Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile Russia

Transcription

1 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008 Russia

2 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Prepared by: Alin Chindea Magdalena Majkowska-Tomkin Heikki Mattila Isabel Pastor Edited by: Sheila Siar Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: Fax: Internet: ISBN ISBN (Migration in the Black Sea Region: Regional Overview, Country Profiles and Policy Recommendations) 2008 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 94_08

3 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile October 2008

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5 Contents List of tables and figures... 7 Acronym list... 7 Foreword... 9 Executive Summary: General Assessment of Migration Issues Immigrants Number of immigrants Status of immigrants Main countries of origin of immigrants Emigrants Total number of emigrants Status of emigrants Main countries of destination Remittances Quantitative aspects of remittances Qualitative aspects of remittances Migrant communities/diasporas Description of relationship between diasporas and country of origin Migrant communities/diasporas organizations by country of destination Irregular migration Numbers/estimates of irregular movements Figures and information on return migration flows Figures and information on trafficking Assessment and analysis of migration issues Government institutions responsible for migration policy International legal framework in place relevant to migration Migration policies in place Labour migration issues Policies to address irregular migration Policies to address trafficking in human beings Refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons, and relevant policies in place Other important migration actors in the country Annex: Some Additional Migration Statistics Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

6 list of tables Table 1. Population born outside of the Russian Federation (in thousands; as of 9 October 2002)...18 Table 2. Foreign citizens and stateless persons (as of 9 October 2002)...19 Table 3. Asylum applications in the Russian Federation, Table 4. Residence permits issued in the Russian Federation, Table 5. Temporary residence permits issued in the Russian Federation, Table 6. Persons who received the forced resettlement or refugee status, Table 7. Refugees and forced resettlers (persons)...23 Table 8. Forced resettlers (by place of former residence)...24 Table 9. Distribution of foreign workers (by types of economic activity)...25 Table 10. Foreign workers in Russia (by main countries of origin)...26 Table 11. Distribution of foreign workers in Russia (by duration of work period)...27 Table 12. Distribution of foreign workers (by gender)...27 Table 13. Immigration flows to the Russian Federation by country of departure, Table 14. Immigrants in Russia by ethnic origin in Table 15. Distribution of immigrants age 14 and older, by educational status...32 Table 16. Emigration from the Russian Federation in 1997 and by year and country of destination...33 Table 17. Distribution of refugees and asylum seekers from Russia by country of asylum...34 Table 18. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad (by gender)...35 Table 19. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad (by educational status)...35 Table 20. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad (by duration of employment period)...35 Table 21. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad in 2006 (by type of economic activity)...36 Table 22. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad in , by destination countries...36 Table 23. Occupation of Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad...37 Table 24. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad, by category of occupation...38 Table 25: Selected countries of residence of Russian emigrants...38 Table 26. Russian emigration by countries of destination and by year, Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

7 Table 27. Educational status of emigrants 14 years and older, Table 28. Amount of incoming migrant remittances to Russia...41 Table 29. Remittances to and from the Russian Federation, Table 30. Remittances sent via money transfer systems in Table 31. Violations of the Migration Law of the Russian Federation...57 Table 32. IOM assisted voluntary returns to the Russian Federation, Table 33. Differences in GDP and standards of living among the CIS countries...75 Table 34. Economically active population...78 Table 35. Average annual employment by type of economic activities...79 Table 36. Number of unemployed persons in the Russian Federation, 1992, 1995, and Table 37. Unemployment by age and educational attainment in 2006 (as of end of November; percentage of the total)...81 Table 38. Statistics on crimes related to trafficking in people, Table 39. Asylum applications in the Russian Federation, LIST OF figures Figure 1. Net migration to Russia, by ethnic group, (in %)...28 Figure 2. Changes in average commission (for transactions from Russia via payment systems)...45 Figure 3. Trafficking routes used in taking people out and into the Russian Federation...63 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

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9 ACRONYM LIST BSEC CBR CIS FMS ILO IOM MIA MTO NGO RCP UN UNDP UNFPA UNHCR UNICEF UNODC USSR WGCC Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Central Bank of Russia Commonwealth of Independent States Federal Migration Service International Labour Organization International Organization for Migration Ministry of Internal Affairs Money transfer operators Non-governmental organization Regional Consultative Process United Nations United Nations Development Programme United Nations Population Fund United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Children s Fund United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Working Group on Combating Crime Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

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11 FOREWORD International migration is a prominent feature of globalization and one of the defining issues of this century. Increasingly, migration entails economic, social, demographic, cultural, security and environmental effects on both sending and receiving societies. The task of formulating effective and coherent approaches for the management of international migration poses formidable challenges and frequently has led to regional initiatives such as Regional Consultative Processes (RCPs). 1 These initiatives which address a wide range of migration issues including migration and development, integration of migrants, smuggling of and trafficking in persons, irregular migration and so on often reflect the different migration agendas of governments even though the challenges they face may be similar in nature. Within this context and considering its proactive role in various RCPs, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) in One of the main aims of this agreement is to enhance cooperation in addressing irregular migration and combating trafficking in persons in the Black Sea region, an area that experiences significant migration challenges as a transit, origin, and destination hub for migrants. Consequently, in 2007, IOM launched the Black Sea Consultative Process on Migration Management, a joint project with the BSEC s Working Group on Combating Crime (WGCC) (Particularly its Organized Forms). The project aimed to contribute to effective migration management in the Black Sea region as well as combating irregular migration through strengthened regional cooperation and capacity building of relevant authorities in all twelve member states of the BSEC. 2 Specifically, IOM has drafted national Migration Profiles for those countries where such documents did not exist, and has reviewed and updated existing Profiles. 3 Why country Migration Profiles? A concept and tool promoted by the European Commission, the Profiles are an evidence-based approach to assess the migration situation in a country. IOM has adopted and further developed this 1 Regional Consultative Processes bring together representatives of states, international organizations and, in some cases, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for informal and non-binding dialogue and information exchange on migration-related issues of common interest and concern. 2 Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. 3 Within the framework of the Slovenian presidency of the European Union, IOM prepared Migration Profiles for the Western Balkan Countries including BSEC members Albania, Serbia and Turkey. Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

12 concept and has since implemented it in various regions such as the Balkans, Western and Central Africa, and Latin America. The intention is to contribute towards greater coherence of national migration policies and enhanced regional cooperation. This requires appropriate compilation of internationally comparable data among other features such as national coordination and cooperation among involved authorities and pursuit of an active international cooperation at bilateral, regional and global levels. The Profiles, using a common template, allow for comparability despite data limitations 4 and different national contexts. Furthermore, to ensure the legitimacy and recognized value of the Profiles, the BSEC member states and the BSEC WGCC provided substantial feedback on the Profiles. Drafted in IOM s office in Budapest and coordinated with IOM s Research Unit at IOM Headquarters in Geneva and the respective IOM office in each of the BSEC countries to ensure high-quality the Profiles also offer a set of policy recommendations for effective migration management in the region. These were thoroughly discussed during an expert meeting of the BSEC s WGCC in Istanbul on 10 September Subsequently, the recommendations were approved by the BSEC s Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs that convened in Tirana on 23 October This set of Profiles is the result of intensive cooperation between many individuals within IOM and among IOM and other stakeholders. The input of the following people is highly appreciated: Christine Aghazarm and Verónica Escudero, Research Unit in IOM Geneva, as authors of the regional overview and for their extensive review of all the Profiles, Frank Laczko, head of the Research and Publications in IOM Geneva, for his supervision throughout the project, IOM staff in IOM offices in all the BSEC countries, and the dedicated finance and administrative colleagues in IOM Budapest. Special thanks to IOM s 1035 Facility who funded this project. Moreover, particular gratitude is warmly given to the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Organization as the associate organization in this project, especially the Permanent International Secretariat who kindly arranged the meetings related to the implementation of the project. Not least, IOM gratefully acknowledges the support of the BSEC Member States in the production of the Profiles, above all for their input to their specific country profile and the endorsement of the regional migration policy recommendations. Argentina Szabados, Regional Representative Alin Chindea, Project Coordinator International Organization for Migration Mission with Regional Functions for Central and South-Eastern Europe 4 For a discussion on the quality and limitations migration data, see the regional overview. 10 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

13 Population (July 2007) Total Area Russia Basic facts 141,377,752 (estimate) 16,995,800 sq. km GDP per Capita PPP USD 12,200 Human Development Index (HDI) Rank 67 of 177 Net Migration Rate 0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population Sources: CIA World Factbook; United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report, Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

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15 Executive Summary: General Assessment of Migration Issues From the beginning of the 20 th century until the disintegration of the Soviet Union, migration flows concerning Russia took place mainly within the borders of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Exceptions to this were during the two World Wars and the civil war ( ), which accompanied movements of refugees and displaced persons, repatriations, and mass deportations. After the end of the Soviet Union, the first half of the 1990s was characterized by the so-called forced migration or forced resettlement towards the Russian Federation, basically from countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Baltic States, the sharp reduction of emigration streams to these states, and the booming emigration to far abroad or outside of the former Soviet Union. This far-abroad emigration was mostly ethnic in character: Germans, Jews and Greeks, and Russians living in the large cities were mostly the ones to leave. There were many scientists and representatives of art among emigrants in that period. 1 However, during the second half of the 1990s, there was a reduction in the streams of refugees and forced immigrants from the countries of the former Soviet Union. Immigration lost its forced nature, and more and more migrants started to move into Russia for social and economic reasons. The diversity of emigration (by countries, by regions of origin in Russia, and by ethnic composition) decreased as well. In the 2000s, the main factors influencing migration in Russia have been its more favorable economic development compared to most of the other CIS countries and the growing problems of demographic development in Russia. Nowadays, Russia is facing similar migration challenges to most other European countries. These challenges include: how best to use immigration (today and in the future) to compensate for the declining population, labour force shortages, and emigration of working age citizens; how to fight against irregular forms of migration and trafficking in human beings; and how to overcome antiimmigrant sentiment, xenophobia, and ethnic conflict, problems closely linked with migratory movements. 1 Vladimir, Mukomel and Nikita Mkrtchyan (2008) Expert memorandum drafted for this Country Profile; Commissioned by IOM Office in Moscow; January Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

16 The vast territory of the country, its numerous administrative sub-regions, and ethnically diverse population also create special problems, such as keeping sparsely populated areas inhabited. The long land borders of nearly 20,000 km pose special challenges for controlling migration flows. Also, the common past of the CIS as former Soviet Republics, where the Russian language is generally spoken and a visa-free regime prevails, gives a special characteristic to the nature of migration to and from Russia. Ivakhniouk (2006) 2 lists the following features that characterize much of the migration system in the CIS area: historical ties geographical proximity, transparent borders (visa-free movements) common transport infrastructure psychological easiness to move (language, former common territory) demographic complementarity mutual interest towards common labour market large-scale irregular migration regional cooperation aimed at coordinated migration management. Following the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, about 25 million ethnic Russians found themselves living in the other CIS countries and in the three Baltic Republics. 3 Meanwhile, between 1989 and 2002, Russia received 10.9 million migrants from the former Soviet Republics (the current CIS and the Baltic States). 4 A large part of these Russians had to move under some degree of pressure, with many of them even fleeing conflicts including those in South Ossetia, Abkhasia, and Tajikistan. In Russia, they were therefore called refugees or forced migrants (also forced resettlers ). During the same period, 4.1 million persons moved in the opposite direction, 5 that is, from Russia to the newly independent former Soviet Republics. Thus, Russia s net immigration figure with the Former Soviet Union (FSU) Re- 2 Ivakhnyuk, Irina (2006) Migration in the CIS Region: Common Problems and Mutual Benefits, An expert paper presented at the International Symposium on International Migration and Development, United Nations Population Division, June 2006, Turin, Italy. 3 Tishkov, Valery, Zhanna Zayinchkovskaya and Galina Vitkovskaya (2005) Migration in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union, A paper prepared for the Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 14 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

17 publics in the same period was 6.8 million. These people resettled in numerous communities all around the Russian Federation, and their resettlement was for many years the main priority of the Russian migration authorities, most notably the Federal Migration Service (FMS) created in June According to Tishkov et al. (2005), since mid-1990s, such forced migration in the CIS region has gradually decreased, while at the same time economically motivated migration has grown. Ivakhniouk (2006) confirms 7 that during the last 15 years, the nature of migration flows in the CIS region shifted from primarily forced migrations to voluntary economic migrations. The strongly varying economic, social and political development in the CIS countries has generated large, mostly economic migration flows primarily towards Russia (see more on this in Section 6.4 on labour migration). The increased mobility of various ethnic groups of the Central Asian countries of the CIS, and their employment in the Russian Federation, has led to an expansion of migrant ethnic communities and intensive formation of new diasporas resulting in growing ethnic confrontations of a socio-cultural variety. Partly linked to the recent large labour migration, Russia and the whole CIS region have become transit and residence areas for large numbers of irregular migrants, thus new and more effective methods are being sought to deal with the situation. The need for active migration policy has been acknowledged at the highest level. For instance, the then Russian President, Vladimir Putin, announced in March 2005 the need for adjusting Russia s migration policy as a result of the rapid decline in the country s population. 8 The President was quoted as saying that the state s migration policy needs to be adjusted and be closely linked to important tasks of socio-economic development, with the main task at present to create additional conditions for attracting skilled labour. The President also stated that those migrants falling into the shadow economy largely have done so due to the cumbersome procedures in place for obtaining legal employment in Russia. In recent years, Russian authorities have launched numerous proactive migration policy initiatives, in their attempts to increase the recruitment of highly skilled professionals from abroad, as well as to encourage Russian expatriates 6 Voronina (2006). 7 Ivakhnyuk, Irina (2006) Migration in the CIS Region: Common Problems and Mutual Benefits, An expert paper presented at the International Symposium on International Migration and Development, United Nations Population Division, June 2006, Turin, Italy. 8 Interfax New Report, 17 March Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

18 to return and to diminish irregular migration, through facilitation of immigration procedures and imposition of sanctions to employers hiring undocumented labour, improved migration databases and new passports with electronic and biometric features, and increased cooperation among CIS countries in migration issues. New migration legislation has also been in force since January Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

19 1. Immigrants 1.1. Number of immigrants Stock... 12,080,000 (2006) 9 As percentage of total population...8.4% (2006 ) 10 Gender ratio % female (2005) 11 The United Nations Population Division (UNPD) ranks Russia second to the United States in the list of countries with the largest numbers of immigrants: United States 38.9 million immigrants Russian Federation 12.1 million Germany 10.1 million Ukraine 6.8 million Many of the foreign-born residing in the current Russian Federation were born in other states of the former USSR (Table 1). Therefore, for a large share of the foreign-born in Russia, the figure reflects the changed geopolitical status of their country of birth, rather than international migration to Russia. The total number of citizens from other states and of stateless persons is much lower (Table 2). 9 United Nations Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (October 2006) International Migration. The number of international migrants generally represents the number of persons born in a country other than that in which they live. 10 Ibid. 11 World Bank, Development Prospects Group (2005) Migration and Remittances Factbook. Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

20 Table 1. Population born outside of the Russian Federation (in thousands; as of 9 October 2002) 12 Country No. Azerbaijan 846 Armenia 481 Byelorussia 936 Georgia 629 Kazakhstan 2,585 Kirghizia 464 Latvia 103 Lithuania 86 Moldova 278 Tadzhikistan 383 Turkmenia 175 Uzbekistan 918 Ukraine 3,560 Estonia 67 Other countries 466 Total 11,977 Source: The 2002 Census in the Russian Federation as presented by Rosstat in Rosstat of the Russian Federation, Moscow (2005) Results of the 2002 Census in the Russian Federation, Vol. 14, Total Final Figures of the 2002 Census in the Russian Federation. 18 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

21 Table 2. Foreign citizens and stateless persons (as of 9 October 2002) 13 No. (in thousands) As percentage of the Russian population Total no. of foreign citizens 1, Their country of citizenship: Other than CIS Azerbaijan Armenia Byelorussia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldavia Tadzhikistan Turkmenia Uzbekistan Ukraine Stateless people Source: The 2002 Census in the Russian Federation as presented by Rosstat in Status of immigrants Refugees/asylum seekers Situation at the end of 2006: Refugees...1, Asylum seekers (pending cases) Table 3. Asylum applications in the Russian Federation, (June) , Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), According to the Law on the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation of July 25, 2002, No. 115-FZ, foreign citizens may temporarily 13 Ibid. 14 UNHCR (2007) Statistical Yearbook 2006, Trends in Displacement, Protection and Solutions, Geneva December The first figure refers to Persons recognized as refugees under the 1951 UN Convention/1967 Protocol, the 1969 OAU Convention, in accordance with the UNHCR Statute, persons granted a complementary form of protection and those granted temporary protection. Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

22 stay, 15 temporarily reside, and permanently reside in the Russian Federation. The number of temporary residence permissions (for a period of three years) is allocated by quota. 16 Residence permits are issued for a five-year period with possible extension. Prior to the receipt of a residence permit, a foreign citizen is obliged to live in the Russian Federation for at least one year on the basis of a temporary residence permit. Forced migrants may seek, according to the Law of the Russian Federation, temporary refuge, refugee status, or displaced person status. 17 Simplified procedure sfor the acquisition of nationality is in force between the Russian Federation and the Republics of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. 18 In addition, separate categories of immigrants may also obtain Russian citizenship through a simplified procedure. 19 Permanent residence status The number of people issued residence permits in 2006 totaled 16,699. As of October 2007 this figure was 12, The period of a foreigner s temporary stay in the Russian Federation is defined by the validity period of his/her visa. Temporary stay that does not require a visa but the duration of stay should not be longer than 90 days. 16 Quotas are distributed among subjects (regions) of the Russian Federation. Quotas are not extended to individual categories of foreign citizens. A quota of 140,790 for part-time residence has been approved for the year The status of forced migrants can be given to internal migrants as well as to Russian citizens who are forced to leave the place of their residence outside of Russia. 18 Federal Law of 2 January 2000, No. 18-FL. 19 These include foreign citizens and stateless persons who have at least one parent with Russian Federation citizenship and living in the territory of the Russian Federation; who had the citizenship of the USSR; who had resided or is residing in the former republics of the USSR and did not receive the citizenship of these republics and thus remain stateless persons; who are citizens of the former republics of the USSR; who had received professional or higher education in the educational institutions of the Russian Federation after 1 July 2002; who were born in the territory of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and had citizenship of the former USSR; who are married to the citizen of the Russian Federation for at least three years; and who are not capable of working and have a legally capable son or daughter over the age of 18 who are citizens of the Russian Federation. (The Federal Law on Amendments to the Federal Law on the Citizenship of the Russian Federation, 11 November 2003, No. 151-FL). 20 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

23 Table 4. Residence permits issued in the Russian Federation, Year No , , , (as of October) 12,217 Source: Federal Migration Service. Temporary residence status The number of people issued temporary residence permits in 2006 totaled 150,716. As of October 2007, the figure reached 167,347. Table 5. Temporary residence permits issued in the Russian Federation, Year No , , , (as of October) 167,347 Source: Federal Migration Service. Refugees/asylum seekers Refugees 445 persons (as of November 2007) Applied for refugee status 1,872 persons (January-October 2007) Recognized as refugees 113 (January-October 2007) Applied for temporary asylum 1,042 persons (January-October 2007) Received temporary asylum 359 persons (January-October 2007) Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

24 Table 6. Persons who received the forced resettlement or refugee status, Total of forced migrants , ,244 Refugees Forced re-settlers ,518 85, , ,950 46, , ,672 19, , ,130 5, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,135 Source: Federal Migration Service. 20 FMS press release. Moscow, ; Information and Statistics Collected Book No. 1, the FMS. Moscow, 2002; Population and migration in the Russian Federation. Moscow, the Goskomstat of Russia, Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

25 Table 7. Refugees and forced resettlers 1 (persons) Total since the start of registra-tion as of 1 January Resettlers (since 1 July 1992) of which Refugees (since 20 March 1993) Total 271,977 59,196 4,726 4,291 8,914 7, , , Out of them, former permanent residents of Azerbaijan 12, ,486 2, Armenia 1, Belarus Georgia 10,778 4,297 2,537 1, ,302 17, Kazakhstan 88,689 29, ,971 42,971 - Kyrgyzstan 17,769 1, ,879 2,879 - Latvia 5, Lithuania Moldova 2, Russia 3 34,871 9, ,522 8,380 6,876 23,827 23,827 - Tajikistan 26,982 3, ,179 9, Turkmenistan 4, ,133 1,133 - Uzbekistan 59,212 9, ,582 15,575 7 Ukraine 2, Estonia 3, Other territories or those not specified Source: Federal Migration Service, 1 Data from the FMS on the number of citizens of the Russian Federation and foreign citizens given corresponding official status in its territorial bodies. 2 Excluding those taken off the records. 3 Excluding data on forced re-settlers from the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania to the Republic of Ingushetia and on those who applied to the FMS in connection with events in the Chechen Republic in and Including 240 persons who were formerly permanent residents of Afghanistan; Rwanda, 7; Israel, 5; Iraq, 5; Vietnam, 3; Serbia, 3; and one person each from Iran, Pakistan, Uganda, and Ethiopia. Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

26 Table 8. Forced resettlers (by place of former residence) Total 956, , , , , , , , ,711 Belarus Kazakhstan 234, , , , , ,423 99,500 66,020 42,971 Moldoa 14,015 10,614 9,458 6,989 5,483 3,950 2,128 1, Russia* 194, , , ,367 82,289 61,382 46,706 36,375 23,827 Kyrgyzstan 63,606 44,433 35,498 23,907 16,197 10,999 6,092 4,265 2,879 Tadzhikistan 126,625 96,056 83,040 59,190 44,342 31,563 17,683 12,158 9,169 Turkmenistan 14,564 14,552 12,709 9,588 6,084 3,332 1,917 1,376 1,133 Uzbekistan 135, , ,606 80,306 64,907 48,319 33,015 22,257 15,575 Azerbaijan 68,383 45,275 36,698 20,740 14,003 9,161 5,025 3,322 2,468 Armenia 4,621 3,283 2,579 1,616 1, Georgia 60,884 41,915 40,507 30,361 27,488 25,199 22,278 18,868 17,202 Latvia 18,680 14,861 11,888 7,679 4,392 2,305 1, Lithuania 2,771 2,279 1,881 1, Estonia 11,636 10,519 9,023 6,320 3,753 1, Other territories or those not specified Source: Population and Migration in the Russian Federation. Moscow, the Goskomstat of Russia, * the Chechen Republic, the Republic of Ingushetia, and the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. 24 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

27 Table 9. Distribution of foreign workers (by types of economic activity) No. % No. % Total 702, ,014, Building 272, , Industry and mining operations 48, , Agriculture, hunting 33, , transport, communication 32, , Trade and services 213, , Other types of economic activity 101, , Source: the Federal Migration Service Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

28 Labour migrants Table 10. Foreign workers in Russia (by main countries of origin) No. % No. % No. % Total 460, , ,014, From CIS countries (total) 221, , , Including: Azerbaijan 9, , , Armenia 17, , , Georgia 3, , , Kyrgyzstan 7, , , Moldavia 22, , , Tadzhikistan 23, , , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan 24, , , Ukraine 108, , , From other countries (total) including: Afghanistan 238, , , , , , Bulgaria 2, , , Bosnia and Herzegovina 1, , , Vietnam 41, , , Germany 1, , , India 2, , , Italy , China 94, , , Korea (PDRK) 14, , , Korea Republic , Latvia 1, , , Lithuania 4, , , Poland 1, , , Serbia and Montenegro 7, , , Great Britain 1, , , United States 1, , , Turkey 48, , , Philippines , Finland 1, , , France 1, , , Source: Federal Migration Service 26 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

29 Table 11. Distribution of foreign workers in Russia (by duration of work period) Up to 3 months 2,260 2, months 34,764 5, months 17,663 14, months 391, ,633 Source: Federal Migration Service Table 12. Distribution of foreign workers (by gender) No. % No. % No. % Male 379, , , Female 81, , , Source: Federal Migration Service 1.3. Main countries of origin of immigrants As indicated earlier, in the early to mid-1990s, the main migration flows to the Russian Federation consisted of ethnic Russians who moved from other former Soviet Republics, often fleeing discrimination or ethnic conflicts, and therefore were known as forced migrants or forced resettlers in the Russian Federation. Since 2000, the top 10 source countries have been Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Moldova World Bank, Development Prospects Group (2008) Migration and Remittances Factbook. Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

30 Figure 1. Net migration to Russia, by ethnic group, (in %) 10.00% 1.50% 15.70% 6.00% 66.80% Source: Valery Tishkov, Zhanna Zayinchkovskaya and Galina Vitkovskaya (2005) Migration in the countries of the former Soviet Union, Global Commission on International Migration, p Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

31 Table 13. Immigration flows to the Russian Federation by country of departure, Arrivals to the 597, , , , , , , ,380 Russian Federation, Total of which from: CIS countries 571, , , , , , , ,657 Azerbaijan 29,878 14,906 5,587 5,635 4,277 2,584 4,600 8,900 Armenia 19,123 15,951 5,814 6,802 5,124 3,057 7,581 12,949 Belarus 17,575 10,274 6,520 6,841 5,309 5,650 6,797 5,619 Georgia 24,517 20,213 9,674 7,128 5,540 4,886 5,497 6,806 Kazakhstan 235, ,903 65,226 55,706 29,552 40,150 51,945 38,606 Kyrgyzstan 13,752 15,536 10,740 13,139 6,948 9,511 15,592 15,669 Moldova 13,750 11,652 7,569 7,562 6,391 4,816 6,569 8,649 Tajikistan 23,053 11,043 6,742 5,967 5,346 3,339 4,717 6,523 Turkmenistan 16,501 6,738 4,402 4,531 6,299 3,734 4,104 4,089 Uzbekistan 39,620 40,810 24,873 24,951 21,457 14,948 30,436 37,126 Ukraine 138,231 74,748 36,503 36,806 23,418 17,699 30,760 32,721 from non-cis countries 25,748 12,556 9,800 9,544 9,483 8,783 8,632 8,723 Australia Afghanistan Bulgaria Germany 2,379 1,753 1,627 1,962 2,692 3,117 3,025 2,900 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

32 Greece Israel 1,626 1,508 1,373 1,670 1,808 1,486 1,004 1,053 Canada China 2,861 1, Cuba Latvia 5,658 1,785 1, Lithuania 1, Poland Syria United States Turkey Finland Sweden Estonia 3, Other countries 4,829 2,710 2,071 1,696 1,194 1,005 1,372 1,432 Sources: Goskomstat (The Central Statistical Office of the Russian Federation) website; Demographic Yearbook of Russia, Moscow, 2006; Population and Migration in the Russian Federation in 2006, Moscow, Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

33 A significant part of migrants moving for permanent (primary) residence to Russia are Russians (ethnic Russians from other regions of the Former Soviet Republic who are entitled to Russian citizenship) arriving from other CIS countries or who belong to ethnic minorities of the Russian Federation. The majority of them have Russian citizenship. The following table describes the ethnic origin of those immigrants. Table 14. Immigrants in Russia by ethnic origin in Total 184, , , , ,380 Russians 99,683 66,076 65,831 92,576 82,647 Tatars 7,708 5,782 4,039 6,330 8,171 Other nations and ethnic groups of the Russian Federation 5,567 3,768 3,382 3,763 4,068 Azerbaijanis 2,921 1,884 1,196 2,489 5,345 Armenians 7,491 5,757 3,547 7,157 11,358 Belarusians 2,819 1,833 1,820 2,544 2,028 Georgians 1, ,055 Kazakhs 1,946 1,304 1,452 2,022 1,862 Kirghiz ,332 2,394 Moldovans 1, ,385 2,033 Tadjiks 1,481 1, ,305 2,550 Turkmen Uzbeks 2,020 1,597 1,130 2,069 3,880 Ukrainian 17,699 11,225 8,886 13,623 13,564 Koreans 1,577 1, ,162 2,870 Germans 2,523 1,913 2,342 2,974 2,438 Other nationalities, living mainly outside of the Russian Federation Nationalities have not been specified 4,077 2,986 2,148 3,565 3,546 23,740 20,184 19,767 30,892 36,286 Source: Population and migration in the Russian Federation. Moscow, the Rosstat, Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

34 Table 15. Distribution of immigrants age 14 and older, by educational status Educational Status Total 158, , , , ,687 Higher professional education Including Doctors of Science (PhD specialists) Candidates of Sciences (PhD specialists) Incomplete higher education Secondary vocational education General secondary education Basic secondary education Primary education or no education Educational status not specified 28,561 22,185 20,563 29,357 31, ,254 3,193 3,210 4,973 5,083 47,620 33,250 31,797 48,180 48,554 53,084 37,210 32,713 48,561 50,608 19,283 12,566 12,387 18,689 18,313 5,703 3,479 3,880 5,296 3,958 Source: Population and Migration in the Russian Federation, Moscow, the Rosstat, , Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

35 2. Emigrants 2.1. Total number of emigrants... 11,480,137 (2005) 22 As percentage of total population...8% (2005) 23 Table 16. Emigration from the Russian Federation in 1997 and by year and Departures from the Russian Federation, Total of which to: country of destination , , , ,685 94,018 79,795 69,798 54,061 CIS countries 146,961 82,312 61,570 52,099 46,081 37,017 36,109 35,262 Azerbaijan 4,302 3,187 2,170 1,704 1,771 1,336 1,274 1,366 Armenia 2,578 1,519 1,362 1,114 1, Belarus 18,928 13,276 11,175 8,829 7,016 5,671 6,034 6,318 Georgia 3,286 1,802 1, Kazakhstan 25,364 17,913 15,186 13,939 14,017 12,504 12,437 11,948 Kyrgyzstan 6,296 1,857 1,333 1, Moldova 5,715 2,237 1,660 1,385 1, Tajikistan 2,474 1, Turkmenistan 1, Uzbekistan 7,370 3,086 1,974 1,400 1, Ukraine 69,116 35,601 24,026 20,585 16,744 13,115 12,640 11,926 to non- CIS countries 86,026 63,408 59,596 54,586 47,937 42,778 33,689 18,799 Australia Afghanistan Bulgaria Germany 48,363 40,443 43,682 42,231 36,928 31,876 21,458 8,229 Greece Israel 12,873 9,407 4,835 2,764 2,048 1,733 1,745 1,408 Canada 1, China 1, World Bank Development Prospects Group (2005) Migration and Remittances Factbook. 23 Ibid. Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

36 Cuba Latvia Lithuania 1, Poland Syria United States 9,087 4,793 4,527 3,134 3,199 2,919 4,040 3,109 Turkey Finland 923 1, , Sweden Estonia Other countries Source: Goskomstat website 6,500 3,788 2,657 2,733 2,478 2,806 3,150 3, Status of emigrants Refugees...159,381 (2006) 24 Asylum seekers...20,670 (2006) 25 Table 17. Distribution of refugees and asylum seekers from Russia by country of asylum Country of asylum Refugees Asylum seekers (pending cases) Total 159,381 20,670 United States 86, Germany 25, Austria 8,723 6,977 Poland 6,024 1,814 France 5,945 1,914 Belgium 5, Other countries 21,003 8,049 Sources: UNHCR, UNCHR (2006) Statistical Yearbook Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons. Figures represent end-of-2006 statistics. Data are provisional and subject to change. Status as of 15 June The figure refers to Persons recognized as refugees under the 1951 UN Convention/1967 Protocol, the 1969 OAU Convention, in accordance with the UNHCR Statute, persons granted a complementary form of protection and those granted temporary protection. 25 Ibid. 34 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

37 Labour migrants Suspended licenses - 1, cancelled licenses - 4 (as of January-October 2007) Table 18. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad (by gender) (as of June) Total 60,926 65,747 39,074 Male 50,722 52,185 30,243 Female 10,204 13,562 8,831 Source: Federal Migration Service Table 19. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad (by educational status) (as of June ) Total 60,926 65,747 39,074 Higher professional education 20,880 20,901 11,916 Secondary vocational education 23,786 23,381 13,379 General secondary education 15,821 20,857 13,705 No general secondary education Source: Federal Migration Service Table 20. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad (by duration of employment period) (as of June) Total 65,747 39,074 Up to 6 months 43,834 27,180 6 months - 1 year 14,949 9, years 1, years 1, years and more 3, Source: Federal Migration Service Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

38 Table 21. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad in 2006 (by type of Economic activities economic activity) Before leaving Russia Employment Abroad No. % No. % Total 65, , I. Employment by economic activity 46, , Fishing and fish farming 3, , Transport and communications 39, , Of which transport 39, , Education Health care and social services Other utility, social, and personal services 1, , Other economic activities , Other economic activities 1, , II. Unemployed before leaving abroad, except for never been employed before 5, Х Х III. Never been employed before 14, Х Х Source: Federal Migration Service Table 22. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad in , by destination countries (as of June) Total 60,926 65,747 39,074 Including: CIS countries, total 478 1, Other countries, total 60,450 64,050 33,454 Antigua and Barbuda 666 1, Bahamas 815 1,877 1,119 Belize 1,629 1, Belgium Germany 3,272 3,419 1,738 Greece 2,884 2,221 1,102 Italy Cambodia 1,731 1, Cyprus 10,492 8,875 4,156 Korea, Republic Liberia 3,955 3,963 1,803 Luxembourg Malta 4,424 4,416 2, Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

39 Marshall Islands 897 1, Netherlands 2,428 2,386 1,421 Norway 1,963 2, Panama 1,090 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1,854 1, Singapore United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2,428 1, United States of America 7,409 13,457 8,614 Japan 2,619 1, Other countries 6,408 6,126 3,493 Source: Federal Migration Service Table 23. Occupation of Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad Before departure abroad Abroad (as of June) (as of June) Total 60,926 65,747 39,074 60,926 65,747 39,074 Supervisors 10,711 11,056 6,836 10,890 11,040 6,818 Specialists 16,768 16,999 9,499 17,715 16,898 9,305 Office workers (technical personnel) Workers 24,013 22,897 10,533 32,187 37,334 22,708 Others 9,333 14,299 11,958 Source: Federal Migration Service Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile

40 Table 24. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad, by category of occupation (as of June) Total 60,926 65,747 39,074 Including: Those working in foreign-flag vessels 45,283 47,940 25,657 Seasonal workers Students during vacations 8,250 14,214 11,644 Probationers Others 6,750 2,965 1,603 Source: Federal Migration Service 2.3. Main countries of destination According to the Development Prospects Group 26 of the World Bank, the top 10 destination countries of migrants from the Russian Federation are Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Israel, Uzbekistan, United States, Latvia, Germany, Moldova, and Estonia. Table 25: Selected countries of residence of Russian emigrants Country No. Year Source United States 340, US Census 1 Germany 662, Eurostat Ukraine 3,613, UKR Census 2 Latvia 2, Eurostat 1 US Census Bureau (2003) Foreign-Born Population of the United States from the American Community Survey 2003, 2 State Statistics Committee of Ukraine (2001), 26 World Bank, Development Prospects Group (2007) Migration and Remittances Factbook. 38 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008

41 Table 26. Russian emigration by countries of destination and by year, Countries Total 145, , ,685 94,018 79,795 69,798 54,061 CIS countries 82,312 61,570 52,099 46,081 37,017 36,109 35,262 Azerbaijan 3,187 2,170 1,704 1,771 1,336 1,274 1,366 Armenia 1,519 1,362 1,114 1, Belarus 13,276 11,175 8,829 7,016 5,671 6,034 6,318 Georgia 1,802 1, Kazakhstan 17,913 15,186 13,939 14,017 12,504 12,437 11,948 Kyrgyzstan 1,857 1,333 1, Moldova 2,237 1,660 1,385 1, Tadzhikistan 1, Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 3,086 1,974 1,400 1, Ukraine 35,601 24,026 20,585 16,744 13,115 12,640 11,926 Other countries 63,408 59,596 54,586 47,937 42,778 33,689 18,799 Australia Afghanistan Bulgaria Germany 40,443 43,682 42,231 36,928 31,876 21,458 8,229 Greece Israel 9,407 4,835 2,764 2,048 1,733 1,745 1,408 Canada China Latvia Lithuania Poland United States 4,793 4,527 3,134 3,199 2,919 4,040 3,109 Finland 1, , Sweden Estonia Others 3,973 2,828 2,885 2,632 2,929 3,291 3,240 Sources: Demographic Yearbook of Russia, Moscow, 2006; Population and Migration in the Russian Federation in 2006, Moscow. Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile