How the Internet Works
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- Rolf Cole
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1 How the Internet Works Thomas M. Hadley Network Consultant Laura Jeanne Knapp Technical Evangelist IHOW_ 010
2 What We are Going to Cover Connecting to the Internet How Data Flows Routes through the Internet Web Page Construction Transmission Speed Internet Performance Tools Internet Service Provider can Help IHOW_ 020
3 What is this Cloud? Internet WEB Client (Browser) Needs information Internet Explorer WEB Server (HTTP Server) Stores information Apache IHOW_ 030
4 Typical Internet Access ISP 1 Internet ISP 2 Central Office Client -- Home - Dial, Cable TV, DSL Small Business - DSL, Cable, Frame Relay Client Server-- T1, T3, Sonet (OC n) Synchronous Optical Network Web Server IHOW_ 040
5 Internet History (BITNet) In the 1970 s Research Cornell Columbia Stage 1 Stage 2 I Stage 3 100,000,000 Experimental Growth Commercialization Penn State 10,000,000 1,000,000 10,000 DARPA Research Worldwide 1, University IHOW_ 050
6 Typical Internet Access The closer your web server is to here, the happier your customers ISP 1 ISP 2 ISP 3 (Backbone) Local ISP Regional ISP Corporation University IHOW_ 060
7 Connection Points MCI SBC Verizon XO NAP PSINet AT&T UUNET Sprint Broadwing Global Crossing Earthlink ANS NAP C+W AT&T PSINet UUNET SBC NAP Verizon Peer Peer AT&T UUNET BellSouth NAP (Network Access Points) PEER Services Packet Exchange Points Interconnect agreement MAE (Metropolitan Area Exchanges) Made by individual networks CIX (Commercial Internet Exchanges) Dynamic NSF organized interconnect Cost is traffic based Defined paths of data between networks Most now use this Funded by the participants IHOW_ 070
8 World Wide Web - WWW URL Uniform Resource Locator The Internet address of the requested information www. = Server Name common.org = Domain Name Home Page Web page of information HTML HyperText Markup Language How WWW pages are written HTTP HyperText Transport Protocol Rules used to transfer information between client and WWW server IHOW_ 080
9 Domain Names and IP Addresses People use names Machines use numbers tom.widget.com DNS Server DNS1.widget.com Internet laura.widget.com dialin1.widget.com Local IP address book hosts.txt file Most IP applications look there first Limited and hard to keep updated Build a directory Works like the white pages except automated Each device has a unique IP address 32 bits (4 bytes) High order bits = the IP network number Network numbers must be registered Assigned by ISP (Internet Service Providers) Low order bits define individual devices IHOW_ 090
10 Structure of Domain Names Domain Name System is a worldwide hierarchical naming system common.org ROOT Servers mil gov com org net edu uk ca fr jp ch be TLD Top-Level Domain gte aa ibm bt ibm sony ibm ibm ibm ibm ibm ibm ibm Some countries have a two part TLD: Japan for example has.co.jp ibm.co.jp SLD Second-Level Domain Subdomain individually subdomain controlled by SLD (losing popularity) Replaced by subdirectories Your domain name is how the general public will know you and find you! Critical component IHOW_ 100
11 Added Some Root Domains Original: Regular:.com,.net,.org Special:.arpa,.edu,.gov,.mil International: Country controlled:.ca,.de,.it,.uk,.us, Island nations and others:.cc,.tv, New in : These haven t taken off Regular:.biz,.info,.int Special:.aero,.coop,.museum I ve never seen one of these IHOW_ 110
12 Names Not on Local DNS Server A hierarchy of DNS servers exist root-server.su root-server.com root-server.mil... dns server. nc.rr.com 1) 4) ) Typical search order: 3) Query internal DNS server Tom at home 2-If not on local server, it queries ISP DNS server 3-If not on ISP DNS server, it queries TLD server root-server.mil root-server.au root-server.com IHOW_ 120
13 Typical WHOIS Entry -- COMMON.ORG Common.org Registrant: Common (COMMON-DOM) 230 West Monroe Suite 220 Chicago, IL US Domain Name: COMMON.ORG Technical Contact: Globalcom Inc. 333 W WACKER DR STE 1500 CHICAGO, IL US fax: Record expires on 11-Nov Record created on 19-Sep Database last updated on Administrative Contact: 5-Sep :02:29 EDT. Manager, Information it_manager@common.org Manager Information Technology Domain servers in listed order: Common, A Users Group 230 West Monroe Suite 220 DNS1.NETWORKGCI.NET Chicago, IL DNS2.NETWORKGCI.NET US fax: Don t bother calling us IHOW_ 130
14 Typical IPBlock Inquiry -- COMMON.ORG 09/05/03 15:17:04 IP block Trying at ARIN Trying at ARIN OrgName: Globalcom OrgID: GLCM Address: 333 W. Wacker #1500 City: Chicago StateProv: IL PostalCode: Country: US NetRange: CIDR: /19 NetName: GLCM-1 NetHandle: NET Parent: NET NetType: Direct Allocation NameServer: DNS1.NETWORKGCI.NET NameServer: DNS2.NETWORKGCI.NET Comment: ADDRESSES WITHIN THIS BLOCK ARE NON-PORTABLE RegDate: Updated: Note that this is a block of 32 Class C addresses IHOW_ 140
15 Typical IPBlock Inquiry -- COMMON.ORG -- Cont. TechHandle: IG79-ARIN TechName: Globalcom, Inc. TechPhone: Tech OrgAbuseHandle: IG79-ARIN OrgAbuseName: Globalcom, Inc. OrgAbusePhone: OrgAbuse OrgTechHandle: IG79-ARIN OrgTechName: Globalcom, Inc. OrgTechPhone: OrgTech The Domain Name here is not the same as the DNS Servers (Previous Page) # ARIN WHOIS database, last updated :15 # Enter? for additional hints on searching ARIN's WHOIS database. IHOW_ 150
16 Analyzer Packet Trace to DNS Server ARP to find MAC addr of default router DNS query exploded here Random source port to DNS IP address of IHOW_ 160
17 Response from ISP DNS Server Answer from DNS Domain is common.org IP address = IHOW_ 170
18 25c Routing - Moving Information At each router the address is viewed and determination is made regarding next router in order to reach destination Post Office Post Office Each packet of information has an address...an IP address Post Office Post Office Post Office To: Mom Post Office Post Office Post Office Packets of information may take different paths between same source and destination pair depending on network conditions IHOW_ 180
19 Tracing Routes through the Internet Traces of network paths show how information travels through the Internet TRACEROUTE -- IP routine that maps out the path between a source and a destination: type tracert from a DOS command line TRACEROUTE - from another WEB site: traceroute.org lists hundreds around the world - trace back to yourself Also helpful if your firewall blocks Examples originate from a PC in Raleigh, North Carolina Home IHOW_ 190
20 Trace Route from Home to COMMON 09/05/03 23:08:51 Fast traceroute address as Trace ( ) Same ms No rdns ms No rdns in packet trace ms pos0-1.rlghncg-rtr1.nc.rr.com ms srp3-0.rlghnca-rtr1.nc.rr.com ms srp13-0.rlghncrdc-rtr1.nc.rr.com ms so0-1-1.rlghncrdc-rtr3.nc.rr.com ms son0-0-1.chrlncsa-rtr6.carolina.rr.com ms pop1-cha-p0-3.atdn.net ms bb1-cha-p0-0.atdn.net ms bb1-vie-p10-0.atdn.net ms pop2-vie-p0-2.atdn.net ms uunet.atdn.net Now MCI ms 0.so XL2.DCA5.ALTER.NET ms 0.so TL2.DCA6.ALTER.NET ms 0.so TL2.CHI2.ALTER.NET ms 0.so CL2.CHI1.ALTER.NET ms 556.ATM7-0.GW2.CHI1.ALTER.NET ms globalcom-gw.customer.alter.net ms No rdns) 20 No Response * * * Blocked at Global Com AOL Transport Data Network IHOW_ 200
21 Tracing route to [ ] br2.md.us.ibm.net [ ] 4 colu35-0-br1.oh.us.ibm.net [ ] 5 colu35-64-sf2.oh.us.ibm.net [ ] 6 scha34-0-br2.il.us.ibm.net [ ] 7 scha34-64-sf2.il.us.ibm.net [ ] 8 [ ] From 1999 scha is Schaumburg, IL suburban Chicago ATT Global Network has multiple servers and uses load balancing software You may resolve to a different site IHOW_ 210
22 Accessed via RoadRunner Trace route to from RoadRunner on 7/20/2000 C:\WINDOWS>tracert Tracing route to [ ] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms ms 9 ms 9 ms ms 9 ms 9 ms ms 11 ms 10 ms ms 9 ms 10 ms ms 21 ms 19 ms ms 21 ms 22 ms 6-2unusedaddress.rr.com [ ] 8 21 ms 22 ms 22 ms hebrt02-hebrt01.rr.com [ ] 9 26 ms 23 ms 21 ms vnbrt01-arbrt01.rr.com [ ] ms 38 ms 38 ms ms 40 ms 40 ms ccbrt01-ccbgsr01.rr.com [ ] 12 ameritech-nap.ibm.net [ ] reports: Destination net unreachable. Trace complete. Ameritech is Chicago site probably still in Shaumburg IHOW_ 220
23 Routed Around Failure Strange connection, hosted in Columbus, OH IHOW_ 230
24 Another Strange Connection 08/07/03 08:39:46 Fast traceroute Trace ( ) ms No rdns) ms pos0-1.rlghncg-rtr1.nc.rr.com ms srp3-0.rlghnca-rtr1.nc.rr.com ms srp13-0.rlghncrdc-rtr1.nc.rr.com ms son0-0-3.rlghncrdc-rtr3.nc.rr.com ms son0-0-1.chrlncsa-rtr6.carolina.rr.com ms pop1-cha-p4-0.atdn.net ms bb1-cha-p2-0.atdn.net ms bb1-atm-p6-0.atdn.net ms pop2-atm-p0-0.atdn.net ms level3.atdn.net = Level3 Communications ms so bbr1.atlanta1.level3.net ms so mpls1.raleigh1.level3.net ms gige6-0.hsipaccess1.raleigh1.level3.net ms unknown.level3.net 16 No Response * * * Note that this starts in Raleigh, goes to Charlotte, Atlanta, and back to Raleigh before being blocked rlgh=raleigh,nc chrl+cha= Charlotte,NC atdn=aol Transit Data Network ATM=Asynchronous Transfer Mode Qwest Gige=Gigabit Ethernet Mpls=Multi-Protocol Label Swapping IHOW_ 240
25 Old Used MAE East IHOW_ 250
26 Trace to lauraknapp.com ISP and hosting company reorganized Relocated this server from Dallas to Atlanta IP address changed, still the same domain name /09/01 18:02:26 Fast traceroute Trace ( ) ms No rdns ms No rdns ms rdu nc.rr.com ms rdu nc.rr.com ms rdu nc.rr.com ms No rdns ms gbr1-p70.attga.ip.att.net ms gbr3-p70.attga.ip.att.net ms ggr1-p360.attga.ip.att.net ms att-gw.atl.uu.net ms 179.at XR2.ATL5.ALTER.NET ms 292.at XR2.ATL1.ALTER.NET ms 194.ATM4-0.GW6.ATL3.ALTER.NET ms foundry-86-p3-2.atl2.mindspring.net ms foundry-32-ve3.atl2.mindspring.net ms lauraknapp.com IHOW_ 260
27 Web Page Construction Internet Constructed by the browser (client) from files sent by the server HTML file Hypertext Markup Language Text, headings, etc. URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) for click areas Formatting instructions Fully qualified names of GIF, JPG or other graphics files to load JAVA scripts or programs IHOW_ 270
28 Why Do You Care? This page has 50 files; 293,783 bytes: HTML - 3 files - 50,256 bytes GIF - 31 files - 43 to 31,306 bytes each JPG - 15 files - 1,939 to 11,566 bytes each Each file a TCP connection?? 4 parallel TCP connections: 921 downstream receipts 856 transmissions With overhead: 450,505 bytes received 62,526 bytes transmitted IHOW_ 280
29 Some Web Designers Do Care This page has 4 files: HTML - 4,567 bytes 2 GIF + 1 JPG files - 10,787 bytes total Each file is a TCP connection -- Loads fast, even from a small provider IHOW_ 290
30 Dial Transmission Speeds Ameritech PacBell Verizon XO NAP AT&T UUNET Global Crossing Earthlink ANS NAP C+W AT&T PSINet UUNET PSINet Sprint Broadwing Peer SBC AT&T NAP BellSouth Verizon UUNET Peer Accumulated statistics from dial modem experience, connecting at 44,000 bps (56K bps modem) ISP is ATT Global Network Windows PPPLOG file Captured hundreds of sessions Maximum = 22,900 bps Median = 3,900 bps Minimum = 570 bps Average = 6,322 bps IHOW_ 300
31 Cable Modem Speed Internet Head End Fiber Cable Modem Drop Line 10BaseT Splitter Fiber Node Coax Cable Experience is with Road Runner (Time Warner) Subnet was 96 addresses, then 1024, now 2048 About ½ respond Across the Internet Kbps 2001 average was 800 Kbps Today average is 1.5 Mbps Local Road Runner Mbps IHOW_ 310
32 Asymmetric Connection Client to server (upstream): 13,845 bytes, 137 trans. 23,698 bytes, 545 trans. Server to client(downstream): 90,413 bytes, 196 trans. 394,496 bytes, 787 trans. Acknowledgments, next file requests Asymmetric connection Client Not just transmission speed, but turns IHOW_ 320
33 Web User Expectations Session abandonment: 7 seconds = 5% 8 seconds = 30% What can you do? Faster server Faster local connection ISP closer to core Content delivery network Compress HTML Stay below 40 Kbytes IHOW_ 330
34 Top 30 U.S. Internet Routes Copyright TeleGeography, Inc IHOW_ 340
35 Overlay of Competing U.S. Fiber Networks Private Line 3 or more states 100 Mbps or more You don t want to be where they aren t IHOW_ 350
36 Tracking ISP Activities Home page performance from probes in 50 cities Overview performance of popular sites Net performance ISP to ISP Matrix Information and Directory Services Now part of Xaffire Inc. Internet Weather Report IP address localization Demographic information Status of ISP s, packet exchanges Magazine about ISPs Deals, upgrades, hardware Business of ISPs Atlas of maps of the Internet Many different views, collected from across the internet, with links IHOW_ 360
37 Reachability% Matrix Internet Average IHOW_ 370
38 Internet Traffic Report Time in ms IHOW_ 380
39 Keynote Performance Averages IHOW_ 390
40 Windows Tools Visual Route Vital Agent Company purchased by Lucent Not maintained but still available IHOW_ 400
41 Internet Outages Sprint Internet Backbone MCI Internet Backbone Chicago Bridge Indy ISP Houston ISP User Indianapolis Indiana Trying to access Houston Texas Web site Internet reliability is challenging 1) Multiple domain name registrars 2) Complex network paths 3) Multiple points of failure 4) No single owner 5) Hacker attacks, such as syn floods 6) Varying levels of service from different ISPs You do not control these items IHOW_ 410
42 Tracking Real Time NET Problems IHOW_ 420
43 Outage Reporting This is my Raleigh, NC RoadRunner IHOW_ 430
44 ISP Service Offerings Support and Services Education and training Consulting Implementation Network management User services Design and needs assessment Pricing Direct access lines Port costs Dial access lines Traffic costs Premium services Applications charges User registration User administration Service Level Agreement Availability Dropped connection Latency Throughput Time to logon Access links Capacity (aggregate) Exchange point access How many? How fast? Redundancy? Utilization statistics Guaranteed service levels IHOW_ 440
45 Internet : Unlimited Connections IHOW_ 450
46 References Program downloads, multiple platforms program downloads netgroup-serv.polito.it...ip packet capture (and analyzer) ported to Windows Internet tools, v more tools, v3.2.1, US$20 from hundreds of sites Traceroute map + ID, v7.1, US$50 Vital Signs...Not supported, download available connectivity as maps bandwidth and cost business report performance General is free, your site is fee 2003/09 IHOW_ 460
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