Forensic Test 1 Review: Mathieu Orfila ( ) Father of Modern Toxicology 1814 wrote first treatise. (formal scientific work) Alphonse Bertillon

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1 Forensic Test 1 Review: Mathieu Orfila ( ) Father of Modern Toxicology 1814 wrote first treatise. (formal scientific work) Alphonse Bertillon ( ) Father of Criminal Investigation first scientific system of personal identification. 1879, begins science of Anthropometry. Francis Galton ( ) discovered fingerprints were statistically unique. developed technique of fingerprint identification. Karl Landsteiner 1901, found blood could be grouped into 4 categories. Leone Lattes 1915, devised a test to determine blood group from dried samples. Sir Alec Jeffreys 1984, developed the first DNA profiling tests. first used in courts in Calvin Goddard 1920 s, first to use comparison microscope to examine bullets. Albert S. Osborn 1910, wrote Questioned Documents fundamental principles for document analysis as evidence in criminal trials which is still used today. Hans Gross 1893, first treatise to describe the application of scientific disciplines to the field of criminal investigations. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 1887, published the 1st Sherlock Holmes story, Study in Scarlet. the first scientific detective. Edmund Locard ( ) Every contact leaves a trace Evidence cannot be wrong, only human error can miss/keep from being discovered. J. Edgar Hoover ( ) Father of the FBI; Director for 48 years. first person to organize a National Lab to offer forensic sciences to all law enforcement agencies. exceeded and abused authority.

2 Locard s Exchange Principle The perpetrator of a crime will bring something into the crime scene and leave with something from it and that both can be used as forensic evidence. Forensic Science the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system. Exonerate to absolve from blame for a fault or wrongdoing, especially after due consideration of the case. Anthropometry a scientific procedure of taking a series of body measurements as a means of distinguishing one individual from another. Comparison Microscope indispensable tool for firearms examinations. FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid The Chinese first peoples to use fingerprints as identification. Toxicology detection, isolation, and natural effects of drugs in the body. Why growth in Crime Labs? Miranda vs. US staggering increase in crime Drug Examinations Advent of DNA profiling Digital Forensics/Computer Forensics application of investigation and analysis technologies to gather and preserve evidence from a particular computing device in a way that is suitable for presentation in court of law. Forensic Archeology application of a combination of archaeological techniques and forensic science, typically in law enforcement. Forensic Photography art of producing an accurate reproduction of a crime scene or an accident scene using. photography for the benefit of a court or to aid an investigation. Also determines if a photo is accurate or faked. Forensic Interviewing

3 a method of communicating designed to elicit information and evidence. Forensic Meteorology specific analysis of past weather conditions for a point of loss. Forensic Psychiatry specialized area that examines the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings. In civil cases they determine whether an individual is competent to make decisions. Criminalistics biological(dna) trace impression controlled substances(drugs) ballistics Forensic Odontology specialty to help identify victims based upon dental evidence that is left in the unrecognizable state. compares bite marks left on victims. Forensic Entomology Examination of insects in, on, and around human remains to assist in determination of time, or location of death. Also tells if body was moved. Forensic Psychology Work with people who may present with a variety of mental illness and mental health issues within the context of a criminal. Forensic Engineering concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction, and causes and origins of fires or explosions. Forensic Anthropology the application of physical anthropology in a legal setting usually for recovery and identification of skeletonized human remains. Forensic Geology deals with trace evidence in the form of sails minerals and petroleum products. QDE/Forensic Document Analysis paper, ink, handwriting authenticity investigation. Forensic Pathology principles of medicine and pathology are applied to determine a cause of death or injury in the context of legal inquiry.

4 Frye vs. US (1923) to meet the Frye standard, scientific evidence must be: interpreted by the court as generally accepted. applies to procedures, principles, or techniques that may be presented in the proceedings of a court case. Forensic Veterinarian assists investigations of animal cruelty with crime scene investigation as well as the examination of live and deceased victims; animal remains, animal fighting. BPA Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Federal Rule 702 Testimony by Expert Witness the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help to understand the evidence. testimony is sufficient facts or data. testimony is the product or reliably applied the principles and methods and the expert was applying the principles and methods to the facts of the case. Daubert vs Dow Merrell (1993) the Supreme Court held that federal trial judges are the gate keepers or scientific evidence. trial judges must evaluate proffered expert witness to determine whether the testimony is both relevant and reliable. Forensic Scientist skilled at the physical sciences. aware of demands and constraints. utilizes the Scientific Method. Expert Witness a person who the court determines to posses a particular skill or knowledge in a trade or profession that is not expected of the average person and will aid a court in determining the truth of a matter at trial. Miranda vs US. (1966) You have the right to remain silent when questioned. Anything you say or do may be used against you in a court of law You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and to have an attorney present during questioning now or in the future. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you before any questioning, if you wish. If you decide to answer any questions now, without an attorney present, you will still have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to an attorney.

5 Knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained them to you, are you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present?