoretical background to perform related tasks and meet certain requirements. Each programme of study includes laboratory work as well as scheduled visits to tourist places helping students gain experience in the specified field. Consequently, training is provided on a theoretical and on a practical basis. Kitchen and Restaurant Job specific competences relating to kitchen and restaurant-related programmes of study include: Greece

50 40 Cook Technician (ISCED Level 4) Job Specific Competences Culinary Art Patisserie Elements of Restaurant Management Stock & Food Knowledge Elements of Technical Installations Tourist Legislation Labour/Commercial Law Civics/Human Relations Stockroom Organisation and Operation Cost Accounting Inspection Principles Hotel Management Bar Tender (ISCED Level 4) Job Specific Competences Elements of Sociology Personal and Group Psychology Legal Framework of Bar Operation Animation Oenology Communication Techniques Catering Systems Specialist (ISCED Level 4) Job Specific Competences Elements of Food Science Elements of Biochemistry and Diet Computerisation Catering Organisation Cooking, Restaurant Management, Patisserie - Menu Micro & Macro-Economy Business Administration Marketing Services Accountancy Commercial Environment Systematic Gastronomy Communication (Advertising/PR) Systematic Catering Generic skills applicable to the above mentioned programmes of study include: Hygiene-Safety Legislations relating to Food Hygiene Practical Arithmetic Languages (French, English) Computing Public Relations Greece

51 Hotel Operations The following are the job specific and generic competences pertaining to programmes of study in the area of Hotel Operations: 41 Hotel Services & Supplies Specialist (ISCED Level 4) Job Specific Competences Generic Competences Tourism Hotel Organisation & Operation Hotel Enterprises Finance Hotel Enterprises Accountancy Hotel Management Kitchen Organisation & Operation Food Science - Menu Restaurant Organisation & Operation Bar-Oenology Computer Hotel Applications Finance Principles Hygiene Languages: German, English Computing Hotel Animation Specialist (ISCED Level 4) Types of Animators Generic & Interpersonal Skills The duty of an animator as a member of a team, is to give life to the entertainment programme of the holiday resort An animation team usually consists of a sport animator, gymnastic animator, dance and choreographic animator, all round animator, children animator and chief animator Sociable skills Team working skills Fluency in more than one international language Public relations Organisational skills Has a cheerful and pleasant appearance Has an open character Enthusiasm for work Likes to do sports, play games, even with kids Reception and Hospitality Specialist (ISCED Level 4) Job Specific Competences Generic Competences Hotel Marketing Reception Organisation and Operation Hotel Organisation and Operation Environmental Management of Hotel Enterprises Computing Hotel Hygiene and Security Regulations English Tourism Terminology German Wellness Programmes of study are also available in the fields of spa therapy and thalassotherapy. Thalassotherapy and Spa tourism have become an alternative form of tourism in Greece. In fact, a great number of luxurious hotel units throughout Greece feature most contemporary thalassotherapy and spa centres, with excellent equipment and well-trained personnel. Greece s coastal climate contributes to the creation of an ideal environment for the application of thalassotherapy and spa treatment programs, making it a unique destination for spa and wellness tourism, therapeutic tourism and health tourism in general. Greece

52 42 Spa-Therapy & Thalasso-Therapy Specialist (ISCED Level 4) Subject taught: Natural Resources Geothermic-Tectonics Volcanology Chemistry of Thermomineral Drinkable Waters Utilization and Protection of Thermal Springs Environment and Quality of Life Alternative Kinds of Tourism Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Waters and Their Products German Terminology English Terminology First-Aid Events and Guiding The following are the related job-specific competences: Tourism Events Administration Specialist (ISCED Level 4) Job Specific Competences: European Civilisation & Tradition Principles & Practices of European Tourism Recreation-Athletics Tourist Legislation Principles of Economics Leisure Activities & Events Marketing Principles Travel Geography Client Rights & Obligations Tourist Events Management Manpower Administration Financial Planning & TQC Policy of Tourism Development Tourist Agencies Contemporary Forms of Tourism Tour Leader (ISCED Level 4) Job Specific Competences: Communication Technique Entrepreneurship Tourism Principles Tourism Geography Organisation and Operation of Tourist Agencies Organisational Structure of Hotel Units Elements of Religion Science Tourist Law Types of Travel Transport Use of Travel Guides Reservation Systems Information and Communication Methodology Package Tour Planning & Promotion Client Services/Sales Techniques Animation Greece

53 Recreation Areas and National Park Guide (Level 4) Job Specific Competences: 43 Forest Botanics Forest Diseases Forest Legislation Forestry - Forest Ecology, Special Purpose Forestry Biology - Ecology of Wild Animals and Birds Forest Protected Areas National Parks - Management, Computing, Forest Fire Control Physical Education - Shooting Generic competencies relating to Events and Guiding include: Languages (especially French and English) Computer skills Hygiene First Aid Public Relations Other programmes of study offered at ISCED Level 4 include: Taxi Driver (Level 4) Subjects taught: Elements of Transport Law and Highway Code Mechanic Structure of a Car Preparation and Secure Driving Environment Protection/Energy Saving Geography/Road Maps/City Guides Organisation & Administration of a Taxi Enterprise Road Security Use of PC/IT and Communication Systems in Transport Tourism Geography Elements of Traffic Organisation Social Behaviour/Profession Psychology History/Civilisation of Greece First Aid English Flight Supervisor (Level 4) Subjects taught: Civil Aviation Laws and Regulations Characteristics of Public Transport Aircrafts Air Traffic Regulations Meteorology Air Navigation VOR Flight Planning Telecommunications English Computing Shipping Specialist (Level 4) Subjects taught: Technique of Shipping Operations International Commercial Relations Marine Environment Protection Legal Principles Fuel Technology Shipping Economy and Policy Naval Law Passenger Shipping Chartering - Transactions, Shipping Companies Organisation & Admin Marine Law Shipping Insurance Shipping Accountancy Office Organisation - Depot Organisation File Management English & French Telex-Computing Greece

54 44 Airline Specialist (Level 4) Subjects taught: Tourism and Air Transport Industry Travel Geography Planning and Operation of Tourist Agency and Air Company Tourist and Air Marketing Air-Law and International Relationships Cargo-Transport Reservation System - CRS Tourist Services Total Quality Air Management Business English and Tourism Terminology French Leadership skills Selling Skills Financial Skills Accountancy Principles Airport Employee (Level 4) Subjects taught: Airport/Aircraft Service Client Communication and Service Air Transport of Dangerous Materials Air Law (Local and International) Airports and Environment Aircraft Loading and Trimming Airport/Passenger Service Airport Protection Measures Against Wrongful Acts Airport Security Rules Cargo Transport Reservation System/CRS Airfreight English (and airport terminology) Information Technology Communication and Entrepreneurship Tourist Office Employee (Level 4) Subjects taught: Tourist Office Organisation International Transport Relations International Tourist Geography and Travel Guides History of Greek Civilization Environmental Policy Elements of Commercial Law Tourism Marketing and Selling Elements of Tourism Legislation Communication Skills Accounting (Basic Principles) Languages: English, German, French Information Technology Word processing Spreadsheets Basic Principles of EU Tourism Courses at ISCED Level 5 (Tertiary Non-University Education) At ISCED Level 5, the Curriculum is designed so as to provide students with the necessary skills and theoretical background to perform related tasks and meet certain requirements. Each programme of study includes laboratory work as well as scheduled visits to tourist places helping students gain experience in the specified field. Consequently, training is provided both on a theoretical and on a practical basis. Greece

55 ISCED Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 45 5 Tour Guiding Tourist Guide Diploma 2.5 years School of Tourist Guides O.T.E.K. 5 Tourism Professions in: Hotel and Catering, Travel Agency Operations, Marketing, Public Relations, Animation Degree A.S.T.E. 3 years, full-time Higher School of Tourist Professions O.T.E.K. 5 Tourism and Hotel Management (Specialist) Degree A.T.E.I. 4 years, full-time A.T.E.I. of Athens, Peraeus, Salonica, Patras, Larisa, Lamia, Iraklio, Epirus 5 Tourism Economy and Development Certificate of E.S.D.D. 3 years, full-time E.S.D.D. A.T.E.I. stands for Technological Education Institute E.S.D.D. stands for National School of Public Services The School of Tourist Professions A number of tourism professions are offered by The School of Tourist Professions (S.T.P.) which is a state organisation under the supervision of the Ministry of Tourism. It operates 10 Training Centres in different cities of Greece, with curricula that cover three areas of study: Advanced Studies (Postgraduate) Technical Vocational Studies (Intermediate) Training Classes for Unqualified Employees The task and aim of the School of Tourist Professions has always been to provide correct professional training in combination with the traditional concept of hospitality according to which services are offered not to customers but to guests. I. Advanced Studies The Training Centres of Advanced Studies (ASTP) in Rhodos and Aghios Nickolaos, Crete, provide education of a higher level preparing the graduates for advanced executive posts in the hospitality industry. Each school year consists of two terms: The Academic Term, starting in October and finishing in June. The Practical Training Term, which is a continuation of the former, starting in July and finishing at the end of September. During the Practical Training Term, students are given the opportunity to practice what they learnt in the Academic Term, working at hotel enterprises selected by the S.T.P. Greece

56 46 The technical and professional training is combined with the necessary academic knowledge required for a successful career in a modern tourist enterprise. Accordingly, the students have to take the following subjects: First Year Food and Beverage Cookery Menu Planning Accounting Procedures Installations First Foreign Language Second Year Front Office Operations Menu planning Economics Accounting Procedures Management Computers and Data Processing First Foreign Language Third Year Tourism Policies Marketing in the Hospitality Industry Public Relations Mathematics Administration Accounting Computers and Data Processing First Foreign Language Bar Operations Nutrition Hygiene Personnel Practices and Procedures Travel Geography Second Foreign Language Costing and Control Restaurant Management Business Computing Marketing Second Foreign Language Management Statistics Premises and Plant Hospitality Law Second Foreign Language II. Technical Vocational Studies (T.V.S.T.P.) The School of Tourist Professions operates eight Training Centres for Technical Vocational Studies in Athens (Anavyssos), Thessaloniki, Alexandroupolis, Heraklion, Corfu, Nafplion, Rhodos and Galaxidi. The courses include technical, professional and theoretical subjects designed to provide students with the required skills for high quality services in the various sectors of the industry. The Technical Vocational Studies Programme consists of the following courses: Hotel and Catering Industry Courses Culinary Courses Confectionery Courses Travel Agency Courses Animation Courses Attendance at the T.V.S.T.P is provided free for Greek and E.U. students. It lasts two years for all courses. Each education period consists of two terms. Greece

57 Students are required to take the following subjects according to the special courses they are enrolled in: 47 a. Hotel and Catering Industry Courses First Year Restaurant Operations (I) Hotel Operations (I) Housekeeping (I) Bartending Wine Technology and Service Elements of Cooking Hygiene Second Year Restaurant Operations (II) Hotel Operations (II) Housekeeping (II) Costing-Control Marketing Sales Promotion Elements of Law Human Labour Relations Installations Equipment Foreign Language A Foreign Language B Modern Greek Mathematics Physics Tourist Geography Foreign Language A Foreign Language B Modern Greek Mathematics Physics Elements of Democratic Government b. Culinary Courses First Year Cooking (I) Elements of Confectionery (I) Elements of Restaurant Operations (I) Installations-Equipment Food Technology Labour Relations Second Year Cooking (II) Elements of Confectionery (II) Elements of Restaurant Operations (II) Menu planning Carving Hygiene Control-Food Costing c. Confectionery Courses First Year Confectionery (I) Baking Elements of Cooking (I) Installations and Confectionery Equipment Hygiene Second Year Confectionery (II) Decoration Presentation of Sweets Elements of Cooking (II) Modern Greek Mathematics Costing Hygiene French Language Modern Greek Mathematics Physics Applied Nutrition French Language Modern Greek Mathematics Physics Elements of Democratic Government Human and Labour Relations French Language Modern Greek Food Technology French language Confectionery Operations Physics Elements of Democratic Government Greece

58 48 d. Travel Agency Courses First Year Operations and Management of Travel Agencies Transportation Means Elements of Hotel Operations Travel Agency Accounting Correspondence-Typing-Office Machines Tourism Economics Tourism Tourist Geography Tourism Marketing Advertising Human Relations English Language German Language French Language Second Year Operations and Management of Travel Agencies Transportation Means Yachting Elements of Hotel Operations Correspondence Typing Business Computing Use of Computers Currency Money Exchange Tourist and Social Psychology Tourist Law Public Relations in Tourism Sales Techniques English Language French language German Language e. Animation Courses First Year Animation Technique Hotel Operations Tourism and Environment Drama Performing Arts I Sports and Leisure Light and Sound Techniques Hygiene First Aid Children s Playwork Public Relations Tourist Psychology Communication Skills 3 Foreign Languages : English (compulsory), French or German, Italian or Spanish Second Year Animation Technique Organisation of Events Sales/Advertising Drama Performing Arts II History, Culture and Folklore Sports and Leisure Human Relations Utilising the Computer Resources/Word processing Financial Accounting 3 Foreign Languages : English, French or German, Italian or Spanish III. Training Classes for Unqualified Employees Every year the S.T.P. operates Training Classes for Unqualified Employees in Hotel, Restaurant, Culinary and Confectionery skills for persons already working in the Hotel and Catering Industry. During their attendance, the students have the opportunity to enrich their technical skills with the necessary theoretical knowledge, so that they may improve their performance in the workplace. Attendance at the Training Classes for Unqualified Employees lasts 5 1/2 months. Greece

59 The following subjects are offered for those working in the: 49 a. Hotel Sector: Hotel Operations Human relations b. Restaurant Sector: Restaurant Operations Human Relations c. Culinary Sector: Cooking Elements of Confectionery Human Relations d. Confectionery Sector: Confectionery Elements of Cooking Hygiene Tourist Geography English Language Tourist Geography English Language Hygiene French Language French Language Human Relations Tour Guiding (ISCED 5) The O.T.E.K. operates two Schools of Tour Guides in Athens and Thessaloniki. Schools of Tour Guides are also established and may operate in Heraklio, Corfu, Mytilini and Rhodes, according to the needs of the local tourist market. The duration of studies is 2.5 years. Course attendance is compulsory. The education program consists of theoretical classes and educational visits and trips. Tour Guiding Modules Core Modules Prehistoric Archaeology Classic Archaeology Byzantine Archaeology History of Art Secondary Modules Botany Geography Geology Paleontology Greek Community Greek Economy Science of Religion Folklore Popular Art Contemporary Greek Literature Ancient Greek Mythology History of Ancient Greek Theatre History of Greek Music and dances Ancient History Byzantine History Modern History History of Modern Greek Architecture Styles Ecology Environmental Preservation Speech Training First Aid Guiding Technique Frankish Domination Tourist Psychology History of Ancient Greek Literature Christian Worship and Iconography Tourist and Archaeological Legislation Greece

60 Tourism and Hotel Management (ISCED 5) This training programme provides students for advanced executive posts in the hospitality industry. Tourism and Hotel Management is provided by the Technological Educational Institute (ATEI) forming part of non-university higher education. The subjects taught include: Tourism Economy Business Statistics Labour Law Commercial Law Travel Planning Package Holiday Planning Tourism Geography Tourism Policy Tourism Public Relations & Advertising Computerised Systems of Tourist Business Administration Restaurant Management Beverage Management Oenology Tourism Marketing Front Office Service Hotel Animation Hotel Maintenance Eco-Tourism Mass Food Production Each academic year consists of two terms: The Academic Term starts in October and ends in June. The Practical Training Term, which is a continuation of the former, starts in July and finishes at the end of September. It consists of supervised employment in selected hotel enterprises Tourism Economy and Development (ISCED 5) The Tourism Economy and Development programme of study is provided for by the National School for Public Administration. Successful graduates are destined to staff the service units of the Ministry of Tourist Development, the Greek Tourism Organisation and the Organisation for Tourist Education and Training. The main aim of the present Programme of Studies is to provide the students with the theoretical and practical education, so that it increases their knowledge and their dexterities. The direct goal is to train and establish professional and specialised executives, which will be in the position to meet immediately their professional duties. The indirect aim is the benefit which stems from this immediate inclusion of students in the various services, as well as in the Public Sector. More specifically, to service units of the above bodies which engage in issues of tourism policy and development, tourism economy and tourist marketing. The accomplishment of the objectives and the aims of the Program is done through the appropriate combination of theoretical, and practical knowledge, mainly through case studies during the elaboration of exercises, but also through the practical education of the students at the aforementioned services. The specialised phase of studies includes the theoretical and applied education, aiming at the deepening and the enhancing of specialized knowledge, dexterities and attitudes of the future executives on the following areas: Tourist Development and Policy Tourist Economy and Tourist Enterprises Management Institutional Framework and New Technologies in Tourism Greece

61 2.4.5 Courses at ISCED Level 6 (Post-Graduate Level) In Greece, a number of post-graduate studies in tourism are provided by various Universities leading to the award of a Post-Graduate Diploma of Specialisation. These include: 51 ISCED Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 6 Tourist Enterprises Management 3 semesters, full-time M.P.S. University of Piraeus 6 Design Management and Policy in Tourism 3 semesters, full-time M.P.S. Aegean University 6 Services Management Tourism Museum Studies Course Post- Graduate Specialisation 2 semesters, full-time ; 4 semesters, part-time 2 semesters, full-time ; 4 semesters, part-time M.P.S. Economic University of Athens University of Athens 6 Tourist Enterprises Administration 3-8 semesters, part-time M.P.S. E.A.P. Greek Open University 6 Hospitality Services Management 4 semesters, full-time M.P.S. University of Macedonia M.P.S. refers to Master of Professional Studies Defining the Post-Graduate Museum Studies Course Museum Studies Course is an interdisciplinary Post-graduate Course between the Department of History - Archaeology and the Department of Geology of the University of Athens, in collaboration with the Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art of the Technological Educational Institution of Athens. The post-graduate program will award a Master of Arts in Museum Studies. The duration of the program will be 4 semesters (3 semesters of lectures and 1 for the dissertation). The aim of the course is to provide academic and professional training to those, who wish to be employed professionally in a museum, and due to the fact that in Greece there are a great number of museums, but only a limited number of specialists in Museology. Consequently, the program intends to train students in a basic range of skills including all areas of current museum practice. Its purpose is not to concentrate only on the traditional archaeological collections, but also to look at all types of museums, such as geological, biological, science, medical museums etc. Greece

62 52 Museums Studies - Course Content First Semester: History and Theory of Museums: Definition of a museum, museum professions, history of Greek and European museums, old and new museology, current trends in museum practice, psychology of collecting, material culture. Collections Management: Collecting policy, acquisition and disposal methods, documentation, security of collections. Technology of Materials: Study of the structure, the technology and the characteristics of the construction materials of museum objects. Organic materials (argil, inorganic pigments, metals, plaster, siliceous rocks) and inorganic materials of archaeological objects and works of art (proteins etc). Greek and European Law concerning Cultural Heritage: Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Archaeological law, Codes of Ethics of ICOM and other affiliated organisations. Second Semester: Organisation of Museum Space, Communication and Education: Labelling objects, exhibition design, methods and techniques of exhibiting objects, light, colour, communication theories, organisation of museum space. Preventive Conservation: way of monitoring environment, storage, packing, handling objects. Museums and New Technologies: Issues of application of new technologies inside museums web-sites, VR museums, software Management of Non Profit Organisations: Management of museums, marketing strategies, strategic planning, funding, business plan, public relations, donations. Third Semester: Communication and Education: Educational programs in museums, schools and museums, evaluation methods, theories of learning, interpreting exhibitions. Case studies: Students apply their knowledge doing their placement in a museum. Optional Courses include: General History of Art, Archaeology, Issues of Greek and European History, Folklore Studies, Human Evolution, Geology and Palaeontology, Bio-erosion, Botany, Education, Issues of Technology of Materials. 2.5 Summary of Tourism Systems of Qualifications in Greece Due to the development of tourism in Greece in recent years and the increasing importance of tourism to the Greek economy, tourism programmes of study are available for a number of tourism professions including food and beverage operations, food and drink service, environment and agrotourism, hotel operations, events administration, front office and housekeeping, tour guiding, air transportation, shipping as well as health and wellness. These range from lower secondary level of education to post-graduate level of specialisation. Greece

63 Tourism programmes in Greece are classified as follows under the ISCED Framework: 53 Table Tourism Programmes Aligned to ISCED ISCED Classification ISCED 2 / Lower Secondary Education ISCED 3 / Higher Secondary Education ISCED 4 / Post-Secondary Education Job position / Programme of study Cook Assistant, Restaurant Assistant, Confectionery Assistant, Patisserie Confectionery Assistant Environment & Agro-Tourism Hotel & Restaurant Technique (Cooking, Confectionery) Agro-Tourism/Industry Enterprises Hotel & Catering Services Art of Cooking Art of Confectionery Kitchen & Restaurant Cook Technician, Patisserie-Confectionery Technician, Bar Tender, Catering Systems Specialist Hotel Operations Hotel Services & Supplies Specialist, Hotel Animation Specialist, Reception & Hospitality Specialist Wellness Spa-Therapy and Thalassotherapy Specialist Events & Guiding Tourist Events Specialist, Recreation Areas and National Parks Guide, Tour Leader, Tourist Open-Air Activity Specialist, Mountain Guide Other Airport Employee, Tourist Officer, Taxi Driver, Flight Supervisor, Shipping Specialist, Air Flight Supervisor ISCED 5 / Tertiary Education ISCED 6/ Post-Graduate Level Tour Guiding, Hotel Management, Tourism and Hotel Management, Tourism Economy and Development Management of Tourism Enterprises, Design Management and Policy in Tourism, Tourism Services Management, Hospitality Services Management, Tourism Enterprises Administration Furthermore, for the purposes of this comparative analysis, a tentative alignment of tourism qualifications in Greece to the European Qualifications Framework, has been made. Greece

64 54 Table Tourism Qualifications in Greece Aligned to the EQF EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study 1 N/A N/A N/A 2 Vocational Training Certificate 3 EPAS/EPAL Certificate Lower Secondary Education Cook Assistant Restaurant Assistant Confectionery Assistant Patisserie Confectionery Assistant (Upper) Secondary Education Environment & Agro-Tourism Hotel-Restaurant Technique Cooking & Confectionery Hotel Enterprises Training Providers I.E.K. O.E.E.K. / I.E.K. O.T.E.K. Professional Schools (EPAS) / Professional Lyceums (EPAL) YP. E.P.TH Professional School Degree 3 & 4 & 5 Vocational Training Diploma Hotel & Catering Services Specialisation in Cooking and Confectionery Post-secondary / Non-Tertiary Education Kitchen & Restaurant Cook Technician Patisserie Confectionery Technician Bar Tender Catering Systems Specialist Hotel Operations Hotel Services & Supplies Specialist Hotel Animation Specialist Reception & Hospitality Specialist Wellness Spa-Therapy & Thalassotherapy Specialist Events & Guiding Tourist Events Specialist Recreation Areas and National Parks Guide Tour Leader Tourist Open-Air Activity Specialist Mountain Guide Other Airport Employee Tourist Officer Taxi Driver Flight Supervisor Shipping Specialist Air Flight Supervisor EPAS O.T.E.K. I.E.K. O.E.E.K. Greece

65 Tertiary Education 6 Diploma Tour Guiding School of Tourist Guides Degree Tourism and Hotel Management Higher School of Tourism Professions Certificate of E.S.D.D. Tourism Economy & Development National School for Public Services 7 Post-Graduate Degree/Diploma Management of Tourism Enterprises Design Management and Policy in Tourism Tourism Services Management Hospitality Services Management Tourism Enterprises Administration 8 N/A N/A N/A Universities 55 Greece

66 56 Opposite page: Leonardo da Vinci Design for a siege machine with covered bridge c. 1480

67 Tourism Education and Training in ITALY

68 58 ITALY Tourists (overnight visitors) 41,058,000 (2006) Percentage Change (06/05) +12.4% Arrivals (domestic + international) 88.0 million (2005), +2.8% over 2004 Population 58,103,000 Total Employed Workers 2,652,000 Directly employed in tourism 1,068,000 Unemployment rate 8.6% Share of tourism in GDP 4.2% (in 2007) Sources: ISTAT UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, January Tourism in Italy Tourism plays a leading role in Italy: in 2007, the WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council) estimated that the influence of the travel and tourism industry on the national GDP was 4.2%; if compared with Italy s main competitors, this amount turns out to be inferior to the Spanish one (6.8%), but slightly superior to the French one (4.1%) and the EU (3.9%) and world average (3.6%). Considering the entire travel and tourism economy, this percentage rises to 10.2%, a value inferior both to Spain (18.2%) and France (10.9%), as well as to the EU (10.9%) and world (10.4%) average. Tourism employment in Italy is significant. In 2007, WTTC estimated that the tourism sector employs over 2.6 million people equal to 11.5% of the total amount in Italy or 1 in every 8.7 jobs. By 2017, this should total 2.8 million jobs, 12.7% of total employment or 1 in every 7.9 jobs. Out of the total 2.6 million people, about 1.1 million relate to direct employment accounting for 4.6% of total employment in 2007 and are forecast to total 1,118,000 jobs or 5.0% of the total by Tourism is a prominent sector also for the balance of payments. Italy, after the USA (76.5 billion in 2004), Spain (38.5 billion in 2005) and France (34 billion in 2005), is the fourth country in the world with respect to tourism incomes (28.8 billion in 2005). Big spenders, instead, are Germany (58.8 billion in 2005), USA (56.1 billion in 2004), UK (48 billion in 2005), Japan (30,7 billion in 2004), France (25 billion in 2005) and Italy itself (18.3 billion in 2005). According to the ISTAT (Italian National Institute of Statistics) data, in 2005, Italy received 88 million arrivals (+ 2 million compared to 2004). Between 2000 and 2005 the global tourist arrivals in Italy rose to 10.4%. In particular, compared to 2004, Italy recorded a 2.8% increase in arrivals (+3.8% of foreigners and +2% of Italians). Domestic tourists are still the most prominent contributors to Italy s tourism market, comprising 57% of all arrivals and 59% of bed-nights. Italy

69 2 The Structure of Education in Italy 59 In Italy, the education system includes the following: Pre-primary education - Scuola dell Infanzia (nursery school or kindergarten) for children between 3 and 6 years of age. This is non-compulsory. Education in Italy is compulsory form the age of 6 to 15, and therefore includes Primary and Lower Secondary Education. 2.1 First Cycle of Education Primary education (Scuola Elementare) for children between 6 and 11 years (5 year duration) Secondary Education is divided in two stages: Lower Secondary Education (Scuola Media Inferiore / Scuola Secondaria di Primo Grado) for children between 11 and 14 years of age (3 year duration). Together, Primary and Lower Secondary Level of Education make up the First Cycle of Education (Primo Ciclo) which comes to completion with a public final examination (Esame di Stato). It is necessary to pass this examination to attend a higher level education and/or vocational education/training. 2.2 Second Cycle of Education Upper Secondary Education is made up of different kinds of schools and, generally, for students from 15 to 19 years of age. After having attended the first cycle, students can choose between two possibilities 1) Public secondary schools (these may be culturally-oriented schools which are named liceo or technical schools); 2) Vocational schools. They both belong to the second cycle, which aims at the formative, cultural and professional growth of the student by means of provision of knowledge, action ability and critical reflection Public Secondary Schools Upper secondary education includes liceo classico, liceo scientific, liceo artistico and liceo linguistico: Liceo Classico: It includes five years of study and is structured in two cycles: a twoyear lower cycle ginnasio (classes IV and V) and a three-year upper cycle (classes I, II and III); Liceo Scientifico: It comprises a five-year course, focusing on scientific training; Liceo Artistico: Courses last four years and are structured in two sections: one for figurative arts and stage design, the other for architecture; students can attend a fifth year called corso integrativo in order to enrol in the University. Almost all licei artistici offer now a five-year course of study on an experimental basis which allows the enrolment in the university without having to attend the one-year corso integrativo. Liceo Linguistico: puts emphasis on language learning and languages taught are usually English, French, Spanish and German - recently Russian has been introduced. Italy

70 60 Liceo education involves a broad, specifically academic curriculum and is generally considered necessary for University preparation Vocational and Technical Schools Vocational training may vary from three to five years. After three years, students obtain their first qualification called Attestato/Diploma di Qualifica (Foundation Certificate), with recognition on national and EU scale. This qualification is valid for the labour market enabling students to start working. Alternatively, the students can further their studies at University. If students wish to further their studies at University, after having completed four years of vocational training, they have to attend one supplementary year and pass the Final Public Examination (Esame di Stato) to obtain the Diploma di Maturità, which is the key to University. Schools offering vocational upper secondary education include Istituti Tecnici, Istituti Professionali and Istituti d Arte: Istituti Tecnici - Their duration is subdivided into a basic two-year cycle and a three-year cycle with more branches of study and specialisations. Technical education aims at preparing to carry out technical and administrative functions as well as some professions in the trade, services, industry, building, agriculture, navigation and aeronautics sectors. Istituti Professionali - Their duration is subdivided into a three-year cycle, leading to a diploma di qualifica, and a post-qualification two-year cycle (4 th and 5 th years) that grants admission to the University. Vocational education aims at providing a specific theoretical and practical preparation to carry out qualified functions in the trade, services, industry, artisanship, agriculture and navigation sectors. Istituti d Arte - they foresee courses lasting for three years and structured in sections depending on the art specialisation s: ornamental painting, ornamentals, sculpture, graphics, wood, ceramic and metal applied arts, etc. Applied art courses include practice in the laboratory. Further courses, lasting two years, grant admission to University. Courses lasting three years end with the diploma di qualifica. Art education aims at preparing to artistic work and production according to the local industry tradition and typical raw materials. Public Secondary Schools and Vocational Schools make up the Second Cycle of Education in Italy. Students can either start working or carry on studying. After the fifth year, student may further their studies at University. 2.3 Post-Secondary Non-Tertiary Education Vocational training courses They are organised and managed directly by the Regions or, more often, by provincial or municipal administration through delegation from the Regions. The courses are targeted at young people who have obtained the certificate of Upper Secondary Leaving Examination Diploma di Superamento Dell Esame di Stato and are no longer subject to compulsory training, and want to obtain a second level qualification. Istruzione e Formazione Tecnica Superiore (IFTS) Italy Professional figures are outlined according to ISTAT and ATECO classifications, respectively on technical professions and economic activity sectors. The outlined figures correspond to different professional areas, which offer, on their turn, further professional developments.

71 These include professions in the area of Tourism. IFTS courses are planned and carried by minimum four educational subjects: school, vocational training, university, enterprise or another public or private subject, formally associated in the form of a consortium University/Tertiary Education Tertiary Education in Italy is provided by Universities. University programmes lead to the following qualifications: Laurea 3 year duration Laurea Specialistica 2 year duration or Laurea Magistrale 2 years plus 1 year Dottorato di ricerca (Doctorate) 3 or 4 years duration The University System is made up of three levels (3 years period plus 2 years period plus doctorate). The First Level obtained after the first three years of study guarantees basic theoretical preparation in the subjects studied, plus integration with professional knowledge and competences. The degree stated is obtained by reaching 180 credits. The former thesis (which previously represented the outcome of the entire study) has been replaced by a final test; this is given by the composition of a written study on a given topic with public discussion. In any way the regulation for the final test may vary from one university seat to the other. The Second Level (also named, specialisation degree ) is obtained after two more years study and provides knowledge and competences aimed at highly-skilled professional roles. This is obtained by reaching 120 credits that will sum up the formerly obtained 180 credits, giving out a total number of 300 credits. The second level study period comes to a conclusion with the composition of a written study (specialisation thesis) plus public dissertation. For those who wish to continue their university studies, there are various possibilities. The Reform of the Law concerning the Educational System has entitled Universities to issue Masters; in Italy, Masters may be referred to two levels: 1 st and 2 nd Level. The First Level (3 years) is the minimum valid to apply for 1 st Level Masters, but doesn t give access to 2 nd Level Masters. The Second Level is the minimum title to apply for 2 nd Level Masters. The post-graduate further formation can also be provided in the form of specialisation courses, which may be of two kinds: one-year courses and two-year courses. The Third Level for those graduates who wish to pursue the academic carrier, after having obtained the Second Level Degree (Laurea Specialistica), may apply to specialisation courses or 2 nd Level Masters or doctorate, whose entrance is submitted to public competition. In particular, the research doctorate trains post-graduates for highly specialised research. Studies last at least three years. Italy

72 62 V.E.T. EQF (Training credits) Public Institutions FIRST CYCLE Compulsory Education (up to the 15 th year age) SECOND CYCLE formative OBLIGATION (18 th year age) Common biennium Vocational courses 220/160 h Corsi annuali ore 800 e/o ore year courses 2 year courses 1600 h EQF 1 1 st cycle + 1 year training EQF 2 1 st cycle + 2 years training I Year II Year Corsi annuali ore 800 e/o ore h EQF 3 Diploma di Qualifica 3 anni di formazione III Year (Diploma di Qualifica) 18 th year age (Diploma di Qualifica) Classe terza Monoennio Operatore ai servizi di ricevimento Classe terza Monoennio Operatore ai servizi della ristorazione settore cucina Classe terza Monoennio Operatore ai servizi della ristorazione Settore Sala Bar 3 rd area (Diploma di Specializzazione) 600 h (training + classroom) EQF 4 Diploma di Maturità Diploma di Qualifica + biennio Biennium Post Qualifica (Diploma di Maturità) Tecnico dei servizi turistici Tecnico dei servizi ristorativi Post-diploma courses (Attestati di Qualifica) EQF 5 Diploma di Maturità + Attestato di Qualifica post diploma Post-diploma courses (Attestati di Qualifica) EQF 7 Laurea Specialistica THIRD CYCLE University FIRST LEVEL Triennium (Diploma di Laurea) I Year II Year III Year SECOND LEVEL Biennium (specialization degree) I Year II YEAR or 1st level Master THIRD LEVEL Italy EQF 8 Post-graduate education Specialisation courses and/or 2 nd Level Masters and/or Doctorate

73 Table 2.1 The Structure of the Educational System in Italy 63 Pre-Primary Education (Scuola dell Infanzia) Non-Compulsory; Children 3 to 6 years of age First Cycle (Primo Ciclo): Primary Education (Scuola Elementare) Lower Secondary Education (Scuola Media Inferiore) 8 year duration 5 years (6-11 years of age) 3 years (11-14 years of age) Second Cycle (Secondo Ciclo): Upper Secondary Education Public/Specialised Secondary Schools or Liceo, e.g. Liceo Classico, Liceo Scientifico, Liceo Linguistico Technical Schools (Istituti Tecnici) Vocational Schools Istituto Professionale, Liceo Artistico, Istituto D Arte Students years age 5 year duration 5 year duration 3 to 5 year duration Post-Secondary Non-Tertiary Education Vocational training courses organised by regions or provincial or municipal administration from regions Tertiary Education Tertiary Education is provided by Universities 3 Tourism Education and Training in Italy 3.1 Vocational Tourism Training Tourism vocational training in Italy is provided by Public Schools and Regional Training Centres. Public Schools There are two types of public schools in Italy providing vocational training in tourism. These include: Istituti Professionali Alberghieri (Hotel and Restaurant Vocational Schools) These cater for material services such as transportation, restaurant services and accommodation operations. Istituti Tecnici per il Turismo (Technical Schools for Tourism) These focus on personal services aimed at tourists satisfaction. VET Province/Regions Vocational tourism courses can be organised and managed directly by the Regions or, more often, by provincial or municipal administration through delegation from the Regions. These courses are aimed to develop a number of tourism professions including assistant cook, restaurant/hotel waiter, food and beverage administrator, pastry cook, pizza chef, barman, wine and cocktail bar operator and hotel services operator. Italy

74 Tertiary Tourism Training Tertiary Education is provided by a number of Universities. Programmes of study are available at Degree Level and Masters Level. Private Training Providers offer post-diploma courses in a number of tourism areas of specialisation. 4 Training Credits The Italian System is based on Credits, meaning a group of study/work experiences, and includes formal and informal activities that can be capitalised for acquiring diplomas, certificates and other certifications. The credit-based system aims at guaranteeing life-long learning and training even for those who have previously lacked education/school and are already in the labour market. The Qualification document (competences-formative path-professional experiences) is part of the credit system and at the same time is a guarantee in transparency both for individuals and companies. The Personal document system completes the screening of the individual s whole formative path, illustrating the individual s basic knowledge, professional abilities and specific professional skills, in other words, what the individual is actually and practically able to do. 5 Tourism Programmes of Study in Italy For the purposes of this comparative analysis, Italy, through E.L.S. FORM have proposed an alignment of existing qualifications in tourism studies to the EQF. Tourism programmes of study are available for the eight levels of the EQF. 5.1 Tourism Professions at EQF l At EQF Level 1, vocational tourism courses are provided by regions or provinces for a number of tourism professions: Italy

75 EQF Level Tourism Professions Qualification Duration Training Provider 65 1 Assistant Cook 1 year (800 hours) 1 Restaurant/Hotel Waiter 1 Food & Beverage Administrator 1 Confectionery/ Pastry Cook First Level Foundation Certificate (Attestato di Qualifica di 1 Livello) 1 year (800 hours) 220 hours 400 hours 1 Pizza Chef 400 hours VET Ente Regionali-Provinciale 1 Barman 160 hours 1 Wine & Cocktail Bar Operator 160 hours EQF 1 includes the first cycle of education (primary and lower secondary) plus one year of further training. This level leads to a First Level Foundation Certificate (Attestato di Qualifica di Primo Livello). 5.2 Tourism Professions at EQF 2 At EQF Level 2, vocational tourism courses are provided by regions or provinces. Training provided entitles students to a Foundation Certificate: EQF Level Tourism Professions Qualification Duration Training Provider 2 Hotel/Restaurant Waiter 2 Assistant Cook First Level Foundation Certificate (Attestato di Qualifica di 1 Livello) 2 years (1200 hours) VET Ente Regionali-Provinciale EQF 2 includes the first cycle of education (primary and lower secondary) plus two years of further training. Italy

76 Tourism Professions at EQF 3 At EQF Level 3, tourism courses lead to the Diploma di Qualifica. Courses are of a three year duration and are provided by the Istituti Professionali Alberghieri and Regional Training Centres: EQF Level Tourism Professions 3 Restaurant/Bar Operator Qualification Duration Training Provider Public Schools (Istituti Professionali Alberghieri) 3 Kitchen Operator Public Schools (Istituti Professionali Alberghieri) 3 Reception Services Operator Certificate (Diploma di Qualifica) 3 years Public Schools (Istituti Professionali Alberghieri) 3 Hotel Services Operator Agenzia Formativa Pubblica Regionale 5.4 Tourism Programmes at EQF 4 Once students obtain the Diploma di Qualifica, they may further their studies by two years and obtain the Diploma di Maturità. The Diploma di Maturità is provided by the Istituti Professionali Alberghieri and is of a two-year duration for students who have obtained the Diploma di Qualifica. Additional training is provided by the Istituto Tecnico Statale and is of a five-year duration. This level of training may also lead to a Diploma di Specializzazione. Training is provided by Istituti Professionali di Stato per i Servizzi Alberghieri and della Ristorazione. Training, in a number of specialised professions, lasts for two years for students who hold a Diploma di Qualifica. Italy

77 EQF Level Tourism Professions Qualification Duration Training Provider 67 4 Technical Operator for Tourism Services 2 years (for students who hold a Diploma di Qualifica) Istituti Professionali Alberghieri 4 Technical Operator for Restaurant Services Diploma di Maturità 2 years (for students who hold a Diploma di Qualifica) Istituti Professionali Alberghieri 4 Tourism Operator 5 years Istituto Tecnico Statale 4 Tourist and Oenogastronomic Guide 4 Expert in Banquets and Receptions 4 Expert in Ice- Cream and Pastry Confection Diploma di Specializzazione 2 years (for students who hold a Diploma di Qualifica) Istituti Professionali di Stato per i Servizzi Alberghieri and della Ristorazione 4 Congress Operator 4 Expert in Selling Bar Services and New Restaurant Services 5.5 Tourism Programmes at EQF 5 At this level of the EQF, vocational tourism programmes are provided by private training providers leading to a post-diploma qualification (Attestati di Qualifica). These include: Italy

78 68 EQF Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 5 Hotel & Tourism Operations 800 hours 5 Incoming & Valorization of Tourism Products 600 hours 5 Junior Management for Farm Holiday Centres 5 Computer-Aided Management for Tourism Enterprises Attestato di Qualifica (Post-Diploma) 600 hours 500 hours VET Private Training Provider E.L.S. FORM, Chieti 5 Front Office Management 600 hours 5 English for Tourism 300 hours 5.6 Tourism Programmes at EQF 6 At level 6 of the EQF, tourism training programmes are provided by a number of Universities in Italy. A 3-year university programme of study leads to a Diploma di Laurea. Italy

79 EQF Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 69 6 Foreign Languages for Tourism and Management Università degli Studi G. D Annunzio, Chieti 6 Economics of Tourism Markets and Systems Università di Bologna 6 Economics of Tourism Università di Bologna Università di Genova 6 Economics & Management of Cultural, Environmental & Tourism Resources Diploma di Laurea (Bachelor s Degree) 3 years, part-time Università de l Aquila 6 Cultural Tourism Università di Ferrara 6 Economics & Management for Tourist Services 6 STIM Tourism Sciences and Management Università di Genova Università di Perugia Università di Palermo Università di Napoli Most of the above mentioned programmes of study require 180 University Credit Unit spread over a three-year study period. Credits are acquired by attending the study subjects stated in the programme of study and by passing an examination for each study subject. During the third year, part of the credit units will be acquired also by carrying out an internship, by passing language qualifications and by carrying out a final test (elaboration of a written thesis, plus public discussion) Learning Outcomes of Tourism Programmes at EQF Level 6 Foreign Languages for Tourism and Management Upon completion of programme, the learner is able to: show basic knowledge in theoretical linguistics and Italian language and literature; acquire advanced written and oral command in at least two foreign languages (one of which, belonging to the European Union, besides Italian); acquire knowledge of the cultural legacy of the civil traditions connected to the countries in which the studied foreign languages are officially spoken; written and oral skills in a third language on an intermediate level; use freely the main informatics tools as well as the main instruments for global communication, applied to the specific fields of the study programme; apply the studied languages to special professional purposes, particularly to the sectors of tourism and economics; show basic knowledge in the fields of economics, geography and trade. Italy

80 70 Professional Sectors for Employment: Cultural Services, Journalism; Publishing; Cultural Institutions; Business and Commerce; embassies, diplomacy and consular offices; Tourism and cultural tourism; intermediation among European, American, Asian, African cultures; training for cultural operators on multicultural base. Economics of Tourism Markets and Systems Upon completion of programme, the learner is able to: identify tourists needs; activate and run tourism services; valorise both a specific tourism product and the tourism system of a certain location; successfully perform in such a sector as tourism, which is continuously changing; understand the tourism market by investigating around the tourist s social-cultural motivations and analysing the connections between the tourism sector and the remaining economic system; propose deeper analyses on specific topics, such as the analyses on the features of a tourism package and the strategies for the promotion on a certain location). Associated job positions: Operator/agent for tourism company, agencies, public tourism institutions and research institutes. Operator/agent for the production of tourism services, inside travel agencies and tour operators, accommodation facilities, national and local institutions. Successful candidates will be able to perform research activities, as well as communication and consultation services. Economics of Tourism Upon completion of programme, the learner is able to: deal with commercial, organisational, management tasks for public institutes, private commercial companies and for tourism enterprise; use informatics tools for tourism research and analysis; express himself in two EU languages (written and oral). Associated job positions: Company administration; accounting position for commercial and tourism companies; management control; direction, marketing and communication; controller; general manager; product manager; project manager; destination manager; organisation, credit and insurance for tourist activity support. Economics and Management of Cultural, Environmental and Tourism Resources The aim of this programme is to train highly skilled professionals who will be able to operate in such a sector as cultural tourism, which is steadily increasing in the clients demand. Particularly they will be able to plan, design, devise, operate and perform cultural events and development actions for tourism systems specifically referred to the different territories. Upon completion of programme, the learner is able: Italy To create tourism routes To valorise the development for certain areas To give consultation To lead organisation in museums, expositions, historic parks To organise educational journeys for student groups To organise educational journeys for special categories such as aged and elderly or disabled people

81 To coordinate communication between public institutions for protection and organisations for tourism development To act as tourist guide for special cultural routes. To plan, design, devise, operate and perform cultural events and development actions for tourism systems spcifically referred to the different territories. 71 Economics and Management for Tourist Services The programme aims at training experts to identify tourists needs, to activate and run tourism services, to valorise both a specific tourism product and the tourism system of a certain location. This programme entitles the graduate to work within the tourism sector. This is made possible by providing the graduate with the instruments necessary to understand the tourism market by investigating around the tourist s social-cultural motivations and analysing the connections between the tourism sector and the remaining economic system (for instance, the relationship between tourist flow, environment and the laws for the customer s protection). The graduate will also be able to propose deeper analyses on specific topics (for instance, the analyses on the features of a tourism package and the strategies for the promotion on a certain location). 5.7 Tourism Programmes at EQF First Level Master Programmes At Level 7 of the EQF, tourism programmes are provided by a number of Universities in Italy, leading to a First Level Master. This is obtained after a minimum of one year further studies following the First Level University Degree (that is, 3 years at University plus 1 year). Programmes of study at EQF 7 obtained after one year of further studies: Italy

82 72 EQF Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 7 Economics, Management & Valorization of Arts and Culture 600 hours Università degli Studi G. D Annunzio, Chieti 7 Economics & Ethics of Tourism 1 year Università di Bologna 7 Integrative Planning for Tourism Valorization of Environment, Arts and Cultural Heritage First Level Master 1 year Università di Ferrara 7 Marketing & Management for Tourism Enterprises 1 year Università di Genova 7 Economics & Management for Mountain Tourism 1 year Università della Valle d Aosta 7 Economics for Tourism 1 year Università di Milano Bocconi Upon completion of the above programmes, the learner is able to: Anticipate tourists needs Activate and run tourism services Understand both a specific tourism product and the tourism system of a certain location Successfully perform in a volatile tourism sector Comprehend the tourism market by investigating the tourist s social-cultural motivations and analysing the connections between the tourism sector and the remaining economic system Conduct deeper analysis on specific topics such as features of a tourism package and the strategies for the promotion on a certain location First Level Master Programmes are also provided by private training providers in A.T.S. with University. These include: Italy

83 EQF Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 73 7 Hotel & Tourism Management 7 Reconnaissance Packaging Holiday for Incoming and Outgoing Tourism 1 st Level Masters Degree 1 year, full-time 1500 hours = 60 credits VET Private Training E.L.S. FORM in A.T.S. with University Laurea Specialistica The Masters programme can be extended to two years further studies after obtaining the Degree qualification. This leads to a First Level Master or a Specialisation Degree. The Second Level Degree is obtained by reaching 120 credits that will sum up the formely obtained 180 credits, giving out a total number of 300 credits. The Second Level study period comes to a conclusion with the composition of a written study (Specialistica thesis) plus public dissertation. At this level, training is provided by a number of Universities - EQF Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 7 Foreign Languages for Enterprise and International Co-Operation Università degli Studi G. D Annunzio, Chieti 7 Planning & Management of Cultural Events 7 Economics & Management for Tourism 1 st Level Master Laurea Specialistica 2 years, part-time Università di Ferrara Università di Palermo 7 Economics for Tourism Università di Perugia 7 Planning, Design and Management of Tourist Services Università di Napoli Italy

84 Tourism Programmes at EQF 8 In Italy, there are also tourism programmes of study leading to a Post-Graduate Education which includes Specialisation courses or Second Level Masters or Doctorate. These include: EQF Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 8 Masters in Hotel Management 2 nd Level Masters Degree 2 years, full-time 1500 hours = 60 credits VET Private Training E.L.S. FORM in A.T.S. with University 8 Specialisation Course in Economics & Management in Cultural Services Post-Graduate Specialisation Certificate 750 hours =30 credits Università di Ferrara 6 Summary of Tourism Qualifications in Italy Italy, through E.L.S. FORM, have proposed an alignment of existing qualifications in tourism studies to the EQF. Tourism programmes of study are available for eight levels of the EQF leading to the following qualifications: EQF 1 1 st Level Foundation Certificate (Attesto di Qualifica di I Livello) 1 year EQF 2 1 st Level Foundation Certificate (Attesto di Qualifica di I Livello) 2 years EQF 3 Diploma di Qualifica (3 year duration) EQF 4 Diploma di Maturità (Diploma di Qualifica + 2 years) Post-Diploma Courses (Attestati di Qualifica) EQF 5 Diploma di Maturità EQF 6 Diploma di Laurea Master Programmes: EQF 7 1 year of Specialistica + 1 st Level Master or Laurea Specialistica EQF 8 2 nd Level Master and/or Specialisation Degree and/or Doctorate Italy

85 Table 6.1 Tourism Qualifications in Italy Aligned to the EQF 75 EQF Level Qualification 1 Attestato di Qualifica di I Livello (1 st Level Foundation Certificate) 2 Attestato di Qualifica di I Livello (1 st Level Foundation Certificate) 3 Diploma di Qualifica (Certificate) Programme of Study Assistant Cook Restaurant/Hotel Waiter Food and Beverage Administrator Confectionery/Pastry Cook Pizza Chef Barman Wine & Cocktail Bar Operator Hotel/Restaurant Waiter Assistant Cook Restaurant/Bar Operator Kitchen Operator Reception Services Operator Hotel Services Operator 4 Diploma di Maturità Technical Operator for: Tourism Services & Restaurant Services Diploma di Specializzazione 5 Attestato di Qualifica (Post-Diploma) 6 Diploma di Laurea (Bachelor s Degree) Tourism Operator Tourist Guide Expert in Banquets/Receptions Expert in Ice-Cream and Pastry Confection Congress Operator Barman Tourism and Hotel Operations Incoming & Valorisation of Tourism Products Junior Manager for Farm Holiday Centres Computer Aided Management for Tourism Enterprises Front Office Management Foreign Languages for Tourism and Management Economics of Tourism Economics & Management of Cultural, Environmental & Tourism Resources Cultural Tourism Economics & Management for Tourist Services Training Providers VET by Regions / Provinces VET by Regions / Provinces Istituti Professionali Alberghieri (Public Schools) Istituti Professionali Alberghieri (Public Schools) Istituto Tecnico Statale Istituti Professionali di Stato per i Servizzi Alberghieri and della Ristorazione VET Private Training Provider E.L.S. FORM, Chieti Universities in Chieti, Bologna, Genova, Ferrara, Perugia, Palermo, Napoli Italy

86 st Level Master Economics, Management & Valorisation of Arts and Culture Economics & Ethics of Tourism Integrative Planning for Tourism Valorisation of Environment, Arts and Cultural Heritage Marketing & Management for Tourism Enterprises Economics & Management for Mountain Tourism Economics for Tourism Hotel & Tourism Management Reconnaissance Packaging Holiday for Incoming and Outgoing Tourism Università degli Studi G. D Annunzio, Chieti Università di Bologna Università di Ferrara Università di Genova Università della Valle d Aosta Università di Milano Bocconi VET Private Training E.L.S. FORM in A.T.S. with University VET Private Training E.L.S. FORM in A.T.S. with University 8 2 nd Level Master Hotel Management VET Private Training E.L.S. FORM in A.T.S. with University Post-Graduate Specialisation Certificate Economics & Management in Cultural Services Università di Ferrara Italy

87 77

88 78 Opposite page: Leonardo da Vinci Study for Madonna with the Yarnwinder c. 1501

89 Tourism Education and Training in MALTA

90 80 MALTA Tourist Departures (in 2007) 1,243,510 Percentage Change in Departures +10.6% (2007/2006) Total Nights Spent (in 2007) 11,016,993 (+3.3%) Tourist Expenditure (in 2007) 1,058 million (+6.0%) Population 407,810 (2006 est.) Direct Employment in Hotels & Restaurants 10,186 full-timers 8,610 part-timers Total Jobs in Tourism 41,000 jobs Share of tourism in GDP 29.0% Source: NSO 1 Tourism in Malta Tourism is an important driver to the Maltese economy contributing to 29% of the country s Gross Domestic Product. The year 2007 has been a record year for tourism in Malta, having received 1,243,510 overseas visitors, implying an increase of 10.6% over The major contributor of this increase was the introduction of low fare airlines in October 2006 which has made Malta more accessible and price competitive. In fact, the growth in tourist figures was primarily attributable to an increase in holiday visits mainly from the British, Irish and Scandinavian markets currently served by low cost carriers. 87.1% of all inbound visits to Malta comprised tourists coming from EU member states. Although there was an increase in repeat tourism, the overall increase was primarily characterised by a rise in first-time visits. These are estimated to account for 67.8% of total visits. The largest age bracket comprised tourists aged 45 64, although the strongest increase is attributable to tourists aged Although the majority of tourists visiting Malta are still opting for package travel (with a share of 54.9%), direct bookings and non-package stays are exhibiting an increasing trend, rising by 50.1% from year 2006 to year Total nights spent amounted to 11.0 million, increasing by 3.3% over year In line with international tourism trends, the average length of stay is exhibiting a decline as tourists are opting for more frequent but shorter stays. In Malta, the average length of stay declined from 9.5 nights in 2006 to 8.9 nights in Nights spent in both private and collective accommodation increased respectively by 4.9% and 2.8%. Tourist nights in rented accommodation remained practically unchanged while nights in owner-occupied accommodation decreased by 3.5%. By contrast, total nights spent with friends or relatives increased by 17.0%. With regard to guest-nights in collective accommodation a 22.8% increase in the 5-star category was contrasted with a decrease in the 3-star and a lesser decrease in the 4-star categories. Malta

91 In the year 2007, total tourist expenditure was estimated at 1,058 million, an increase of 6.0% over Per capita total expenditure is estimated at 869, down by 3.6%when compared to the preceding year The Tourism Labour Market 10,186 full-time employees are directly employed in hotels and restaurants accounting for 7.1% of the total full-time gainfully occupied population. The share of part-time employment is higher at 18.3% out of the total part-time employment, amounting to 8,610 workers. Nonetheless, employment in tourism is not just limited to jobs in hotels and catering. Earnings generated from tourism are re-spent in a variety of goods and services. This implies that more labor services are required generating more employment termed as induced employment. At its total impact, tourism supports 29% of the total employment in Malta amounting to more than 40,000 jobs (source: The Economic Impact of Tourism in Malta, 2001). In 1987, The Institute of Tourism Studies was established with the main responsibility of providing the Tourism Sector with professional personnel who can guarantee an excellent standard of products and services within the Hospitality Industry. The Institute offers programmes of study at Certificate and Diploma level for careers in Hospitality and Tourism Management, Hotel Operations, Accommodation Operations, Travel Agency Operations and Tour Guiding. Programmes of study are also offered at Craft and Technical levels in Food Preparation and Production and Food and Beverage Service, and the Extended Skill Training Scheme (ESTS) in hospitality trade. Apart from this, various tourism establishments provide training to employees during employment. Following the Employment and Training Survey (2001), 78% of accommodation establishments 69% of catering establishments 76% of travel agencies/destination management companies provide training during employment to employees. 2 The Maltese Education System In Malta, all children between the ages of five and sixteen are entitled to free education in all state schools regardless of age, sex, belief and economic means. The national minimum curriculum and the national minimum regulations for all schools are established by the state according to the rights given by the Education Act (1988). The Education System in Malta is divided as follows: Malta

92 82 Pre-Primary Education Compulsory Education Primary Education Secondary Education Upper Secondary Education Tertiary Education Adult Education 3-5 years 5-16 years 5-11 years years Training Providers: The Junior College Vocational Upper Secondary Education Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology (MCAST) Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) Institute of Health Care (IHC) Training Providers: University of Malta Institute of Health Care (IHC) Malta Centre for Restoration (MCR) Training Providers: Department for Further Studies and Adult Education Employment and Training Corporation (ETC) Pre-Primary Education (3-5 years) Attendance at the pre-primary level is voluntary; about 95% of the children in the age bracket between three and five years attend. Pre-primary education is co-educational and is provided free in state schools. At this level no formal teaching takes place. The National Minimum Curriculum states that the main educational objectives should include activities aimed towards the development of the children s social attitudes, language and communication skills in preparation for primary education. These activities should include communication by word or gesture, singing, play, painting and figure forming, exercises and rhythmic movements. Most pre-primary centres, which are also called kindergarten centres, form part of primary schools. Teachers who teach at kindergarten are called Kindergarten Assistants. Prior to employment, kindergarten assistants have to be qualified in pre-primary education. Currently there are full-time courses leading to the certificate in Early Childhood Education at MCAST and at the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC). Compulsory Education (5-16 years) Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and sixteen. Compulsory education is sub-divided into a six-year primary cycle (five to ten years) and five years of secondary education (eleven to sixteen years). The government is committed to a policy of inclusive education throughout the whole educational cycle. This ensures that children with special needs are integrated into the mainstream. Malta Primary Education Primary education builds on early childhood education and facilitates the development of skills, attitudes and knowledge in preparation for the secondary level. Primary education can be provided by state schools, church or independent private schools. The primary cycle where classes are called Years can be broadly sub-divided in two cycles. The first cycle covers Years One, Two and Three. During these three years education emphasises

93 the development of social skills, literacy and numeracy skills, gradually progressing to more formal academic skills. During the second cycle that covers Years Four, Five and Six there is more emphasis on the academic content. Progressively as children move towards the end of primary education the amount of academic content increases in preparation for the Junior Lyceum Examination. 83 Secondary Education At secondary level there are three different kinds of state schools. Namely the Junior Lyceums, Area Secondary Schools and schools for very low achievers. There are also church and independent secondary schools. Admission into the state Junior Lyceums (schools offering a more intensive academic course) and into some of the church schools is controlled by a qualifying entrance examination. Pupils are examined in Maltese, English, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Religious Knowledge (children may be exempted from sitting for Religious Knowledge if parents object on ground of conscience). Those who fail the examination are admitted to the Area Secondary Schools. The schools for low achievers receive pupils whose levels of attainment after six years of primary education were considered still very low. Upper Secondary Education Upper secondary education (also known as Sixth Form) can be followed at the pre-university Junior College that is administered by the University of Malta and other upper secondary institutions administered by the church or independent organisations. The Junior College The major institution providing upper secondary education is the Junior College. It offers a two-year course specifically designed for future University students who are prepared for the MATSEC Certificate in accordance with the University s General Entry Requirements. Students may choose from a wide range of subjects and must take two subjects at Advanced Level, three at Intermediate Level, as well as Systems of Knowledge. Subjects chosen should also include any Special Course Requirements needed for their prospective University course. While providing formal instruction, the College encourages students to develop their own initiative through guided self-teaching in preparation for their future University career. All Maltese full time upper secondary students are entitled to a monthly grant. State and Church Institutions are state funded. However, independent upper secondary institutions charge tuition fees. Vocational Upper Secondary Education A. MCAST - Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology The Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology (MCAST) is the main provider of all post-compulsory, post-16 vocational education and training in Malta and Gozo except for tourism studies and health care. Its mission is to provide universally accessible vocational and professional education and training with an international dimension, responsive to the need of the individual and the economy. B. ITS - Institute of Tourism Studies The Institute of Tourism Studies aims to provide high level vocational education in the fields of hospitality and tourism. One of the current programmes of study (Higher Diploma in Hospitality Management) enables graduates to join the third year of the B.A. (Hons) Degree Course in tourism offered by the University of Malta. Foreign universities and hotel schools Malta

94 84 accredit programmes of study organised by the Institute. The Institute is also accredited by the Hotel and Catering International Management Association. The courses offered at the Institute range from operational to managerial levels. The ITS is ultimately responsible for providing the hospitality industry with personnel trained to international standards. C. IHC - Institute of Health Care Apprenticeship Training, Initial Vocational Training Students following technical/vocational upper secondary education are eligible to enrol in apprenticeship schemes. These schemes are the Technician Apprenticeship Scheme (TAS) and the Extended Skills Training Scheme (ESTS). The organisation responsible for work placements and follow up is the Employment Training Corporation (ETC) which falls under the Ministry of Education. Vocational courses are linked with industry through the two training schemes available (TAS and ESTS). The ETC offers a wide range of training opportunities for persons willing to learn a trade or skill and thus improve their chances of finding and retaining full-time employment. Tertiary Education The University of Malta Higher education in Malta is offered at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels at the University of Malta that is totally funded by Government and is autonomous and selfgoverning. Courses of studies last between one and six years. Students normally join university courses at the age of 17/18 years although some mature applicants are admitted mostly to part-time and evening courses. The University of Malta offers a number of courses in various faculties leading to a Bachelor s degree at the end of three to four years, depending on the course followed. First-degree courses in Dental Surgery, Engineering and Architecture and Medicine and Surgery take five years whilst the course leading to doctor of law lasts six years. Most undergraduate courses at the University are based on modular or credit system. A credit is obtained by completing a study unit comprising a total of 50 hours of study. Lectures are supplemented by tutorials and where appropriate clinical teaching, practical demonstrations and laboratory work. Post-graduate degrees at Master s levels are also offered and require between one and four years of full-time or part-time study through course work and/or research work. Post-graduate doctoral degrees are awarded and are based on research. Institute of Health Care (IHC) The Institute of Health Care within the University of Malta was set up specifically to develop courses in Health Care on an academic level. It is recognised that health care involves the efforts of a multidisciplinary team of caring professionals who meet, discuss and plan together the health care needs of individuals and specific client groups. The Institute of Health Care provides the knowledge and skills for the professional carer, so that s/he may contribute to effective decision making and policy setting. The Institute is also involved in continuing updating exercises, thereby keeping professionals abreast with recent developments in health care. The Institute of Health Care offers undergraduate courses at Diploma and Bachelor levels. Malta

95 Malta Centre for Restoration (MCR) The Malta Centre for Restoration has been set up with the aim to advise Government on policies related to conservation and restoration, including the identification of priority areas and special needs. The Centre s premises contain Malta s main diagnostic science and restoration laboratories complemented by a fully-resourced documentation division incorporating photography, photogrammetry and laser scanning facilities for the documentation of artefacts, archaeological sites and historic buildings. Through its Institute for Conservation and Restoration Studies, MCR trains its students on internationally recognised professional standards in various conservation and restoration techniques. Apart from degree programmes carried out together with the University of Malta, MCR also provides post-secondary vocational courses in conservation and preservation of Maltese and cultural property. These objectives are consistent with the vision of developing and promoting MCR as a centre of excellence with a distinct Euro-Mediterranean dimension and as a hub in the field of teaching and research activity in conservation and restoration at the heart of the Mediterranean region. 85 Adult Education The Department for Further Studies and Adult Education is responsible for the provision of adult education under the Ministry of Education. The Adult Education and Evening Course Section within this department provides various services including vocational, academic, craft and leisure subjects as well as courses in drama, music and art. The section provides centres for adult basic literacy and also a day centre, the Adult Education Centre also provides courses in a number of subjects at secondary level particularly aimed at returnees. Courses are also organised for various entities including other government departments and private entities. Courses are generally held on a one-year basis, but there are also short thirteen-week courses and others tied up with certification. Courses for adults are also held by the Employment Training Corporation (ETC) which provides basic literacy classes and training for the unemployed. The ETC also set up the Night Institute for Further Education providing further opportunities for adults wishing to pursue various vocational courses, including IT and Computer Practice. Malta

96 86 Figure 2.1 The Maltese Mainstream Education System Doctorate Compulsory education Tertiary Education University General Upper Secondary education (Junior College Education Higher Secondary School) Junior Lyceums Second Cycle First Cycle Vocational Education Colleges & Institutes (MCAST) level 3 level 2 level 1 Seconday Schools Second Cycle First Cycle Primary Schools Second Cycle First Cycle Lifelong Learning Programmes Vocational & General Education Strands Department of Further Studies & Adult Education Schools for very low achievers First Cycle Schools for pupils with acute special education needs 5 4 Kindergarten Age 3 2 Day Care Centres / Nurseries The statute of the Malta College of Arts, science and Technology (MCAST), which was set up in 2000, envisages the provision of level 4 and 5 vocational courses. As yet the College does not provide courses at this level. Please note that the duration of level 1, 2 and 3 in vocational education depends on the options chosen. Malta

97 3 Malta s Qualifications Framework 87 The Malta Qualifications Framework (NQF) gives a national identity in Malta s educational world as well as provides international recognition within the European Union/Community and beyond. After researching the national frameworks of an international selection of countries, Malta s Qualifications Council (MQC) has concluded that an 8-level framework, with a set of features and characteristics to foster trust and recognition, and benchmarked to the EQF, represents the best option for Malta s NQF. This responds to Legal Notice 347/2005 and addresses the National Reform Programme. Malta s Qualifications Framework takes the existing qualifications currently being issued by local education and training institutions and superposes them on eight different levels. Figure 3.1 Malta s Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning * (June 2007) 8 Doctoral Degree 8 7 Master s Degree Postgraduate Diploma Postgraduate Certificate 7 6 Bachelor s Degree 6 5 Undergraduate Diploma Undergraduate Certificate VET Higher Diploma 5 4 Matriculation Certificate Advanced Level Intermediate Level 3 General Education Level 3 SEC Grade General Education Level 2 SEC Grade General Education Level 1 School Leaving Certificate VET Diploma VET Level 3 VET Level 2 VET Level 1 4 (e) 3 (d) 2 (c) 1 (a/b) * Annotations: The NQF is designed in such a way as to be able to include diverse forms of qualifications not as yet covered by this Framework. (a) Attainment of the Basic Employment Passport together with either the Adult Skills Certificate or the MQC 8 Key Competences at Level 1 are considered as a Full VET Level 1 qualification. (b) The MQC recommends that a Full VET Level 1 qualification should enjoy the same parity of esteem as a Full School Leaving Certificate. (c) The MQC recommends that a Full VET Level 2 qualification should enjoy the same parity of esteem as a 4 General Education Level 2 subjects. (d) The MQC recommends that a Full VET Level 3 qualification should enjoy the same parity of esteem as a 3 General Education Level 3 subjects. (e) The MQC recommends that a Full VET Diploma should enjoy the same parity of esteem as a 3 Advanced Level subjects. Malta

98 88 4 Vocational Educational Training The vocational sector offers studies at Levels 1 to 5. There are no entry qualifications at level 1 of the NQF. Each of these levels provides a proportion of training in key competences, sectoral skills as well as underpinning knowledge. The Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) is the main provider of vocational training in hospitality tourism in Malta. The ITS, established in 1987, has the main responsibility to furnish the Tourism Sector with professional personnel who can guarantee an excellent standard of products and services within the Hospitality Industry. In this regard, the ITS offers a number of full-time and part-time programmes of study relating to food preparation and service, hotel operations, accommodation operations, travel agency operations, tour guiding and hospitality and tourism management. ITS courses are available at different levels of qualification including: Foundation Certificate Intermediate Certificate Craft Certificate Diploma Higher Diploma Existing vocational education and training can be aligned to the national vocational framework as indicated in figure 4.1 below. Figure 4.1 Alignment of Existing Qualifications to Malta s NQF NQF Level of Qualification Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 ITS Qualification ITS Higher Diploma Level ITS Diploma Level ITS Certificate Level ITS Foundation Course Extended Skills Training Scheme ESTS Part II ITS Foundation Course Extended Skills Training Scheme ESTS Part I Malta s NQF levels at which existing qualifications are pegged does not imply that existing courses automatically fit in to such Level of Qualifications. They still need to fulfil the learning competences specified by occupational standards. They also have to reflect the proposed ratio of learning with respect to key competences, sectoral skills and underpinning knowledge. 5 Tourism Programmes of Study Aligned to the EQF In Malta, vocational tourism programmes are mapped to the European Qualifications Framework under levels 1 to 5. Furthermore, a Tourism Management Degree Course is provided by the University of Malta, classified under EQF 6. A Master of Arts in Cultural Heritage Management is also provided, falling under level 7 of the EQF. Malta

99 5.1 Tourism Programmes at EQF 1 and/or 2 89 EQF Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 1/2 Food Preparation and Service 1/2 Restaurant Operations Foundation Certificate 2 semesters + 14 weeks practice ITS Food Preparation and Service This programme of studies is designed to equip students with multiple skills in basic Food Preparation and Production and in Food and Beverage Service. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Food Service Theory Kitchen and Larder Basic Theory Beverage Service Basic Theory Pastry and Baking Basic Theory Basic/Generic English (level 1 & 2) Introduction to Maltese Culture Customer Care Food Hygiene, Health and Safety Technical/Vocational Food Service Practical Kitchen and Larder Basic Practical Beverage Service Basic Practical Pastry and Baking Practical Individual Local Industrial Trade Practice Associated Job Position/(s) Basic Food and Beverage Service: Waiter/Waitress/Food and Beverage Service Operative Commis de Rang/Commis Waiter Trainee Basic Food Preparation and Cooking: Food preparation workers Commis Chef / Assistant Chef Restaurant Operations This programme of studies is designed to equip students with the basic skills in Food and Beverage Service. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Food Service Basic Theory Beverage Service Basic Theory Catering Events Basic Wines Career Opportunities in the Hospitality Industry Basic/Generic Food Hygiene, Health and Safety English (level 1 & 2) History Basic Costings Customer Care Technical/Vocational Food Service Basic Practical Beverage Service Basic Practical Local Industrial Trade Practice Malta

100 90 Associated Job Position/(s) Restaurant Operations: Waiter/Waitress/Food and Beverage Service Operative Commis de Rang/Commis Waiter At this level, the ITS in collaboration with the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC) provides three programmes of study within the Extended Skill Training Scheme (ESTS): Food Preparation and Service Restaurant/Bar Operations General Assistance These Certificate courses run over four semesters and include theoretical and practical exposure at ITS together with practical experience within the industry. The Institute of Tourism Studies, in collaboration with the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC), also organises the following programmes of studies within the Extended Skill Training Scheme (ESTS): Food Preparation and Service Restaurant/Bar Operations General Assistance 5.2 Tourism Programmes at EQF 3 At level 3, Certificate Programmes are designed for students wishing to occupy supervisory positions in tourism enterprises particularly hotels and restaurants Certificate Level EQF Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 3 Hotel Operations 3 Accommodation Operations Certificate 4 semesters (2 years) + 14 weeks practice ITS Malta

101 Hotel Operations This Certificate programme equips students with theoretical and practical exposure of hotel operations including food and beverage service, food preparation and production, front office and housekeeping operations. 91 Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Year 1 Food Service Theory Kitchen and Larder Basic Theory Pastry and Baking Basic Theory Beverage Service Theory Introduction to the Tourism Industry Introduction to Maltese Culture Year 2 Front Office Operations Theory Housekeeping Operations Theory Gastronomy Supervisory Studies Basic/Generic Year 1 Business Communications Health, Hygiene and Safety Bookkeeping Purchasing, Costing and Control Introduction to Economics Year 2 Interactive Media Technologies Principles of Marketing Accounting for the Hospitality Industry Languages (French/German/Italian/Spanish) Technical/Vocational Year 1 Food Service Practical Kitchen and Larder Basic Practical Pastry and Baking Basic Practical Beverage Service Practical Local Industrial Trade Practice Year 2 Front Office Operations Practical Housekeeping Operations Practical Hotel Maintenance Associated Job Position/(s) Bartender/Assistant Bartender Hotel Restaurant Food & Beverage Operative Hotel Restaurant Food & Beverage Supervisor Guest Room Attendant Room Service Supervisor Front Office Attendant Supervisory position in Management Malta

102 92 Accommodation Operations This programme of study is intended for those students wishing to work in accommodation operations within a hotel structure. Students are provided with theoretical and practical exposure of housekeeping operations, supervisory skills and conference and banqueting. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Year 1 Introduction to the Tourism Industry Introduction to Maltese Culture Housekeeping Operations Theory Introduction to Front Office Choice, Care & Control of Textiles Year 2 Supervisory Skills Conference & Banqueting, Sales & Co- Ordination Integrated Front Office Operations Basic/Generic Year 1 Language (German) Computer Studies Personal and Career Development Business Communications Health, Hygiene and Safety Year 2 Language (French) Bookkeeping Principles of Marketing Accounting for the Hospitality Industry Technical/Vocational Year 1 Housekeeping Operations Practical Front Office Operations Practical Year 2 Hotel Maintenance Supervisory Skills Practical Local Industrial Trade Practice Associated Job Position/(s) Assistant Housekeeper Front Office Operative Intermediate Certificate: EQF Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 3 Food Preparation and Production Supervisory Studies 3 Food and Beverage Service Supervisory Studies Intermediate Certificate 2 semesters ITS Malta

103 Food Preparation and Production Supervisory Studies This programme of study offers extensive theoretical and practical exposure in Food Preparation and Production and Supervisory Studies. 93 Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Kitchen and Larder Intermediate Theory Pastry and Baking Intermediate Theory Basic Wines Gastronomy Food Nutrition and Diet Basic/Generic Basic Costings Language Information Technology Health and Safety Introduction to Marketing Purchasing and Quality Control Business Communications Supervisory Skills in Catering Operations Local Industrial Trade Practice Technical/Vocational Kitchen and Larder Intermediate Practical & Individual Pastry and Baking Intermediate Practical Associated Job Position/(s) Cooks First Commis Chef Food and Beverage Service Supervisory Studies This programme offers extensive theoretical and practical exposure in Food and Beverage Services and Supervisory Studies. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Food Service Intermediate Theory Beverage Service Intermediate Theory Basic Wines Catering Events Gastronomy Food Nutrition and Diet Generic Health and Safety Basic Costings Conference and Banqueting Supervision Language Business Communications Information Technology Purchasing and Quality Control Supervisory Skills in Catering Operations Introduction to Marketing Local Industrial Trade Practice Technical/Vocational Food Service Intermediate Practical Beverage Service Intermediate Practical Associated Job Position/(s) Assistant Head Waiter Malta

104 Craft Certificate: EQF Level Programme of Study 3 Food and Beverage Service 3 Food Preparation and Production 3 Restaurant Operations Qualification Duration Training Provider Craft Certificate 2 semesters + 14 weeks practice ITS Food and Beverage Service This programme offers extensive theoretical and practical exposure in Food and Beverage Services. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Food Service Intermediate Theory Beverage Service Intermediate Theory Basic Wines Catering Events Food Nutrition and Diet Generic Health and Safety Basic Costings Language Business Communications Information Technology Local Industrial Trade Practice Technical/Vocational Food Service Intermediate Practical Beverage Service Intermediate Practical Associated Job Position/(s) Assistant Head Waiter / Chef de Rang Assistant Head Waiter Sommelier / Wine Waiter Food Preparation and Production This programme of study offers extensive theoretical and practical exposure in Food Preparation and Production. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Kitchen and Larder Intermediate Theory Pastry and Baking Intermediate Theory Food Nutrition and Diet Basic/Generic Health and Safety Basic Costings Language Information Technology Purchasing and Quality Control Local Industrial Trade Practice Malta Technical/Vocational Kitchen and Larder Intermediate Practical & Individual Pastry and Baking Intermediate Practical

105 Associated Job Position/(s) Assistant Chef First Commis Chef 95 Restaurant Operations This programme is designed to equip students with the theoretical, practical and supervisory skills in Food and Beverage Service. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Food Service Intermediate Theory Beverage Service Intermediate Theory Intermediate Wines Food Nutrition and Diet Basic/Generic Health and Safety Conference and Banqueting Supervision Language Information Technology Purchasing and Quality Control Business Communications Local Industrial Trade Practice Local Industrial Trade Practice Technical/Vocational Food Service Intermediate Practical Beverage Service Intermediate Practical Associated Job Position/(s) Assistant Head Waiter Station Waiter 5.3 Tourism Programmes at EQF 4 At level 4 of the EQF, tourism programmes of study in food and beverage service, culinary arts, hotel operations, accommodation operations, travel agency operations and tour guiding are provided leading to a Diploma qualification. The Diploma Programmes run over two semesters full-time at the ITS. Such programmes are designed for those students seeking supervisory and/or managerial responsibilities within the labour market. Students are expected to have completed a 12-month International Internship to proceed to the Diploma programme. Malta

106 96 EQF Level Programme of Study Qualification Duration Training Provider 4 Food and Beverage Service 2 semesters, fulltime 4 Culinary Arts 2 semesters, fulltime 4 Hotel Operations 2 semesters, fulltime 4 Accommodation Operations Diploma 2 semesters, fulltime ITS 4 Travel Agency Operations 2 semesters, fulltime 4 Tour Guiding 3 years (6 semesters), full-time Diploma in Food and Beverage Service The programme develops specific skills, appropriate to a person preparing for or working in first level management in food and beverage service. Students have to successfully complete the Food and Beverage Service Supervisory Studies programme including an International Internship to be able to proceed with the Diploma qualification. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Advanced Technical Skills in Food and Beverage Service Theory Food and Beverage Management Intermediate Wines (Semester 1) Managing Wines and Wine Sales (Semester 2) Generic/Managerial Human Resource Management Principles of HACCP Promotional Activities in the Hospitality Industry Conference and Banqueting Management Technical/Vocational Advanced Technical Skills in Food and Beverage Service Practical Practical project Integrated project Associated Job Position/(s) Food and Beverage Supervisor Head Waiter Assistant Restaurant Manager Malta

107 Diploma in Culinary Arts The programme develops specific skills, appropriate to a person preparing for or working in first level management in food and beverage service. Students have to successfully complete the Food Preparation and Production Supervisory Studies programme including an International Internship to be able to proceed with the Diploma qualification. 97 Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Advanced Kitchen and Larder Skills Theory Advanced Pastry Skills Theory Food and Beverage Management Generic/Managerial Principles of HACCP Human Resources for Catering Operations Promotional Activities in the Hospitality Industry Technical/Vocational Advanced Kitchen and Larder Skills Practical Advanced Pastry Skills Practical Advanced Kitchen and Larder Skills Demo Practical project Integrated project Associated Job Position/(s) Chef de Partie Sous Chef position Diploma in Hotel Operations The Hotel Operations programme offers the necessary training and skills required by aspiring Heads of Department/Supervisors in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry. Students have to successfully complete the Certificate level and 12-month International Internship to qualify to proceed with the Diploma programme. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Year 1 Tourism Sustainability Tourism Law Generic Year 1 Human Resource Management Marketing Management Financial Management Technical/Vocational Year 1 Front Office Management Housekeeping Management Food and Beverage Management Conference and Banqueting Management Integrated project Practical project Associated Job Position/(s) Hotel Supervisor Front Office Supervisor Assistant Food & Beverage Manager Malta

108 98 Diploma in Accommodation Operations The Accommodation Operations programme offers career opportunities in Housekeeping, Front Office, Sales and Reservations. Students have to successfully complete the Certificate level and 12-month International Internship to qualify to proceed with the Diploma programme. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Year 1 Tourism Sustainability Tourism Law Generic/Managerial Year 1 Human Resource Management Marketing Management Technical/Vocational Year 1 Front Office Management Housekeeping Management Integrated project Practical project Associated Job Position/(s) Hotel Supervisor in Front Office / Housekeeping Front Office Supervisor Head of Department in Front Office / Housekeeping Diploma in Travel Agency Operations The Travel Agency Operations Programme of Studies offers career opportunities within the travel trade. Students have to successfully complete the Certificate level and a local placement to qualify to proceed to the Diploma programme of studies. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Year 1 Economic and Social Consequences Generic Year 1 Accounting for the Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Industry Marketing Management Human Resource Management Technical/Vocational Year 1 Advanced Air Ticketing Sports Tourism Special Interest Travel Integrated project Practical project Associated Job Position/(s) Travel consultant Malta Diploma in Tour Guiding This is a full-time three-year (six semesters) programme of studies at the Institute plus a compulsory period of fourteen weeks Local Industrial Trade Practice and a fourteen week language practice programme abroad. The Diploma will be awarded after successful completion of the project.

109 The Tour Guiding Diploma Course leads to a professional tourist guide career. 99 Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Year 1 Maltese History and Culture Aspects of Everyday Life Maltese Environment and Nature Tourism Introduction to the Tourism Industry Development of Art and Architecture in Malta Maltese History Generic Year 1 Communication Skills for Tour Guides Technical Language Skills English Practical Language Skills Interactive Media Technologies Year 2 Technical Language Skills English Practical Language Skills - English Customer Care and Client Relations Local Trade Practice (year 1 and 2) Language Practice Programme Year 2 Maltese History History and Cultural Studies Year 3 Mediterranean Studies Malta Today Modern European Studies Year 3 Technical Language Skills English Practical Language Skills - English Technical/Vocational Year 1 Practical Guiding Theory Practical Guiding Techniques Year 2 Tour Designing and Special Tours Practical Guiding Techniques Year 3 Managing People for Tour Guides Practical Guiding Techniques Associated Job Position/(s) Tour Guide 5.4 Tourism Programme at EQF 5 A Higher Diploma in Hospitality and Tourism Management is offered by the ITS providing aspiring managers with the necessary training and skills required in the hospitality and tourism industry. This is a full-time four-year course including: Three years (6 semesters) of theoretical and practical exposure at the ITS A compulsory period of 14 weeks local industrial trade practice One year compulsory International Internship between semester 4 and 5 This course offers a broad introduction to all the sectors of the Hospitality Industry (Food Preparation, Food and Beverage Service, Front Office and Housekeeping). This knowledge is further consolidated with a solid foundation in the different facets of management concepts (Human Resource Management, Food and Beverage Management, Finance and Marketing). Malta

110 100 Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Year 1 Theory in Food Service Kitchen and Larder Pastry and Baking Introduction to the Tourism Industry Introduction to Maltese Culture Year 2 Theory in Front Office Operations Housekeeping Operations Food, Nutrition and Diet Gastronomy Tourism Sustainability Tourism Law Year 4 Theory in Front Office Management Housekeeping Management Food and Beverage Management Hospitality Management Generic Year 1 Business Communications Health, Hygiene and Safety Bookkeeping Purchasing, Costing and Control Introduction to Economics Year 2 Languages Interactive Media Technologies Accounts Principles and Practices of Management Principles of Marketing E-Business Conference and Banqueting Management Year 4 Financial Management Human Resource Management Marketing Management Management Information Systems Technical/Vocational Year 1 Food Service Practical Kitchen and Larder Basic Practical Pastry and Baking Basic Practical Beverage Service Practical Local Industrial Trade Practice (between semester 2 and 3) Year 3 International Internship Year 4 Integrated Project Practical Project Year 2 Front Office Operations Practical Housekeeping Operations Practical Associated Job Position/(s) Supervisory position in the Hospitality Industry Head of Department After completion, students may be eligible for admission in the third year of the University of Malta B.A. (Hons) Tourism Degree programme of study. 5.5 Tourism Programme at EQF 6 The University of Malta offers a B.A. in Tourism Studies. This programme extends over a period of three years of full-time study (Part 1). An additional year will entitle students with an Honours Degree (Part 2). The main objectives of this programme are to provide a comprehensive background to the local and international dimensions of the tourism industry and to equip students with skills to critically analyse the tourism industry and its impact on society, environment and economy. Malta

111 Knowledge Year 1 An Introduction to Environmental Science and to the Maltese and Mediterranean Environments Sociology of Industrial Societies Introduction to Public Policy * Specific Competence (Topics) Generic Skills Year 1 Accounting and Financial Control Introductory Economics Academic English Introduction to Business Management Statistics and Computing Mathematics * General Psychology Specific Tourism Skills Year 1 Tourism and Society Tourism Principles and Practices Introduction to Hospitality 101 Knowledge Year 2 Labour and Development Development of Industrial Societies Artistic Management * Work and Leisure Physical Geography of the Mediterranean * Generic Skills Year 2 Intermediate Microeconomics Intermediate Macroeconomics Mathematics * Informatics Consumer and Organisation Buying Behaviour Management of Culture E-Tourism Part 1 * Introduction to Environmental Economics Specific Tourism Skills Year 2 Environment and Tourism International Tourism Development Spatial Planning and Tourism Tourism Marketing Malta s Tourism Development * Knowledge Year 3 Research Methodology EU Law and Tourism Law related to Tourism Mediterranean Voices: The Intangible Heritage in an Urban Context (Part I & II) * International Tourism Development Spatial Planning and Tourism Management of Culture Mediterranean Voices: The Intangible Heritage in an Urban Context (Part I & II) * Generic Skills Year 3 Foundations in Finance Operations Management * Human Resource Management * Social and Economic Policy E-Tourism Part II * Academic English Tourism Marketing E-Tourism I Specific Tourism Skills Year 3 Tourism Economics Social and Cultural Perspectives of Tourism Heritage Management & Interpretation Sustainable Tourism Development Malta s Tourism Development * Tourism and Society International Tourism Development Malta

112 102 Knowledge Generic Skills Specific Tourism Skills Year 4 Corporate Strategy Public Enterprise Management Museology Social Impact Assessment Transportation Management Current Issues in Tourism Artistic Management * Physical Geography of the Mediterranean * Management of Culture Year 4 Business Ethics * E-Tourism II * Year 4 Tourism and Work Relations Events and Conventions Management Advanced Tourism Management Socio-Economic Issues in Tourism Tourism Principles and Practices * Introduction to Hospitality * Associated Job Position/(s) Supervisory /Managerial Positions with the Hospitality Industry * indicates unit is elective 5.6 Tourism Programme at EQF 7 Heritage Malta, in collaboration with the University of Malta and the Institute of Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage, provides a Post-Graduate programme leading to a Masters in Cultural Heritage Management (M.A.C.H.M.). The purpose of this programme is to contribute to the formation of management professionals capable of working within the cultural heritage sector. This course provides management skills and knowledge in relevant areas of cultural heritage with particular reference to Mediterranean cultural heritage. The graduate of this programme will be capable of management of museums and sites, organise cultural events, attract funding (including EU funding) to cultural heritage and respond to the needs of the cultural tourism sector. The following table lists tourism programmes of study available in Malta as aligned to the EQF level of classification: Malta

113 Table 5.1 Tourism Programmes of Study Aligned to the EQF 103 EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study Training Provider Level 1/2 Foundation Certificate Food Preparation and Service Restaurant Operations ITS Level 3 Intermediate Certificate Food Preparation and Production and Supervisory Studies Intermediate Certificate Food and Beverage Service and Supervisory Studies Craft Certificate Food Preparation and Production Craft Certificate Food and Beverage Service ITS Craft Certificate Restaurant Operations Certificate Hotel Operations Certificate Accommodation Operations Certificate Travel Agency Operations Level 4 Food and Beverage Service Culinary Arts Hotel Operations Diploma Accommodation Operations ITS Travel Agency Operations Tour Guiding Level 5 Higher Diploma Hospitality and Tourism Management Level 6 Bachelor of Arts B.A. in Tourism Studies B.A. (Honours) in Tourism Studies Level 7 Master of Arts M.A. in Cultural Heritage Management (M.A.C.H.M.) ITS University of Malta Heritage Malta * * The Master of Arts in Cultural Heritage Management is provided by Heritage Malta in collaboration with the University of Malta and the Institute of Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage. Malta

114 104 6 Summarising Malta s Tourism Qualifications Aligned to the EQF In Malta, a National Qualifications Framework already exists. Malta s eight-level NQF is benchmarked to the EQF. This National Qualifications Framework takes the existing qualifications currently being issued by local education and training institutions and superposes them on eight different levels: Vocational Education falls within Level 1 to 5 of the framework Level 6 refers to Tertiary Education leading to a Bachelor s Degree qualification; Level 7 refers to Post-Graduate qualification leading to a Master s Degree Level 8 refers to Doctoral Degree The Institute of Tourism Studies (ITS) is the main provider of vocational training in hospitality tourism in Malta. The ITS offers a number of full-time and part-time programmes of study relating to food preparation and service, hotel operations, accommodation operations, travel agency operations, tour guiding and hospitality and tourism management. The Tourism Vocational Sector offers studies at EQF Levels 1 to 5. These include courses provided by the ITS at: Foundation Level (EQF 1 / 2) Intermediate/Craft/Certificate Level (EQF 3) Diploma Level (EQF 4) Higher Diploma Level (EQF 5) A Degree Course leading to a B.A. in Tourism Studies, classified under EQF 6, is provided by the University of Malta. Heritage Malta, in collaboration with the University of Malta and the Institute of Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage, offers a Master of Arts in Cultural Management (M.A.C.H.M.), which falls under Level 7 of the EQF. Malta

115 105

116 106 Opposite page: Leonardo da Vinci Study of hands c. 1474

117 Tourism Education and Training in SLOVENIA

118 108 SLOVENIA Tourists (foreign and domestic) 2.5 million (in 2006) Percentage Change +4% (2006/2005) Population 2,024,3358 (as at September 2007) People employed in tourism 54,000 (6.4% of all jobs in Slovenia) Share of tourism in GDP 3.7% Source: Euromonitor 1 Tourism in Slovenia Tourism is rapidly becoming one of the most important industries in Slovenia. In 2006 Slovenia recorded almost 2.5 million arrivals of tourists who spent over 7.7 million nights. Compared to a year before, the number of tourist arrivals went up by 4% and the number of overnight stays by 2%. About two thirds of tourists in 2006 were foreign tourists and about a third were domestic tourists. Most of the arrivals (37.6%) were recorded in the summer months (June to August), while 17.1% were recorded in the winter months (December to February). Slightly fewer than two thirds of foreign tourists originate from Italy, Germany, Austria, Croatia, the United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands. Both the number of tourists and overnight stays have been increasing as well as expenditure per person. Especially incoming tourists are about to accelerate growth in future years as Slovenia is reaping the benefits of accession to the EU, euro adoption and is tuning its marketing efforts to boost recognition. Incoming tourists the lift-off The accession of Slovenia to the EU had a visible effect on the level of foreign tourists. Slovenia has found its place on the tourist map and it seems that everything is working in favour of even more tourists. Geographical location near the centre of Europe, natural diversity from the Alps to the Adriatic coast in less than two hours, improving accessibility and preference for safe places are all influencing the rise. High investments by domestic companies have together with improving government services for this sector also contributed to growth. It seems that all this will have full effect in future years when Slovenia becomes even better recognised, better connected to the rest of the world airlines including low-fare carriers will have to contribute to this. The adoption of the euro, on 1 st January 2007, has further contributed to Slovenia s growth in tourist arrivals, as exchanging money no longer presents a problem, especially since most tourists are from Eurozone countries, like Austria (source: Euromonitor, Travel and Tourism in Slovenia, Country Report). Tourism currently nets EUR 1.4 billion in foreign currency each year, a tenth of Slovenia s exports. The sector also employs 54,000 people (6.4% of all jobs in Slovenia) and makes up 3.7% of the country s GDP (source: Government Communication Office Newsletter, October 2006). Slovenia

119 2 The Structure of Education in Slovenia 109 The Slovenian school system has seen a number of changes in recent years, aiming to raise awareness of educational rights and thereby achieve a higher educational level. The Slovenian Education System consists of: Pre-school education Basic education (primary and lower secondary education) (Upper) Secondary education: vocational and technical education secondary general education Higher vocational education Higher education The system also allows for specific education including adult education, music and dance education, special needs education and programmes in ethnically and linguistically mixed areas. Pre-school Education Pre-school education, offered by pre-school institutions, is not compulsory. It includes children between the ages of 1 and 6. The curriculum is divided in two cycles (from 1 to 3 and from 3 to 6). The new curriculum promotes different types of programmes such as: day, half-day and short programmes. There is also the possibility of childminders, pre-school education at home or occasional care of children in their homes. The Curriculum for Preschool Institutions defines six areas of activities: movement, language, art, nature, society and mathematics. The goals set in individual fields of activities provide the framework for the selection of contents and activities by teachers. Pre-School Education Ages: 1-6 Not compulsory Two cycles: First Age Group (1-3 years) Second Age Group (3-6 years) Basic Education Basic Education was extended from eight to nine years unifying Primary and Lower Secondary education. Nine-year basic education is divided into 3 three-year cycles. Elementary schools provide the compulsory and extended curriculum - The compulsory curriculum must be provided by school and studied by all pupils. It consists of compulsory subjects, electives, home-room periods and activity days (culture, science, sports, technology). The optional elementary school curriculum must be provided by school but pupils are free to decide whether they will participate in it or not. It includes educational assistance for children with special needs, remedial classes, additional classes, afterschool care and other forms of care for pupils, interest activities and out-of-school classes. Successful completion of basic education enables pupils to proceed to education in their choice of secondary school. Pupils who fulfil the legal compulsory education requirement Slovenia

120 110 and successfully complete at least seven classes in the nine-year elementary school can continue their education in a short-term vocational education programme. Success at that level opens doors to other more demanding secondary school programmes. Basic Education 9-year duration, unifying Primary & Lower Secondary Education Three-year cycles Elementary schools provide compulsory and extended curriculum Upper Secondary Education Secondary education follows the compulsory general basic education. Secondary schools include: a) General Secondary Schools (Gimnazije) preparing students predominantly for further studies and b) Vocational and Technical Schools preparing students predominantly for labour Programmes in secondary education vary in content, duration and goals. a) General Secondary Education General secondary school preparing students for further studies is called Gimnazija. Gimnazija programmes are divided into two groups: general and professionally oriented (technical gimnazija). It lasts four years. It ends with an external examination called the matura examination. Those gimnazija students who do not wish to continue their education have a possibility to enter the labour market by attending a vocational course and gaining a qualification in the selected occupation. The aim of vocational courses is to provide a bridge between general and vocational education and to make it possible for graduates from general, classical, and technical gimnazija to obtain initial vocational qualifications at the level of corresponding secondary vocational and technical schools. Educational aims are the same as for vocational and technical education. The course leads to a vocational qualification needed on the labour market or for further studies at higher vocational and professional colleges. b) Secondary vocational and technical education The planning, programming and provision of vocational education are a joint responsibility of social partners (employers and trade unions) and the state. Common aims and goals of secondary vocational and technical education were defined in a common curricular document. Short-term vocational programmes should last a year and a half for students and apprentices that have completed their basic education, and two and a half years for those without completed basic education. They finish with a final examination. The certificate of the final examination enables students to enter the labour market or to enter the first year at any other (upper) secondary vocational school. Pupils who have successfully completed elementary school can enrol in 3-year secondary vocational programmes. Slovenia Vocational education programmes are offered in the dual/apprenticeship, system and/or in the school-based system. The core curriculum is common to all programmes and includes a minimal scope of theoretical and practical knowledge and skills specified by occupational standards and required for a certain vocational qualification, regardless of the type of educational provision. Practical training in the framework of the dual system is offered by employers. Programmes also specify the part of practical training that can be provided by

121 schools and/or inter-company centres as practical instruction. The certificate of the final examination enables students to enter the labour market or to continue education in twoyear vocational-technical programmes, leading to a qualification at the level of a secondary technical school. 111 Vocational-technical programmes are developed as upgrade of vocational education. The aims of vocational-technical programmes are the same as those of technical education programmes and lead to educational qualifications at the level of secondary technical school, also called a technical qualification, in a specific field. On the other hand, graduates who find a job immediately after completing a three-year vocational programme can re-enter education after at least three years of employment to obtain a qualification at the level of a secondary technical school by passing examinations. If they additionally pass examinations in the general subjects of the Poklicna Matura examination, they can continue their studies in higher vocational education. Technical education is designed primarily as preparation for vocational and professional colleges, although it also leads to jobs with a broad profile. Secondary technical programmes last four years, which end with the Poklicna Matura Examination. (Upper) Secondary Education A) General Secondary Education (Gimnazije) General and professional oriented gimnazije 4-year duration ending with a Matura examination B) Vocational and Technical Schools Short-term vocational programmes Vocational programmes Vocational-Technical programmes Higher Vocational Education First vocational colleges were established in 1996/97. Post-secondary vocational education lasts for two years ending with a diploma examination. A post-secondary vocational diploma enables students to start work in specific occupations. Since the 1998/99 academic year, vocational college graduates have been able to enrol in the second year of professionally oriented higher education programmes if the higher education institution providing this type of study allows such arrangements. Higher Secondary Education Two year duration ending with a Diploma Examination Higher education Higher education includes academic university studies and professionally oriented studies. In 2004, amendments to the Higher Education Act were adopted. The Act provides for a three-level study structure. The first level relates to the undergraduate studies and the second and third levels to postgraduate studies. The duration of study programmes is limited in years (three to four years) and credit points (180 to 240 credit points). Study programmes must be in line with the EU study programmes. The second level maintains the master s studies. It encompasses from 60 to 120 credit points and takes one or two years to complete. The third level is the doctoral studies and lasts three years. Higher education is the responsibility of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology. Slovenia

122 112 Higher Education (Post-Reform) First Cycle Professional (Undergraduate studies), 3 to 4 years duration First Cycle Academic (Undergraduate studies), 3 to 4 years duration Second Cycle Master (Postgraduate studies), 1 to 2 years duration Third Cycle Doctor of Science (Postgraduate studies), 3 year duration Table 2.1 The Structure of Education in Slovenia Pre-School Education Basic Education (Upper) Secondary Education Higher Vocational Education Higher Education Offered by pre-school institutions, not compulsory Ages: 1 to 6 Two cycles: 1 st Age Group: 1-3 years; 2 nd Age Group: 3-6 years 9 year duration, unifying Primary and Lower Secondary Education Divided into 3 year cycles Elementary schools provide compulsory and extended curriculum A) General Secondary Education (Gimnazije) General and professional oriented gimnazije 4 year duration ending with a Matura examination B) Vocational and Technical Schools Short-term vocational programmes Vocational programmes (apprenticeship or school-based) Vocational-Technical programmes Two year duration ending with a Diploma Examination Three-level study structure: 1. First Cycle Professional and Academic (Undergraduate studies, 3 to 4 years) 2. Second Cycle Master (Postgraduate studies, 1 to 2 years) 3. Third Cycle Doctor of Science (Postgraduate studies, 3 years) 3 The National Qualifications Framework in Slovenia The Slovenian system of qualifications consists of three sub-systems: qualifications obtained through educational programmes at the formal education levels, which end with the gaining of a certificate, diploma or other evidence of publicly recognised education; a certification system of national vocational qualifications (NVQ), which enables the gaining of working vocational or professional training and recognition of non-formal knowledge with a publicly recognised document; Slovenia

123 further and supplementary education, by which an individual deepens knowledge and develops competences for life, work, mobility and career promotion and by which she or he obtains certification which may be a condition for employment or for continuing to perform work The National Occupational Qualification (NOQ) The National Occupational Qualification is a formally recognized competence required for practicing the occupation on the basis of the National Occupational Standard. In Slovenia, the National Occupational Qualification can be acquired in the following ways: By completing the vocational or professional education programmes or completing modules as part of the educational programme; OR By assessment and accreditation of the NOQ Educational programmes are drawn up and implemented in accordance with the Vocational and Professional Education Act (1996) falling within the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Sport in cooperation with the social partners. The Educational programme defines the path towards the acquisition of National Occupational Qualifications. 3.2 The National Professional Qualification (NPQ) In Slovenia the focus is shifting towards learning achievements, tested through final examination (school leaving examination) or vocational baccalaureate (Matura). Competence is measured by the ability to mobilise knowledge, skills, attitudes and actions in order to perform work tasks in a number of circumstances. Professional qualification is vocational or specialised for training managing specific professions or individual tasks within the profession on a determined required level. The NPQ includes further (continuing) education based on labour market demands and the concept of life-long learning. National Profession Qualifications in tourism include the following professions: Diet Cook Assistant Cook Assistant Waiter Catering Manager Tourism Information Officer Holiday Activity Organiser Sommelier Barman Croupier Competences for NPQ Professions Diet Cook Competences: Planning and organising own work Rational energy, materials and time consumption Quality assurance and success in work environment according to standards Communicate with co-workers Preparation of diet menus Preparation of diet meals as well as drinks according to culinary and diet standard regulations Slovenia

124 114 Assistant Cook Competences: Planning and organising own work Rational energy, materials and time consumption Quality assurance and success in work environment according to standards Communicate with co-workers Cleaning provisions Preparing provisions for cold and warm starters Preparing soups, soup starters, side dishes, stews, vegetable dishes, salads Preparation of simple sweets Assistant Waiter Competences: Planning and organising own work Rational energy, materials and time consumption Quality assurance and success in work environment according to the standards Communicate with guests according to standards in a skilful and tactical manner Maintaining guests premises Taking care of catering inventory Serving under the supervision of waiter Working in a bar Catering Manager Competences: Planning and organising own work Rational energy, materials and time consumption Quality assurance and success in work environment according to the standards Communicate with representatives and guest in one foreign language Accepting orders and preparation of offer Organisation and management of catering Catering performance Organisation and management of final works Tourist Information Officer Competences: Planning and organising own work Rational energy, materials and time consumption Quality assurance and success in work environment according to the standards Communicate with representatives and guest actively in one foreign language and passively in two foreign languages Developing marketing skills, competences and behaviour Uses information and telecommunication technology Communicate with co-workers, experts, clients and business partners Representing local communities, regions and states in touristic promotional events Advising with tourist destinations, products and other elements of offer Performing activities for approbation of guest and business partners Designing informative material for the purpose of Touristic Informative Centre Supplying guests with promotional and informative material Performing statistically analytical work Slovenia

125 Holiday Activity Organiser Competences: 115 Planning and organizing own work Rational energy, materials and time consumption Quality assurance and success in work environment according to the standards Communicate with guest actively in two foreign languages and passively in one foreign language Communicate with co-workers, experts, clients and business partners Developing marketing skills, competences and behaviour Reception and informing guest Organisation and performance of outdoor activities Organisation and performance of daily (day time, night time) animation Organisation and performance of walks and hiking Organisation and performance of special targeting events Sommelier Competences: Planning and organising own work Rational energy, materials and time consumption Quality assurance and success in work environment according to the standards Communicate with representatives and guests in two foreign languages Supplying and storing wine Recommendation and serving guests with wine Barman Competences: Planning and organising own work Rational energy, materials and time consumption Quality assurance and success in work environment according to the standards Communicate with representatives and guest in two foreign languages Counselling guest with variety of drinks and beverages Preparation and serving cocktails Serving guests with spirits, liqueurs, wines, aromatic as well as sparkling wines and beers Serving guests with snacks, deserts and tobacco products Croupier Competences: Planning and organising own work Communicate with co workers and guest Communicate with guest in one foreign language Opening, closing and finishing the table together with supervisor and manager of the table Performing American and French roulette Carrying out card game Black Jack Slovenia

126 Klasius Classification System of Education and Training In April 2006, the Slovenian government adopted a decree on the introduction and use of classification system of education and training (Klasius), which is one of the formal bases for building a Slovenian qualification framework. This classification is based on eight levels, from primary school to doctoral qualifications 1 st Level Non compulsory primary school education 2 nd Level Primary school education 3 rd Level Short-term vocational education 4 th Level Secondary vocational education 5 th Level Secondary General Education & Secondary Technical Education 6 th Level 6/1 Post-Secondary Vocational Education 6/2 Professional Type & Higher Education 7 th Level Education at Master s Level & University Graduate Education 8 th Level 8/1 Former Master s Degree 8/2 PhD 3.4 Tourism Programmes of Study Aligned to ISCED Klasius represents a base for the NQF. For the purposes of this comparative analysis, an alignment to ISCED has been provided classifying tourism programmes of study at ISCED levels 2a, 3, 3a, 4, 5, 6 and 7 for a number of tourism professions. Furthermore, a tentative alignment of tourism programmes to the European Qualifications Framework has been made Tourism Programme at ISCED 2a (Klasius 3) Level of Qualification ISCED 2a (Klasius 3) ISCED 2a (Klasius 3) Career Path Qualification Duration Household Keeper Assistant Household Keeper Assistant 1 Lower VET Certificate 2.5 years Training Provider Short-term vocational college This certificate programme includes: Professional and general education Extracurricular activities Apart from technical/vocational skills, students are also exposed to generic/basic skills including languages, professional accounts, social science, natural science and physical education. The Household keeper assistant programme of study is designed to equip students with skills in basic Housekeeping, Service Industry as well as in Maintenance. Slovenia

127 Specific Competence (Topics) 117 Knowledge Skills Competence Housekeeping Textile goods House Provision/ Agricultural production and breed Basic/Generic Slovenian Foreign language Professional Accounts Social Science Natural Science Physical Education Technical/Vocational Kitchen cooking and Service Textile goods modelling and space arrangement Provision and maintenance/agricultural production and breed Practical Local Industrial Trade Practice/ School Centre Associated Job Position/(s) Worker in a food industrial manufacture Worker in a bakery, hotel and restaurant Tourism programmes at ISCED 3 (Klasius 4) Level of Qualification ISCED 3 (Klasius 4) ISCED 3 (Klasius 4) Career Path Qualification Duration Waiter Cook Final Examination Certificate 3 years Training Provider Secondary Vocational School These programmes were created on the basis of Vocational Standards for Cook Assistant, Waiter Assistant and Cook. Waiter Programme of Study This programme of study is designed to equip students with multiple skills in basic Beverage Preparation and Service. Slovenia

128 118 Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Common catering basics Work methods of serving guests Work in the bar and serving drinks Communication with guests and business operations Serving regular and extraordinary meals Basic/Generic Slovenian Foreign language Art Mathematics Social Science Natural Science Physical Education Technical/Vocational Common catering basics/practical Work methods of serving to guests/practical Work in the bar and serving drinks/practical Communication with guests and business operations/practical Serving regular and extraordinary meals/ practical Local Industrial Trade Practice/ School Centre Associated Job Position/(s) Head of Service Barman Cook Programme of Study The Cook programme is module based and enables the acquisition of Secondary Vocational Education Cook, National Vocational Qualification Cook Assistant and National Vocational Qualification Waiter Assistant. It can be offered as full-time, part-time or as an adult education programme. Accreditation is provided by the Ministry of Education and Sport. The Cook programme of study is designed to equip students with multiple skills in basic Food Preparation and Production, Food Storage and Food and Beverage Service. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Common catering basics Meal preparation technology Preparation of ordinary and extraordinary meals Complex meal preparation Basic/Generic Slovenian Foreign language Art Mathematics Social Science Natural Science Physical Education Local Industrial Trade Practice/ School Centre Technical/Vocational Common catering basics/practical Meal preparation technology/practical Preparation of ordinary and extraordinary meals/practical Complex meal preparation/practical Slovenia

129 Associated Job Position/(s) Trainee Supervisor Catering Employee Diet Cook Tourism programmes at ISCED 3a (Klasius 5) Level of Qualification ISCED 3a (Klasius 5) Career Path Qualification Duration Tourism Technician 2 years Training Provider Secondary Vocational School ISCED 3a (Klasius 5) ISCED 3a (Klasius 5) Catering Technician Tourism & Catering Technician Matura Examination Certificate 4 years 4 years Secondary Technical School Secondary Technical School Secondary schools provide basic common curriculum to all programmes accredited by the Ministry of Sport and Education; practical training is provided by schools and/or intercompany centres and local trade companies accredited by the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs. Technical education is designed primarily as preparation for vocational and professional colleges, although it leads to jobs with a broad profile. Technician of Tourism The Technician of Tourism programme of study is designed to equip students with multiple skills in basic Tourism Management Service. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Art History Tourism basics Tourism management Theory Economy Basic/Generic Slovenian Foreign language 1 Foreign language 2,3 Art Mathematics IT Science Social Science Natural Science Physical Education Technical/Vocational Tourism management practice Local Industrial Trade Practice/ School Centre Associated Job Position/(s) Catering technician Economist Reception clerk Tourist animator Commercial technician Leisure organiser Slovenia

130 120 Technician of Catering The Technician of Catering programme of study is designed to equip students with multiple skills in basic Catering Management Service. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Nutrition Theory Business Communication Medical and Hygienic Care Organisation and Economy in Catering Industry Basic/Generic Slovenian Foreign language 1,2 Art Mathematics IT Science Social Science Natural Science Physical Education Local Industrial Trade Practice/ School Centre Technical/Vocational Kitchen Cooking Practical Service Practical Associated Job Position/(s) Catering manager Service manager Technician of Catering and Tourism The Technician of Catering and Tourism programme of study is designed to equip students with multiple skills in basic Catering and Tourism management Service. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Nutrition Theory Business Communication Organisation and Economy in Catering Industry Tourism Theory Basic/Generic Slovenian Foreign language 1,2 Art Mathematics IT Science Social Science Natural Science Physical Education Local Industrial Trade Practice/ School Centre Technical/Vocational Kitchen Cooking Practical Service with animation Practical Slovenia

131 3.4.4 Tourism programmes at ISCED 5b (Klasius 6/1) 121 Level of Qualification ISCED 5b (Klasius 6/1) ISCED 5b (Klasius 6/1) Career Path Qualification Duration Culinary & Food Service Management Tourism Hospitality Management Higher VET Diploma Associate of Applied Science Degree Training Provider 2 years Vocational College At this level, apart from technical/vocational skills, students are also exposed to generic/ basic skills including Business Communication & Management Economics and Management of Companies Legal and Technical Regulations Economics of Tourism Marketing in Catering and Tourism Business Information Technology and Statistics Catering and Tourist Company Operations Natural and Cultural Heritage Culinary and Food Service Management The aim of this educational programme is to educate students for catering engineers with a wide range of professional and theoretical knowledge, as well as knowledge practically applicable to catering. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Gastronomy Food & Beverage Quality Cookery & Work Organisation Service & Work Organisation Basic/Generic Foreign Language I,2 - Professional terminology Business Communication and Management Economics and Management of Companies Legal and Technical Regulations Economics of Tourism Marketing in Catering and Tourism Business Information Technology and Statistics Catering and Tourist Company Operations Natural and Cultural Heritage Technical/Vocational Gastronomy practical Food & Beverage Quality practical Cookery & Work Organisation practical Service & Work Organisation practical Local Industrial Trade Practice Slovenia

132 122 Associated Job Position/(s) Graduates are prepared for a variety of positions in foodservice and hospitality operations such as: small to medium-sized or large hospitality and foodservice operations (private guest houses, restaurants, motels, spas, entertainment facilities, tourist agencies), various educational, health care and other institutions, companies with hospitality as a sideline business activity (air, rail and sea carriers) Tourism and Hospitality Management The aim of this educational programme is to educate students for catering engineers with a wide range of professional and theoretical knowledge, as well as knowledge practically applicable to catering. Specific Competence (Topics) Knowledge Skills Competence Tourism Geography Tourism Activities and Services Cookery and Gastronomy Introduction to Service Basic/Generic Foreign Language I,2,3 - Professional terminology Business Communication and Management Economics and Management of Companies Legal and Technical Regulations Economics of Tourism Marketing in Catering and Tourism Business Information Technology and Statistics Catering and Tourist Company Operations Natural and Cultural Heritage Local Industrial Trade Practice Technical/Vocational Tourism Geography practical Tourism Activities and Services practical Cookery and Gastronomy practical Introduction to Service practical Associated Job Position/(s) Economist Reception clerk Tourist animator Commercial technician Sport and leisure organiser Catering manager Tourism Programmes of Study at Tertiary Level University Bachelor s Degree In Slovenia, the following programmes of study are provided at tertiary level, leading to a Bachelor s Degree, classified under ISCED 5b (Klasius 6/2): Slovenia

133 Level of Qualification Career Path Qualification Duration Training Provider 123 ISCED 5b (Klasius 6/2) Language Mediation in Tourism Bachelor s Degree 3 years ISCED 5b (Klasius 6/2) Tourism Destination Management Bachelor s Degree 3 years University ISCED 5b (Klasius 6/2) Business Systems in Tourism Bachelor s Degree 3 years ISCED 5b (Klasius 7) Tourism Bachelor of Economics 4 years Language Mediation in Tourism This is a new programme of study within the Slovenian tertiary educational environment. This is a niche market in Slovenia whereby students are exposed to knowledge and skills in the area of culture, foreign languages and marketing thus ensuring better job prospects in the field of international tourism marketing. General competences include: Knowledge of research methods, procedures and processes, the development of critical and self-critical assessment Ability to search and implement expert knowledge and its integration into an already acquired knowledge-pool Development of communication skills, especially in international and intercultural environment Development of ethic reflection and devotion to professional ethics Development of cooperation and team work efforts on national, international and intercultural environment Specific competences include: Ability to analyse, and foresee the solutions and consequences of phenomena in tourism, marketing and intercultural communication Understanding of tourist, social sciences and humanities framework and history, as well as of business sciences Knowledge of the domestic and international business environment Ability to search for new information and its interpretation, as well as its contextualisation within tourism Understanding of general disciplinary structure and its sub-disciplinary interconnection Understanding and use of critical judgement and the development of theory, as well as their implementation to problem solving Developing skills and knowledge in relevant fields of expertise; ICT and systems use in tourism Tourism Destination Management This programme of study takes into account the latest tourism trends in Slovenia and within the wider global environment. It provides for the development of sustainable tourism and characteristics in the local tourism environment. Students acquire knowledge and skills for gaining synergies between the hospitality providers and the tourism industry. Slovenia

134 124 General competences include: The development of communication skills especially in international and intercultural environment The development of ethic reflection and devotion to professional ethics The development of cooperation and team work efforts on national, international and intercultural environment The ability to search and implement expert knowledge and its integration into already acquired knowledge-pool Providing expert independency and independent business decision-making Specific competences include: The ability to analyse, synthesise, foresee the solutions and consequences of phenomena in tourist destination Critical assessment in the field of Tourism Destination Management Obtaining relevant information and interpreting it within a tourism context Understanding of tourist, business and organisational framework and history Developing knowledge and skills of destination management problem solving, in accordance with the use of relevant methods and procedures Gaining knowledge and skills on planning, organising and controlling the relationships and procedures on local level, with special emphasis on sustainable development Recognising the features of international market segments, and macro-environmental features of emerging tourist markets Business Systems in Tourism This undergraduate programme of study exposes students to an understanding of the tourism product and tourism marketing. Students also develop managerial and organisational skills of business systems in tourism. Competences, key knowledge, skills: Self-assessment of vocational/professional achievements The use of relevant literature and research procedures Knowledge of research methods, procedures and the development of critical/self-critical judgement The development of ethic reflection and devotion to professional ethics The development of cooperation, team work efforts on national, international and intercultural environment Specific competences include: The ability to analyse, synthesise, foresee the solutions and consequences of phenomena in tourism, management and marketing Knowledge of tourism, management and the economy Understanding tourist behaviour, the economical and managerial framework and business sciences Coherent basic knowledge and ability to connect such knowledge on different levels; Knowledge in domestic and international environment The ability to search for new information, its interpretation, as well as its contextualisation within tourism The development of skills and knowledge in relevant field of expertise ICT and systems use in tourism Slovenia

135 Bachelor of Economics: Tourism This four-year programme of study will help students acquire knowledge on: The tourist activities, Trends and tourist commercialisation, Role of tourist attractions, Environment preservation, The development of tourism products and their marketing, Tourist enterprises, Project management, Planning and development of tourist policy, As well as instruments for reassuring economical, social and ecological goals. 125 Skills acquired include: The ability to discern business opportunities Efficient management of tourist related enterprises Understanding specifics in tourism activity Team-work Human resource management Counselling on the development of tourist products and destinations Post-Graduate (Master) Education Programme in Tourism Level of Qualification Career Path Qualification Duration Training Provider ISCED 6 (Klasius 8/1) Master of Science in Tourism Master of Science 2 years University The post-graduate tourism course in Slovenia, called Turizem (Tourism) offers students a choice between organisational and spatial-social courses. Graduates will be provided with the knowledge and skills required for posts in management and leadership within the tourism industry and/or tourism related businesses in the private and public sectors. Slovenia

136 126 Competences, key skills and knowledge include: To provide methodological tools, knowledge and skills required for scientific research in the field of tourism To provide in-depth specific economical and managerial knowledge, skills required for business systems management in tourism Knowledge and skills on Social Science indispensable for analytic and critical assessment of society and social characteristics of countries, with potentially and/or actually emerging markets for Slovenian tourist economy To provide theoretical knowledge and skills in the field of environmental planning, natural sustainable development, destination management Networking To provide the students with project management tools, knowledge and skills, indispensable for recognition and making of organisational culture, creative leadership, motivation and human resources management Specific competences include: In-depth understanding of tourism as social phenomenon and tourism subjects To recognise trends coherent to modern tourist markets, as well as factors affecting the success of the tourist enterprises operation To provide knowledge and skills indispensable for analytical, methodological research and complex problem solving tools in the field of service and tourism To connect different aspects of tourism development (personal, social, environmental, macro economical, entrepreneur) indispensable for ethical and responsible decision making process To monitor, recognise and place new information and interpretations into tourist context (marketing, safety, sociological, cultural, ecological, economic, technical and other) To understand general organisation, interdisciplinary connection of tourism and tourist economy, including its impact on the environment, and national and international economy To provide knowledge and skills indispensable for understanding and use of scientific research methods, methods of critical analysis, development of theories for actual tourist features and their implementation; furthermore to provide actual problem solving solutions on enterprise, regional and national level To provide tools indispensable for independent and self-initiative recognition of new knowledge and skills in tourism area, their development and production To operate with ICT and systems in tourism Slovenia

137 Table 3.1 Tourism Qualifications in Slovenia Aligned to ISCED 127 Level of Qualification Job Position/ Career Path Qualification Training Provider ISCED 2a (Klasius 3) Household Keeper Assistant Lower VET Certificate Short-term vocational college ISCED 3 (Klasius 4) Waiter Cook Final Examination Certificate Secondary Vocational School ISCED 3a (Klasius 5) Tourism Technician Catering Technician Tourism & Catering Technician Matura Examination Certificate Secondary Vocational School ISCED 3-4 Assistant Cook Assistant Waiter Diet Cook Catering Manager Tourist Information Officer Holiday Activity Organiser Sommelier Barman Croupier National Professional Qualification Committees at the appointed institution/ organisation for assessment and verification ISCED 5b (Klasius 6/1) Culinary & Food Service Management Tourism Hospitality Management Higher VET Diploma Associate of Applied Science Degree Vocational College ISCED 5b (Klasius 6/2) Language Mediation in Tourism Bachelor s Degree Tourism Destination Management Bachelor s Degree University Business Systems in Tourism Bachelor s Degree Tourism Bachelor of Economics ISCED 6 (Klasius 8/1) Master of Science in Tourism Master of Science University Slovenia

138 128 Table 3.2 Tourism Qualifications in Slovenia Aligned to the EQF EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study 1 N/A N/A N/A Lower Secondary Training Providers 2 School Leaving Certificate Post-Secondary 3 School Leaving Certificate 3/4 National Professional Qualification (NPQ) 4 Matura Examination Certificate 5 Higher VET Bachelor Degree Tertiary Assistant in Biotechnics & Provision / Household Assistant Waiter Cook Assistant Cook Assistant Waiter Diet Cook Catering Manager Tourist Information Officer Holiday Activity Organiser Sommelier Barman Croupier Tourism Technician Tourism & Catering Technician Hospitality Management Short-term vocational college Secondary Vocational School Committees at the appointed institution/ organisation for assessment and verification Secondary Vocational School Secondary Technical School Vocational College 6 Bachelor s Degree Economics Language Mediation in Tourism University 7 Master s Degree Tourism University Master of Science Business (specialisation in Tourism) University 8 Doctorate Ph.D. Business (specialisation in Tourism) University Slovenia

139 4 Summary of Tourism Programmes of Study and Qualifications in Slovenia 129 Slovenia uses the Klasius system of classification; this represents the base for the NQF. For the purposes of this comparative analysis, tourism programmes have been aligned to ISCED system of classification. In addition, a tentative alignment to the EQF has been provided. Tourism programmes of study are available at ISCED levels 2a, 3, 3a, 4, 5b and 6. These have been mapped under EQF levels 2 to 8. Slovenia

140 130 Opposite page: Leonardo da Vinci Head of a Warrior

141 Tourism Education and Training in SPAIN

142 132 SPAIN Tourists (overnight visitors) 58,451,141 (in 2006), 59,193,000 (in 2007) Percentage Change +1.7% (2007/2006) Population 44,708,964 (as at 1 Jan 2006) Total Number of Jobs in Tourism 2,345,515 (in 2005), +4.8% Employed Workers 1,763,694 (75.3% of total) Unemployment rate 10.4% (in 2004) Total international tourism receipts 36,375 million Tourism expenditure of tourists billion (in 2005), +4.3% Average expenditure per tourist 855 (in 2005), -2.0% Sources: Movimentos Turisticos en Fronteras (Frontur) El Estituto de Estudios Turisticos (IET) Mintel, Travel and Tourism Intelligence Report, November 2005 UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, January 2008 Spain continues to occupy the second position in the world for both the number of tourists received (after France) and by volume of sales (after the US). Travel and tourism now makes up 12% of GDP according to National Statistics and is of an enormous importance to the Spanish economy. During the last three years, the Spanish economy managed to grow above the EU average including growth of 7.8% in 2005 in current terms. The positive performance of GDP was due to the increased vigour of domestic demand in both consumption and investment. Employment growth continued, prompting a rise in disposable income and consumer confidence. These factors had a positive effect on travel and tourism by helping Spain to avoid a slowdown of the industry. In 2007, Spain, one of the leading tourism destinations, contributed significantly to the overall growth in visitors to the Mediterranean. 1 Tourism Employment in Spain Spain According to the Labour Force Survey (Encuesta de Poplacion Activa: EPA), the average number of people employed in typical tourism characteristics reached a total of 2,345,515 in 2005, an increase of 4.8% in relation to Of these, 75.3% are employed workers whilst the remaining 24.7% are self-employed. The average number of employed workers also grew by 5.5% to 1,763,694. This figure also represents 17.2% of the 10.2 million wage earners in the service sector and 11.4% of the 15.5 million at national level. By activity sector, hotels employed 292,016 people, 16.5% of the wage earners working in the national tourism industry. In the case of restaurants, this percentage was much higher, at 38.5% (679,730). The remaining tourism activities employed 44.9% (791,948).

143 Total number of people employed in tourism (in 2005) 2,345, % (1,766,172) Employed Workers Wage earners 24.7% (579,342) Self Employed Employed in Hotels Employed in Restaurants Remaining Tourism Activities 16.5% (291,418) 38.5% (679,976) 44.9% (793,011) Source: Encuesta de Poblacion Activa, INE 2 The Structure of Education in Spain The Law on the General Organisation of the Educational System in Spain which established a new system of education was established in The key points regarding Education in Spain are as follows: The current education system is called LOGSE (Ley de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo). Basic education is compulsory and free of charge to all Spanish students up to the age of 16 which is the legal age for starting work. The educational system includes general and special education. All Spanish students have free basic primary, high school and vocational training. Specific vocational training is organized into two levels, the first at the end of compulsory secondary education, and at the higher level which is at the completion of the students Baccalaureate course. Religious instruction is available at all schools and institutions in Spain but it is voluntary for students. There is also a special system for artistic education and language learning. General Education in Spain is organised as follows: Nursery and Infant Education in Spain is for children from 1-6 years old Educación Infantil (Preparatory School). There is compulsory Primary Education from 7-12 year old Spanish students Educación Primaria (Primary School). Secondary education in Spain is also compulsory for students from 13 to 16 years old Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (Compulsory Secondary School) Spanish students may then move onto vocational training or their Spanish Baccalaureate course. University entrance is available to all Spanish students who have passed a compulsory university entrance examination. Spain

144 134 Table 3.1 The Structure of Education in Spain Nursery & Infant Education (Educación Infantil) Primary Education (Educación Primaria) Secondary Education (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria) Post-Compulsory Secondary Education Higher Education University Education Preparatory School for children 1 to 6 years old Two Cycles: Jardín de Infancia (0-3 years); Pre-school (3-6 years) Compulsory Primary School for children 7 to 12 years old (6 years) Three Cycles: First Cycle (7-8 years); Second Cycle (9-10 years); Third Cycle (11-12 years) Compulsory Secondary School: 12 to 16 years (4 years) Two Cycles of two years each: First Cycle (12 to 14 years); Second Cycle (14 to 16 years) Middle Grade or Vocational Training (1 Technical College) or Baccalaureate Training Access with Middle Grade Vocational or Baccalaureate Training Upper Grade Vocational Training (2 Technical College) Providing Access to University University courses leading to Diplomas, Degrees and Master Programmes of Study 3 Vocational Education and Training in Spain For decades, VET in Spain has been a sector of education which has progressed slowly. Most students did go to University but did not select VET studies, firstly because of the shortage of technical and human means that VET centre had and secondly because the learning offer was quite limited. The Ley De Odenación General Del Sistema Educativo (LOGSE) was launched during the 90s promoting specific VET a new vocational learning offer adapted to the new demands of society both in skills and structure. Vocational education in Spain is realised with three systems: Initial/ Regulated: determined by the educational authorities Occupational: determined by the labour authorities, and Continuing: organised by the employers, trade unions and other social agencies. 3.1 Initial Vocational Training Spain Initial vocational training in Spain is an integrated part of the education system. It is primarily aimed at young people but is also available to adults wishing to obtain the school certificates within the concept of permanent education and training. It is structured as follows:

145 The Formación Profesional de Base (Basic Vocational Training) for all pupils at the lower secondary education and pursuing a baccalaureate, and the Formación Profesional Específica (Specific Vocational Training) which includes: The Programas de Iniciación Profesional (programmes for Vocational Introduction): They are targeted at young people of between 16 and 21 years of age who have not successfully completed the Educación Secundaria Obligatoria - ESO (compulsory secondary school) and have no vocational qualification; The Formación Profesional Grado Medio (Intermediate Vocational Training): Pupils must have graduated successfully from the lower secondary education level. Length of course: approximately two years training with 300 hours of practical experience; The Formación Profesional Grado Superior (Advanced Vocational Training): It is designed to equip young people for employment in specific fields, and to provide access to university courses. It lasts for one or two years, 25% of this time as practical experience. 135 Intermediate Vocational Training and Advanced Vocational Training are available at Institutos de Educación Secundaria (secondary schools) or at exclusively vocational schools. 3.2 Occupational Training The Formación Profesional Ocupacional (Occupational Training) is directed to unemployed persons and tries to increase the integration and vocational reintegration of job seekers, by means of qualification, requalification or update of their professional competences, which may be proofed by means of the corresponding certificates. The employment and training programmes are the responsibility of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal - INEM (Employment Service) and of the corresponding departments in the Autonomous Regions to which the competences have passed. Actions of formación ocupacional are developed by means of Plan Nacional de Formación e Inserción Profesional - Plan FIP (Vocational Training and Insertion Plan), of workshop schools and craft centre, employment workshops, promotion and development units and centres of entrepreneur initiative programes. 3.3 Continuing Vocational Training The greater part of vocational training for employed workers, that is formación profesional continua (Continuing Training), has been the responsibility of the social partners and comes under the management of the Fundación Tripartita para la Formación en el Empleo (Foundation for Work-linked Training). 3.4 Other Possibilities Apprenticeship is a valuable form of training for those young people aged between 16 and 21, who do not hold any prior formal qualifications such as a university degree or middle or higher level vocational training certificate or other similar officially recognised certificate. The contratos para la formación (training contracts) are concerned with the acquisition of the theoretical and practical training necessary to carry out a job of work requiring a given level of qualification. Spain

146 136 4 Tourism Programmes at Vocational Level Vocational training in tourism is provided in the following areas: Cooking Pastry and Bakery production Restaurant and Bar Services Travel Agencies Lodging Marketing on Tourism Food and Beverage Management The above-mentioned tourism programmes of study are provided at ISCED Levels 4c and 5b. ISCED Level Programme of Study Qualification Basics of Programme Training Provider 4c Cooking 4c Pastry and Bakery Production 4c Restaurant and Bar Services 5b 5b Food and Beverage Management Travel Agencies Diploma Full-time Secondary Studies 5b Lodging 5b Information and Marketing on Tourism 4.1 Tourism Programmes of Study at ISCED Level 4c At ISCED Level 4c, tourism programmes of study relate to Cooking, Pastry and Bakery Production and Restaurant and Bar Services Diploma in Cooking This programme runs over one scholar year, including training in working centres. Students following this programme learn to prepare any kind of food and beverages (non-alcoholic) in business establishments or food and beverage departments. In particular, students learn how to Create menus, carrying out supplies and consumption control Pre-cooking procedures and preserving methods Prepare and present basic recipes and elementary dishes Prepare and present pastry and baking products Spain

147 Cooking Diploma ISCED Level 4c 137 Knowledge Skills Competence Food supplies and menu offer Food pre-elaboration and preserve Cooking techniques Pastry and baking techniques Basic food and beverage service Cuisine techniques Generic Foreign language Vocational Work site training Labour environment relations Labour and guidance training Small business management Associated Job Position/(s) Cook at any F&B business Sous Chef Assistant Chef Custodian of food warehouse and cellar in hotels, big catering companies, etc Diploma in Restaurant and Bar Services This programme runs over one scholar year, including training in working centres. Students following this programme develop service operation skills in food and beverage as well as customer care in the food and beverage sector. Upon completion, graduates are able to make any kind of drinks and simple food preparations. Restaurant and Bar Service Diploma ISCED Level 4c Knowledge Skills Competence Food supplies and menu offer Drinks Basic cooking technique Food and Beverage Service Customer Service/ customer care Generic Second Foreign language Vocational Work site training Labour environment relations Labour and guidance training Small business management As can be seen, students following this programme learn how to prepare food dishes and beverages. Students will learn how to create effective and balanced menus, and stocking procedures. Apart from preparing and presenting drinks, students will be able to give advice about any kind of drink requested by clients. This programme of study exposes students with small business management. This includes analysing different legal frameworks for companies, applying customer relationship management techniques. Spain

148 138 Associated Job Position/(s) Waiter/waitress in any kind of food and beverage service business Barman/barwoman Sommelier Cook in a fast food restaurant Custodian of food warehouse and cellar in hotels and catering companies 4.2 Tourism Programmes of Study at ISCED Level 5b Diploma in Travel Agency Operations This programme is spread over one full scholar year, including training in work centres. Students following this programme of study will be able to plan, organise, operate and control combined travels, sell tourist services and administrate travel agency units. Travel Agency Diploma ISCED Level 5b Knowledge Skills Competence Production and sales of tourist services in a travel agency Economic and administrative management of a travel agency Organisation and control of a travel agency Commercialisation of tourist products and services Generic Second Foreign language Vocational Work site training Labour environment relations Labour and guidance training Upon completion, students will have acquired a number of core skills and competences including: Giving advice to customers on destinations, services and fares Prepare and sell tickets, vouchers, etc...of any kind Create combined travel trips Plan, organise and control events and venues Control documents from suppliers and product purchase orders Control customer accounts and collect credit payments Prepare accounting books of business unit Design product and service offer, goals and plans in area of responsibility Elaborate budgets of own unit Determine material and human resources Lead, coordinate and motivate personnel under his/her area of responsibility Control costs and expenditure Collect and analyse information useful for travel agency marketing plan Organise, elaborate and control commercial actions of business unit Spain

149 Associated Job Position/(s) Salesman/woman within a travel agency Planner in a tour-operator business Travel agency manager Diploma in Lodging This programme runs over one scholar year, including training in working centres. Students learn how to manage the reception area including welcoming customers and rendering related service. Lodging Diploma ISCED Level 5b Knowledge Skills Competence Reception and customer service Housekeeping supervision Lodging control and organisation Commercialisation of tourist products and services Generic Second Foreign language Vocational Work site training Labour environment relations Labour and guidance training Each area of specialisation includes the following learning outcomes: Reception and Customer Service Manage reservations Make check-in and check-out of customers with due diligence Customer care and service during stay Fulfill forms and related logding documents Register, control and collect payments from customers Take care of internal and external communications of customers Determine material and human resources for Reception and Communication departments Housekeeping Supervision Keep and control of linen, maintenance equipments and tools to ensure a quality service in rooms and public areas Manage corridors, hall and public area decoration Determine material and human resources to render quality customer rooms in rooms and public areas Supervise cleaning procedures of rooms and public areas Supervising linen washing procedures Handle claims and complaints Logding Control and Organisation - Propose targets and plans for the development of department Elaborate budgets Lead, coordinate and motivate personnel under own responsibility Spain

150 140 Organise, develop and control defined quality policies Income and cost controlling Commercialisaton of Tourist Products and Services Collect and analyse information useful for marketing plan Organise, elaborate and control commercial actions in business unit Associated Job Position/(s) Reception Manager Booking Manager Housekeeping and Maintenance Manager Hotel Public Relations Manager Diploma in Tourism Information and Marketing This training programme runs over one scholastic year and includes training in working centres. This programme includes commercialisation of tourist destinations, designing of regional destinations, guiding of tourist groups and managing tourism information centres. Diploma in Tourism Information and Marketing ISCED Level 5b Knowledge Skills Competence Regional tourist destination planning Group tour guiding Tourist information in centres National and international tourist products Generic Second Foreign language Vocational Work site training Labour environment relations Labour and guidance training Each area of specialisation includes the following learning outcomes: Regional tourist destination planning Design, plan and advise in local itineraries and tourist destinations Organise and control the implementation of itineraries and tourist destinations Plan and market tourism programs Evaluate quality of services and premises Group tour guiding Spain Determine the needs of tourist services for each target customer group Manage documentation and resources to render the service Pick up, accompany and provide information to tourist groups Organise and sell optional activities linked to the general travel programme Evaluate the quality of services Tourist information in centres Classify, extract and process information on the local environment, outdoors and tourist services Plan and control a tourist information centre Manage human and material resources to render service in the tourist information centre

151 National and international tourist products and destinations Analyse the local market to forecast development Analyse the main tourist products and destination in Spain as well as worldwide Diploma in Food and Beverage Management This training programme runs over one scholastic year and includes training in working centres. Related competences can be grouped under managing food and beverage establishments, restaurants and bars. Diploma in Food and Beverage Management ISCED Level 5b Knowledge Skills Competence Cooking techniques Pastry and bakery techniques Customer service Bar and restaurant management Food and beverage marketing Generic Second Foreign language Vocational Work site training Labour environment relations Labour and guidance training Each area of specialisation includes the following learning outcomes: Cooking techniques Define and supervise raw material supply process Define cooking and preserving process Supervise cooking and preserving process Give technical and operating advice Lead, coordinate and motivate personnel under own area of responsibility Pastry and bakery techniques Define and supervise pastry and bakery supply process Supervise cooking and preserving process Give technical and operating advice Lead, coordinate and motivate personnel under own area of responsibility Food and beverage customer service Define service process Supervise drink preparing process Give technical and operating advice Lead, coordinate and motivate personnel under own area of responsibility Bar and restaurant management Define goals and planning of own area of responsibility in order to complete general business targets Elaborate budgets for own area of responsibility Define the structure of food and beverage area Define a control system that enables the valuation department performance Spain

152 142 Set and control services/products prices Control sales and consumptions Evaluate business profitability Food and beverage marketing Design menus and food and beverage offer Define services to handle this offer Devise a communication strategy on the services on offer Adapt the offer to sales evolution and market opportunities Associated Job Position/(s) Restaurant Manager Catering Manager Purchases Manager Hotel F&B Manager 5 Tourism Programmes of Study at Tertiary (University) Level Tourism and Hotel Management studies were first introduced at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Autonomous University of Barcelona in 1993 with the foundation of the Escola Superior d Hoteleria de Catalunya (ESHC) Catalonia Higher School of Hospitality Studies a higher education centre linked to the UAB. The project was completed four years later with the creation of a second attached school, the Escola Universitària de Turisme (EUT) University School of Tourism. The concept constitutes a pioneer approach to tourism and hotel management education and is unique in Spain. The two schools have been jointly managed since 1999, and a single, new school, Escola Universitària de Turisme i Direcció Hotelera (EUTDH) University School of Tourism and Hotel Management was created in Escuela Universitaria De Turismo y Dirección Hotelera (EUTDH) (University School of Tourism and Hotel Management UAB) The following tourism programmes of study are offered by EUTDH Diploma in Tourism EUTDH offers the Official National Diploma in Tourism, a three year programme, structured in two main career branches: Tourism planning and marketing. Tourism business and enterprise management and administration. The programme combines courses in the field of humanities, always essential in university education, with the highly specialised, technical training necessary in clearly defined professional studies, such as the tourism sector. Diploma in Hotel Management Spain The Diploma in Hotel Management is a study programme designed by UAB with a clear basis towards management level and incorporating the most innovate trends in hotel management. It is a three year programme, structured in two main career branches:

153 Hospitality Catering 143 Practical experience based on theoretic concepts gives students the opportunity to apply knowledge acquired in real-life situations, thus enhancing their decision-making capacity and facilitating their integration in the labour market. Postgraduate courses include: Postgraduate Diploma in Management and Planning of Tourist Destinations Postgraduate in Hotel Group Senior Management Postgraduate Diploma in Marketing and Promotion of Tourist Destinations Postgraduate Diploma in Marketing and Promotion of Tourism Companies and Products Postgraduate in Event Organisation and Management Postgraduate in Marketing and Hotel Finance Postgraduate in Environmental Sustainable Management of Tourism Destinations and Products A number of Master Programmes of study in tourism are also provided. These include: MBA in Hotel Management Masters in Environmental Sustainable Management of Tourism Destinations and Products Masters in Tourism Marketing and Promotion Masters Degree in Planning and Marketing of Tourism Destinations Masters in Event Organisation and Management A Master Management in Tourism and Hospitality is also offered by the University College of Tourism, UG double degree. The Master course aims to develop the analytical and practical skills students will need to operate effectively in the European business environment of European hospitality business. This programme is global in outlook and cosmopolitan in character and our degrees are designed to be intellectually stimulating and to develop students careers. Subject areas: Strategic management in the sphere of travel agencies Commercialisation. New technologies applied in tourism Management in travel agencies Tourist strategies Accommodation of tourists Entertaining tourism Business planning 6 Summary of Tourism Programmes of Study in Spain In Spain, tourism programmes of study are not yet aligned to the European Qualifications Framework. For the purposes of this comparative analysis, an alignment of ISCED, and a tentative alignment to the EQF has been provided. Spain

154 144 Vocational training in tourism covers the following areas of study: Classified at ISCED Level 4b Classified at ISCED Level 5c Cooking Pastry and bakery production Restaurant and bar services Food and beverage management Travel agency operations Lodging and tourism marketing A number of tourism courses are available at Tertiary Level. These include: Diploma courses in Tourism and Hotel Management. Post-Diploma courses in Management and Planning of Tourism Destinations, Hotel Management, Marketing and Promotion, Event Organisation and Management, Environmental and Sustainable Management of Tourism Destinations. Master Programmes in Hotel Management, Environmental Sustainable Management of Tourism Destinations and Products, Tourism Marketing and Promotion, Planning and Marketing of Tourism Destinations and Event Organisation and Management. To facilitate comparability table 6.1 attempts to align tourism qualifications in Spain to the EQF. Table 6.1 Tourism Qualifications in Spain Aligned to the EQF EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study Training Providers 1 N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A Upper Secondary Education 3/4 Diploma Cooking Pastry and Bakery Production Restaurant and Bar Services Post-Secondary Schools Post-secondary / Non Tertiary Education 5 Diploma Travel Agencies Lodging Information & Marketing on Tourism Tertiary Education Post-Secondary Schools 6 Diploma in Tourism Tourism Planning and Marketing Tourism Business and Enterprise Management and Administration Hotel Management University School of Tourism and Hotel Management UAB 7 Post-Graduate Diploma / Masters Management and Planning of Tourist Destinations Hotel Group Senior Management Marketing and Promotion of Tourist Destinations Event Organisation and Management Marketing and Hotel Finance Environmental Sustainable Management of Tourism Destinations and Products University School of Tourism and Hotel Management UAB Spain 8 N/A N/A N/A

155 Conclusion 145 Apart from comparing tourism programmes of study, this analysis attempted to align tourism qualifications to the European Qualifications Framework. Malta s National Qualifications Framework has been recently launched and is mapped to the European Qualifications Framework. In Austria, Greece, Slovenia and Spain, the National Qualifications Framework is still being developed; however, for the purposes of this comparative analysis, a tentative alignment to the EQF model has been made. Italy, through E.L.S. Form, have attempted to align tourism qualification to the EQF. In summary: In Austria Tourism education starts at Secondary Level and includes Apprenticeship Training (EQF 3 or 4) and School-Based Vocational Education and Training provided by Medium and Intermediate Schools (EQF 3 or 4). Advanced technical or vocational colleges provide tourism programmes at EQF Level 5. Tourism Diploma courses are provided at post-secondary level of education catered for by a number of Institutes and Colleges. These are classified under EQF 5. Bachelor and Master tourism programmes are also provided by Universities of Applied Sciences and Other Universities, classified at level 6 or 7 of the EQF. In Greece A learning outcomes approach has not yet been launched. Nonetheless, each course is accompanied by a professional profile described in terms of skills and competences. An alignment of tourism programmes of study to the ISCED classification system has been made. Furthermore, a tentative alignment to the EQF has been made. Tourism programmes are offered at ISCED Level 2 to ISCED Level 6 for a number of tourism professions: Higher Secondary Education is provided by Technical Vocational Schools A and B Cycles (covering tourism programmes at ISCED 2 and 3) Post-Secondary Education is provided by Vocational Training Institutes (including tourism programmes at ISCED 4 and 5) Higher Education is provided by Universities, Higher Education Institutes and the Hellenic Open University (whereby tourism programmes are classified under ISCED 6). In Italy A tentative alignment to the EQF has been made through E.L.S. Form. Tourism education starts at Upper Secondary Level which is provided by the Hotel and Restaurant Vocational Schools (Public Schools) and the Technical Schools for Tourism. Vocational education is also provided by private training providers. At this level, tourism programmes are classified under EQF 1 to 4 and include:

156 146 Diploma di Qualifica (3 year duration) EQF 3 Diploma di Maturità (Diploma di Qualifica + 2 years) EQF 4. Post Diploma courses are provided at EQF level 5. Tertiary Tourism Education is provided by a number of Universities in Italy as well as by private training providers. Tourism programmes fall under EQF 6, 7, 8: Diploma di Laurea EQF 6 Laurea Specialistica (2 years) EQF 7 (or after Diploma di Laurea, 1 year of University specialisation and 1 year 1 st Level Master) 2 nd Level Master and/or Specialisation Degree and/or Doctorate) EQF 8. In Malta Qualifications in tourism studies are aligned to the NQF which is already pegged to the EQF. Vocational tourism education falls under EQF 1 to 5. Tourism programmes are available at Foundation Level (EQF 1 and 2), Certificate Level (EQF 3), Diploma Level (EQF 4) and Post-Diploma Level (EQF 5). Tourism programmes are also available at tertiary level: The University of Malta offers a Degree Course in Tourism Management (classified at EQF 6) A Master of Arts in Cultural Heritage Management is also provided (classified at EQF 7). In Slovenia Tourism programmes of study are classified under Klasius which forms the basis for the NQF. For the purposes of this analysis, an alignment to ISCED has been provided classifying tourism programmes of study under ISCED 2a, 3, 3a, 4, 5 and 6 for a number of tourism professions. Furthermore, tourism qualifications has been aligned to the European Qualifications Framework. A National Professional Qualification (NPQ) is also provided for a number of tourism professions. These are classified at ISCED 3 or 4. In Spain Tourism programmes of study are classified under ISCED 3, 5a, 5b, 6, 7 and 8 as follows: Post-Secondary Education Intermediate Vocational Training (ISCED 3) Tertiary Education Higher Vocational Education (ISCED 5b) University School of Tourism & Hotel Management (EUDTDH) (programmes at ISCED 5a, 6, 7 and 8). When mapped to the European Qualifications Framework, tourism programmes of study in Spain fall under level 3 to 7.

157 Appendix 147 Tourism Qualifications Aligned to the EQF AUSTRIA EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study Training Providers 1 N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A Apprenticeship Training 3 & 4 Final Apprenticeship Examination (VET Diploma or Certificate) Apprenticeship training: Cook Restaurant Specialist Service Hotel and Restaurant Trade Commercial Assistant Travel Agency Assistant System Gastronomy Expert Fitness Coach Apprenticeship Training Workplace & VET School School-based VET: Medium Vocational Schools 3 & 4 Final Examination (Abschlusszeugnis) (VET Diploma or Certificate) School-Based VET: Secondary School for Hotels and Catering Ski Academy Gastronomy School Tourism School Agricultural Hospitality School Medium Vocational Schools School-based VET: Advanced Technical or Vocational Colleges 5 Reife-und Diplomprufung (VET Higher Diploma) VET Diploma Diploma of the Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management School-Based VET: Urban Tourism and Event Management Post-Secondary Courses: Animation and Recreation Coaching Tourism and Leisure Industry Hospitality Management Tourism Marketing Travel Agency Management Advanced Technical or Vocational Colleges Advanced Technical or Vocational Colleges Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management (Klessheim/Salzburg) ITM Diploma Tourism and Management Course International College of Tourism Management ITM GmbH (Semmering) Tertiary Education & Training Universities of Applied Sciences 6 Bachelor of Arts Business Administration in Tourism & Hospitality Management Tourism and Leisure Management Institute of Tourism Studies (MODUL) International Management Centre (IMC) 7 Master of Arts MBA in Tourism Management Institute of Tourism Studies (MODUL) MBA in Tourism and Leisure Management International Management Centre (IMC) Tertiary Education & Training - Universities 6 Bachelor s Degree University Courses in Tourism Universities in Innsbruck, Vienna, Klangenfurt, 7 Master s Degree University Courses in Tourism Universities in Innsbruck, Vienna, Klangenfurt, 8 N/A N/A N/A Appendix

158 148 Tourism Qualifications Aligned to the EQF GREECE EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study Training Providers 1 N/A N/A N/A Lower Secondary Education 2 Vocational Training Certificate (Upper) Secondary Education Cook Assistant Restaurant Assistant Confectionery Assistant Patisserie Confectionery Assistant I.E.K. O.E.E.K. / I.E.K. O.T.E.K. 3 EPAS/EPAL Certificate Environment & Agro-Tourism Hotel-Restaurant Technique Cooking & Confectionery Hotel Enterprises Professional Schools (EPAS) / Professional Lyceums (EPAL) YP. E.P.TH Professional School Degree Hotel & Catering Services Specialisation in Cooking and Confectionery EPA.S O.T.E.K. Post-secondary / Non-Tertiary Education 3 & 4 & 5 Vocational Training Diploma Kitchen & Restaurant Cook Technician Patisserie Confectionery Technician Bar Tender Catering Systems Specialist Hotel Operations Hotel Services & Supplies Specialist Hotel Animation Specialist Reception & Hospitality Specialist Wellness Spa-Therapy & Thalassotherapy Specialist Events & Guiding Tourist Events Specialist Recreation Areas and National Parks Guide Tour Leader Tourist Open-Air Activity Specialist Mountain Guide Other Airport Employee Tourist Officer Taxi Driver Flight Supervisor Shipping Specialist Air Flight Supervisor I.E.K. O.E.E.K. Tertiary Education 6 Diploma Tour Guiding School of Tourist Guides Degree Tourism and Hotel Management Higher School of Tourism Professions Certificate of E.S.D.D. Tourism Economy & Development National School for Public Services 7 Post-Graduate Degree/ Diploma Management of Tourism Enterprises Design Management and Policy in Tourism Tourism Services Management Hospitality Services Management Tourism Enterprises Administration Universities 8 N/A N/A N/A Appendix

159 Tourism Qualifications Aligned to the EQF ITALY 149 EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study Training Providers 1 Attestato di Qualifica di I Livello (1 st Level Foundation Certificate) 2 Attestato di Qualifica di I Livello (1 st Level Foundation Certificate) 3 Diploma di Qualifica (Certificate) Assistant Cook Restaurant/Hotel Waiter Food and Beverage Administrator Confectionery/Pastry Cook Pizza Chef Barman Wine & Cocktail Bar Operator Hotel/Restaurant Waiter Assistant Cook Restaurant/Bar Operator Kitchen Operator Reception Services Operator Hotel Services Operator VET by Regions / Provinces VET by Regions / Provinces Istituti Professionali Alberghieri (Public Schools) 4 Diploma di Maturità Technical Operator for: Tourism Services & Restaurant Services Tourism Operator Istituti Professionali Alberghieri (Public Schools) Istituto Tecnico Statale Diploma di Specializzazione 5 Attestato di Qualifica (Post- Diploma) Tourist Guide Expert in Banquets/Receptions Expert in Ice-Cream and Pastry Confection Congress Operator Barman Tourism and Hotel Operations Incoming & Valorisation of Tourism Products Junior Manager for Farm Holiday Centres Computer Aided Management for Tourism Enterprises Front Office Management Istituti Professionali di Stato per i Servizzi Alberghieri and della Ristorazione VET Private Training Provider E.L.S. FORM, Chieti 6 Diploma di Laurea (Bachelor s Degree) Foreign Languages for Tourism and Management Economics of Tourism Economics & Management of Cultural, Environmental & Tourism Resources Cultural Tourism Economics & Management for Tourist Services 7 1 st Level Master Economics, Management & Valorisation of Arts and Culture Economics & Ethics of Tourism Integrative Planning for Tourism Valorisation of Environment, Arts and Cultural Heritage Marketing & Management for Tourism Enterprises Economics & Management for Mountain Tourism Economics for Tourism Hotel & Tourism Management Reconnaissance Packaging Holiday for Incoming and Outgoing Tourism Universities in Chieti, Bologna, Genova, Ferrara, Perugia, Palermo, Napoli Università degli Studi G. D Annunzio, Chieti Università di Bologna Università di Ferrara Università di Genova Università della Valle d Aosta Università di Milano Bocconi VET Private Training E.L.S. FORM in A.T.S. with University VET Private Training E.L.S. FORM in A.T.S. with University 8 2 nd Level Master Hotel Management VET Private Training E.L.S. FORM in A.T.S. with University Post-Graduate Specialisation Certificate Economics & Management in Cultural Services Università di Ferrara Appendix

160 150 Tourism Qualifications Aligned to the EQF MALTA EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study Training Providers 1/2 Foundation Certificate Food Preparation and Service Restaurant Operations ITS 3 Intermediate Certificate Food Preparation and Production and Supervisory Studies Food and Beverage Service and Supervisory Studies ITS Craft Certificate Certificate Food Preparation and Production Food and Beverage Service Restaurant Operations Hotel Operations Accommodation Operations Travel Agency Operations ITS ITS 4 Diploma Food and Beverage Service Culinary Arts Hotel Operations Accommodation Operations Travel Agency Operations Tour Guiding ITS 5 Higher Diploma Hospitality and Tourism Management ITS 6 Bachelor of Arts B.A. in Tourism Studies B.A. (Honours) in Tourism Studies 7 Master of Arts M.A. in Cultural Heritage Management (M.A.C.H.M.) University of Malta Heritage Malta * 8 N/A N/A N/A * The Master of Arts in Cultural Heritage Management is provided by Heritage Malta in collaboration with the University of Malta and the Institute of Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage. Appendix

161 Tourism Qualifications Aligned to the EQF SLOVENIA 151 EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study Training Providers 1 N/A N/A N/A Lower Secondary 2 School Leaving Certificate Assistant in Biotechnics & Provision / Household Assistant Short-term vocational college Post-Secondary 3 School Leaving Certificate Waiter Cook Secondary Vocational School 3/4 National Professional Qualification (NPQ) 4 Matura Examination Certificate Assistant Cook Assistant Waiter Diet Cook Catering Manager Tourist Information Officer Holiday Activity Organiser Sommelier Barman Croupier Tourism Technician Tourism & Catering Technician Committees at the appointed institution/ organisation for assessment and verification Secondary Vocational School Secondary Technical School 5 Higher VET Bachelor Degree Hospitality Management Vocational College Tertiary 6 Bachelor s Degree Economics Language Mediation in Tourism University 7 Master s Degree Tourism University Master of Science Business (specialisation in Tourism) University 8 Doctorate Ph.D. Business (specialisation in Tourism) University Appendix

162 152 Tourism Qualifications Aligned to the EQF SPAIN EQF Level Qualification Programme of Study Training Providers 1 N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A Upper Secondary Education 3/4 Diploma Cooking Pastry and Bakery Production Restaurant and Bar Services Post-Secondary Schools Post-secondary / Non Tertiary Education 5 Diploma Travel Agencies Lodging Information & Marketing on Tourism Post-Secondary Schools Tertiary Education 6 Diploma in Tourism Tourism Planning and Marketing Tourism Business and Enterprise Management and Administration Hotel Management University School of Tourism and Hotel Management UAB 7 Post-Graduate Diploma / Masters Management and Planning of Tourist Destinations Hotel Group Senior Management Marketing and Promotion of Tourist Destinations Event Organisation and Management Marketing and Hotel Finance Environmental Sustainable Management of Tourism Destinations and Products University School of Tourism and Hotel Management UAB 8 N/A N/A N/A Appendix

163 Above: Participants in the EQF-FRAME project. Picture taken during the 2 nd Partners Meeting in Barcelona, November 2007.

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