E-commerce. Security. Learning objectives. Internet Security Issues: Overview. Managing Risk-1. Managing Risk-2. Computer Security Classifications
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1 Learning objectives E-commerce Security Threats and Protection Mechanisms. This lecture covers internet security issues and discusses their impact on an e-commerce. Nov 19, You will learn about: Internet security issues Security for client computers Security for the communication channels between computers Security for server computers Organizations that promote computer, network, and Internet security Nov 19, Internet Security Issues: Overview Computer security: The protection of assets from unauthorized access, use, alteration, or destruction Physical security: Includes tangible protection devices Logical security: Protection of assets using nonphysical means Threat: Any act or object that poses a danger to computer assets Managing Risk-1 Countermeasure: General name for a procedure that recognises, reduces, or eliminates a threat Eavesdropper: Person or device that can listen in on and copy Internet transmissions Crackers or hackers: Write programs or manipulate technologies to obtain unauthorized access to computers and networks Nov 19, Nov 19, Managing Risk-2 Computer Security Classifications Secrecy: Protecting against unauthorized data disclosure and ensuring the authenticity of data source Integrity: Refers to preventing unauthorized data modification Necessity: Refers to preventing data delays or denials (removal) Nov 19, Nov 19,
2 Security Policy and Integrated Security-1 A written statement describing Which assets to protect and why they are being protected Who is responsible for that protection Which behaviors are acceptable and which are not First step in creating a security policy Determine which assets to protect from which threats Define minimum level of acceptable security Security Policy and Integrated Security-2: Requirements for Secure Electronic Commerce Nov 19, Nov 19, Security Policy and Integrated Security-3 Elements that a security policy should address: Authentication: who is trying to access? Access control: who is allows to log on and access? Secrecy: who is permitted to view selected info? Data integrity: who is allowed to change data? Audit: who or what causes specific events to occur and when? Security Policy and Integrated Security-4: Security for Client Computers Active content: Programs embedded transparently in Web pages and cause action to occur Scripting languages: Provide scripts, or commands, that are executed (JavaScript; VBScript) Applet: Small application program (Java Applets) Nov 19, Nov 19, Security Policy and Integrated Security-5: Security for Client Computers Example: Dialog box asking for Permission to Open a Java Applet Trojan horse: Program hidden inside another program or Web page that masks its true purpose Zombie: Program that secretly takes over another computer to launch attacks on other computers Attacks can be very difficult to trace to their creators Nov 19, Nov 19,
3 Cookies1 Example: Information Stored in a Cookie on a Client Computer Cookie Central: Web site devoted to Internet cookies Session cookies: Exist until the Web client ends connection Persistent cookies: Remain on client computer indefinitely Nov 19, Nov 19, Cookies2 First-party cookies: Cookies placed on client computer by Web server site Third-party cookies: Cookies placed on client computer by different Web site Web bug: Tiny graphic that a third-party Web site places on another site s Web page Nov 19, Java Applets Java: High-level programming language developed by Sun Microsystems Java sandbox: Confines Java applet actions to a set of rules defined by the security model Untrusted Java applets : Applets not established as secure Nov 19, JavaScript Scripting language developed by Netscape to enable Web page designers to build active content Can be used for attacks by Executing code that destroys client s hard disk Discloses stored in client mailboxes Sends sensitive information to attacker s Web server ActiveX Controls Object containing programs and properties that Web designers place on Web pages Common programming languages used C++ and Visual Basic Actions cannot be halted once they begin execution Nov 19, Nov 19,
4 Example: Internet Explorer ActiveX Control Warning Message Viruses, Worms, and Antivirus Software Virus: Software that attaches itself to another program and Can cause damage when host program is activated Warm: virus that replicates itself on the computer that it infects Macro virus: Type of virus coded as a small program (macro) and is embedded in a file Antivirus software: Detects viruses and worms Nov 19, Nov 19, Steganography Describes process of hiding information within another piece of information Provides way of hiding an encrypted file within another file Messages hidden using steganography are difficult to detect Protecting Client Computers- Digital Certificates1 A program embedded in a Web page that Verifies that the sender or Web site is who or what it claims to be Signed code or messages Provide proof that the holder is the person identified by the certificate Certification authority (CA) Issues digital certificates Nov 19, Nov 19, Example: Amazon.com s Digital Certificate Protecting Client Computers- Digital Certificates2 Main elements included: Certificate owner s identifying information Certificate owner s public key Dates between which the certificate is valid Serial number of the certificate Name of the certificate issuer Digital signature of the certificate issuer Nov 19, Nov 19,
5 Communication Channel Security Secrecy Prevention of unauthorized information disclosure Privacy is the protection of individual rights to nondisclosure Sniffer programs Provide means to record information passing through a computer or router that is handling Internet traffic Nov 19, Communication Channel Security- Integrity Threats Exists when an unauthorized party can alter a message stream of information Cybervandalism Electronic defacing of an existing Web site s page Masquerading or spoofing Pretending to be someone you are not Domain name servers (DNSs) Computers on the Internet that maintain directories that link domain names to IP addresses Nov 19, Communication Channel Security-Necessity Threats Purpose is to disrupt or deny normal computer processing Denial of Service attacks Remove information altogether or Delete information from a transmission or file Communication Channel Security- Threats to Wireless Networks Wardrivers Attackers drive around using their wirelessequipped laptop computers to search for accessible networks Warchalking When wardrivers find an open network they sometimes place a chalk mark on the building Nov 19, Nov 19, Channel- Encryption Solutions Encryption Using a mathematically based program and a secret key to produce a string of characters that is unintelligible Cryptography Science that studies encryption Channel- Encryption Algorithms Encryption The coding of information by using a mathematically based program and secret key Encryption program Program that transforms normal text into cipher text Decryption program A type of encryption reversing procedure Nov 19, Nov 19,
6 Channel- Hash Coding Process that uses a hash algorithm to calculate a number from a message of any length Good hash algorithms Designed so that probability of two different messages resulting in same hash value is small Convenient way to tell whether a message has been altered in transit Channel- Asymmetric Encryption1 Encodes messages by using two mathematically related numeric keys Public key Freely distributed to the public at large Private key Belongs to the key owner, who keeps the key secret Nov 19, Nov 19, Channel- Asymmetric Encryption2 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) One of the most popular technologies used to implement public-key encryption Set of software tools that Can use several different encryption algorithms to perform public-key encryption Can be used to encrypt their messages Nov 19, Channel- Symmetric Encryption Encodes message with one of several available algorithms that use a single numeric key Data Encryption Standard (DES): Set of encryption algorithms adopted by the U.S. government for encrypting sensitive information Triple Data Encryption Standard Offers good protection Cannot be cracked even with today s supercomputers Nov 19, Comparing Asymmetric and Symmetric Encryption Systems (a) Hash coding, (b) Private-key, and (c) Public-key Encryption Public-key (asymmetric): Systems provide several advantages over private-key (symmetric) encryption methods Secure Sockets Layer (SSL): protocol that provides secure information transfer through the Internet. SSL secures connections between two Computers S-HTTP: Sends individual messages securely. Extension of htttp Nov 19, Nov 19,
7 Ensuring Transaction Integrity with Hash Functions Integrity violation Occurs whenever a message is altered while in transit between the sender and receiver Hash algorithms are one-way functions There is no way to transform the hash value back to original message Message digest Small integer number that summarizes the encrypted information Ensuring Transaction Integrity with Digital Signatures Hash algorithm Anyone could Intercept a purchase order Alter the shipping address and quantity ordered Re-create the message digest Send the message and new message digest on to the merchant Digital signature An encrypted message digest Nov 19, Nov 19, Sending and Receiving a Digitally Signed Message Security for Server Computers Web server Can compromise secrecy if it allows automatic directory listings Can compromise security by requiring users to enter a username and password Dictionary attack programs Cycle through an electronic dictionary, trying every word in the book as a password Nov 19, Nov 19, Other Programming Threats Buffer An area of memory set aside to hold data read from a file or database Buffer overrun Occurs because the program contains an error or bug that causes the overflow Mail bomb Occurs when hundreds or even thousands of people each send a message to a particular address Protecting the web server- Firewalls1 Computer and software combination installed at the Internet entry point of a networked system Provides a defense between Network to be protected and the Internet, or other network that could pose a threat All corporate communication to and from Internet flows through firewalls Nov 19, Nov 19,
8 Protecting the web server- Firewalls2 Characteristics All traffic from inside to outside and from outside to inside the network must pass through firewall Only authorized traffic is allowed to pass Firewall itself is immune to penetration Trusted Networks inside the firewall Untrusted Networks outside the firewall Protecting the web server- Firewalls3 Packet-filter firewalls: Examine data flowing back and forth between trusted network and the Internet Gateway servers: Firewalls that filter traffic based on the application requested Proxy server firewalls: Firewalls that communicate with the Internet on the private network s behalf Nov 19, Nov 19, Organizations that Promote Computer Security Computer Emergency Response Team Responds to thousands of security incidents each year Helps Internet users and companies become more knowledgeable about security risks Posts alerts to inform Internet community about security events Other Organizations SANS Institute A cooperative research and educational organization Internet Storm Center Web site that provides current information on the location and intensity of computer attacks Microsoft Security Research Group Privately sponsored site that offers free information about computer security issues Nov 19, Nov 19, Computer Forensics and Ethical Hacking Computer forensics experts Hired to probe PCs and locate information that can be used in legal proceedings Computer forensics The collection, preservation, and analysis of computer-related evidence Summary Assets that companies must protect: Client computers; Computer communication channels; Web servers (susceptible to security threats) Communication channels, in general, and the Internet, in particular are especially vulnerable to attacks Encryption: Provides secrecy Nov 19, Nov 19,
9 Next week User Experience in E-commerce Personalisation Usability Nov 19,
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