TEACH YOUR BEST. A Handbook for University Lecturers. Edited by Barbara Matiru, Anna Mwangi and Ruth Schlette

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1 I Deutsche Btifturig fur Internationale Entwicklung fermaji Foufdation for International Development TEACH YOUR BEST A Handbook for University Lecturers Edited by Barbara Matiru, Anna Mwangi and Ruth Schlette Institute for Socio-cultural Studies University of Kassel, Germany IKO - Verlag fiir Interkulturelle Kommunikation

Edited by Barbara Matiru, Anna Mwangi and Ruth Schlette Institute for

2 CONTENTS FOREWORD by Francis j. Gichaga v INTRODUCTION 1 TEACH YOUR BEST: A PLEA FOR ENHANCING LEARNING IN UNIVERSITIES IN AFRICA 2 Ruth Schlette ON THIS BOOK AND ON THE PEOPLE WHO MADE IT 2 THE HANDBOOK'S STORY: A PATH ACROSS PASTURES, DESERTS AND JUNGLES 4 African Academics Articulate the Need for a Manual 4 Developing the Concept 5 Work in Progress: The Writer's Workshops 6 Towards Publication 6 WAS THE CHALLENGE MET? 7 The Readers Decide on the Future Handbook 8 An African Handbook: What Does this Mean? 8 Some Critical Comments Rehearsed 9 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 11 ADDRESSES 15 HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOK 16 Barbara Matiru and Anna P. Mwangi Uses of the Handbook 16 Structure of the Handbook 17 Special Features of the Handbook 18 CHAPTER 1 THE ROLES OF A UNIVERSITY LECTURER 21 Sam T. Bajah INTRODUCTION 22 FUNCTIONS OF UNIVERSITIES 22 Development of Personnel (Training Function) 23 vii

PASTURES, DESERTS AND JUNGLES 4 African Academics Articulate the Need for a Manual 4 Developing the Concept 5 Work in Progress: The Writer's Workshops 6 Towards Publication 6 WAS THE CHALLENGE MET?

3 Development of Knowledge (Research Function) 23 Provision of Necessary Services (Public Service Function) 23 FUNCTIONS OF UNIVERSITY LECTURERS 23 The Teacher as an Authority in His Discipline 24 The Teacher as a Planner and Manager of Time 29 The Teacher as an Academic Guide to Students 31 The Teacher as an Adviser and Counsellor 33 The Teacher as a Researcher 35 The Teacher as a Consultant 37 CONCLUSION 38 CHAPTER 2 TECHNIQUES OF NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN UNIVERSITY TEACHING 39 Barbara Matiru INTRODUCTION 40 THE MEANING OF NEEDS ASSESSMENT 41 Competence, Relevance and Motivation 42 Wants 42 Complex Needs 42 THE NEEDS ASSESSMENT PROCESS 45 LEVELS OF NEEDS ASSESSMENT 48 Strategic Level 49 Programme Level 49 Course Level 49 PLANNING YOUR COURSE NEEDS ASSESSMENT 50 Objectives 52 Focus of the Assessment 52 Types of Data 52 Sources of Information 58 Data Gathering Techniques 59 Yojur Best

CONCLUSION 38 CHAPTER 2 TECHNIQUES OF NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN UNIVERSITY TEACHING 39 Barbara Matiru INTRODUCTION 40 THE MEANING OF NEEDS ASSESSMENT 41 Competence, Relevance and Motivation 42 Wants 42

4 Processing the Information 82 Making Use of the Assessment Results 83 CONCLUSION 86 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 87 CHAPTER 3 THE LEARNING PROCESSES 89 Darge Wole INTRODUCTION 90 SOME CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT INSTRUCTION IN AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES 91 Student Needs and Characteristics 92 Instructors, Materials and Facilities 93 Evaluation Process 94 Overall Learning Environment 95 SELECTED IDEAS ABOUT THE LEARNING PROCESSES 96 Meaning, Types and Levels of Learning 96 Processes in Learning 97 PROMOTING LEARNING IN UNIVERSITIES 107 Towards Effective Lectures 107 Towards Effective Small Gf'oup Work 109 Enhancing Laboratory Instruction 111 Encouraging Effective Ways of Problem Solving 113 Facilitating Independent Study and Self-expression 114 Utilizing Evaluation to Improve Instruction 116 CONCLUSION 118 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 119 CHAPTER 4 COURSE DESIGN 123 Grace W. Bunyi ix

ABOUT THE LEARNING PROCESSES 96 Meaning, Types and Levels of Learning 96 Processes in Learning 97 PROMOTING LEARNING IN UNIVERSITIES 107 Towards Effective Lectures 107 Towards Effective Small Gf'oup

5 INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA GENERALLY AVAILABLE IN UNIVERSITIES 229 The Chalkboard 229 Printed Media 231 Transparencies and the Overhead Projector 238 Photography : Photos, Slides and Slide-tapes, Filmstrips 243 Flip Charts and Display Easels 250 Wall Charts and Wall Posters 252 Film and Video 254 Other Instructional Media 256 OBTAINING APPROPRIATE MEDIA 259 Are the Instructional Media Available in Your Institution? 260 Are the Instructional Materials Available Somewhere Else? 260 Is Co-production with Other Intitutions or Organizations Possible? 260 Can You or Your Institution Produce the Particular Media? 260 Appropriate Utilization of Limited Resources 261 EVALUATION OF MEDIA 263 CONCLUSION 264 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 264 CHAPTER 7 EVALUATING UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 267 Tom Mulusa INTRODUCTION 268 PART1: COURSE EVALUATION 270 The Scope of Course Evaluation 270 Forms of Evaluation 270 Evaluation Agenda 272 xf'i

Institution? 260 Are the Instructional Materials Available Somewhere Else? 260 Is Co-production with Other Intitutions or Organizations Possible?

6 Designing a Course Evaluation Evaluation Methods and Instruments Report Writing Evaluation of Course Design Evaluation of Course Outlines 1* Evaluation of Course Content Evaluation of Teaching Materials Evaluation of Teaching Methods Course Monitoring and Quality Control PART 2: STUDENT EVALUATION Purpose of Testing University Testing What Do Tests Show? Handling Test Scores at University Level Assessing Student Performance Levels of Testing Item Construction Types of Tests CONCLUSION REFERENCES CHAPTER 8 RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS 309 Godfrey Muriuki INTRODUCTION MEANING OF RESEARCH RESEARCH DESIGN Problem or Objective Methodology ETHICS AND PROTOCOL OF RESEARCH RESEARCH MANAGEMENT APPLICATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS Research and Theory y... XIII

Handling Test Scores at University Level Assessing Student Performance Levels of Testing Item Construction Types of Tests CONCLUSION REFERENCES 273 273 276 277 279 280 281 282 283 287 287 288 290 290

7 Research and Teaching 340 Research, Publications and Promotion 341 Research and Curriculum 344 RESEARCH SUPERVISION 345 DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS 348 CONCLUSION 352 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 354 BIBLIOGRAPHY 355 AUTHORS AND EDITORS 369 xiv

DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS 348 CONCLUSION 352

Film Scanner The term Film Scanner can refer to a dedicated slide and negative film scanner or to a capture type scanner.

Film Scanner The term Film Scanner can refer to a dedicated slide and negative film scanner or to a capture type scanner. Negative Scanner The term Negative Scanner can refer to a dedicated slide and negative