DNS: Domain Name System
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1 DNS: Domain Name System People: many identifiers: SSN, name, passport # Internet hosts, routers: IP address (32 bit) - used for addressing datagrams name, e.g., ww.yahoo.com - used by humans Q: map between IP addresses and name? Domain Name System: distributed database implemented in hierarchy of many name servers application-layer protocol host, routers, name servers to communicate to resolve names (address/name translation) note: core Internet function, implemented as application-layer protocol complexity at network s edge 2: Application Layer 1
2 DNS DNS services Hostname to IP address translation Host aliasing Canonical and alias names Mail server aliasing Load distribution Replicated Web servers: set of IP addresses for one canonical name Why not centralize DNS? single point of failure traffic volume distant centralized database maintenance doesn t scale! 2: Application Layer 2
3 Distributed, Hierarchical Database Root DNS Servers com DNS servers org DNS servers edu DNS servers yahoo.com DNS servers amazon.com DNS servers pbs.org DNS servers poly.edu umass.edu DNS serversdns servers Client wants IP for 1 st approx: Client queries a root server to find com DNS server Client queries com DNS server to get amazon.com DNS server Client queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP address for 2: Application Layer 3
4 DNS: Root name servers contacted by local name server that can not resolve name root name server: contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known gets mapping returns mapping to local name server e NASA Mt View, CA f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA (and 17 other locations) b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l ICANN Los Angeles, CA a Verisign, Dulles, VA c Cogent, Herndon, VA (also Los Angeles) d U Maryland College Park, MD k RIPE London (also Amsterdam, g US DoD Vienna, VA Frankfurt) h ARL Aberdeen, MD i Autonomica, Stockholm (plus 3 j Verisign, ( 11 locations) other locations) m WIDE Tokyo 13 root name servers worldwide 2: Application Layer 4
5 TLD and Authoritative Servers Top-level domain (TLD) servers: responsible for com, org, net, edu, etc, and all top-level country domains uk, fr, ca, jp. Network solutions maintains servers for com TLD Educause for edu TLD Authoritative DNS servers: organization s DNS servers, providing authoritative hostname to IP mappings for organization s servers (e.g., Web and mail). Can be maintained by organization or service provider 2: Application Layer 5
6 Local Name Server Does not strictly belong to hierarchy Each ISP (residential ISP, company, university) has one. Also called default name server When a host makes a DNS query, query is sent to its local DNS server Acts as a proxy, forwards query into hierarchy. 2: Application Layer 6
7 Example root DNS server Host at cis.poly.edu wants IP address for gaia.cs.umass.edu TLD DNS server local DNS server dns.poly.edu requesting host cis.poly.edu authoritative DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu 2: Application Layer 7
8 Recursive queries root DNS server recursive query: puts burden of name resolution on contacted name server heavy load? iterated query: contacted server replies with name of server to contact I don t know this name, but ask this server local DNS server dns.poly.edu requesting host cis.poly.edu authoritative DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu TLD DNS server 2: Application Layer 8
9 DNS: caching and updating records once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches mapping cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time TLD servers typically cached in local name servers Thus root name servers not often visited update/notify mechanisms under design by IETF RFC : Application Layer 9
10 DNS records DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR) RR format: (name, value, type, ttl) Type=A name is hostname value is IP address Type=NS name is domain (e.g. foo.com) value is hostname of authoritative name server for this domain Type=CNAME name is alias name for some canonical (the real) name is really servereast.backup2.ibm.com value is canonical name Type=MX value is name of mailserver associated with name 2: Application Layer 10
11 DNS protocol, messages DNS protocol : query and reply messages, both with same message format msg header identification: 16 bit # for query, reply to query uses same # flags: query or reply recursion desired recursion available reply is authoritative 2: Application Layer 11
12 DNS protocol, messages Name, type fields for a query RRs in response to query records for authoritative servers additional helpful info that may be used 2: Application Layer 12
13 Inserting records into DNS Example: just created startup Network Utopia Register name networkuptopia.com at a registrar (e.g., Network Solutions) Need to provide registrar with names and IP addresses of your authoritative name server (primary and secondary) Registrar inserts two RRs into the com TLD server: (networkutopia.com, dns1.networkutopia.com, NS) (dns1.networkutopia.com, , A) Put in authoritative server Type A record for and Type MX record for networkutopia.com How do people get the IP address of your Web site? 2: Application Layer 13
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