Cycling-related Traumatic Brain Injury 2011
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1 Cycling-related Traumatic Brain Injury 2011 The Chinese University of Hong Kong Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery Accident & Emergency Medicine Academic Unit Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care
2 The Trend of Cycling-related Injury 2006 Cycling-related Injury Cycling-related Injury 864 PWH A&E Attendance 159 (22.5%)
3 Age Groups and Sex (89.2%) Working Age Mean Age: 32 yrs old No. of Patient Female Male >65 Age Group
4 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) TBI Inpatient Skull Fracture Intracranial Haemorrhage Trauma Call Death Difference % % % 5 20% % 2 100% Only 7 / 151 (4.6% ) wear Helmet
5 Cycling-related Traumatic Brain Injury Neurological Outcome
6 Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 1. Dead 2. Vegetative State 3. Severely Disability 4. Moderately Disability 5. Good Recovery
7 Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 1. Dead 2. Vegetative State 3. Severely Disability 4. Moderately Disability 5. Good Recovery
8 Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 1. Dead 2. Vegetative State 3. Severely Disability 4. Moderately Disability 5. Good Recovery
9 Unfavorable Outcome (2011) Death Severe disability Moderate disability
10 Patient 1 Elderly cyclist without helmet Fell from bicycle and sustained head injury On arrival to AED, comatose with dilated left pupil CT brain showed subdural hematoma and cerebral contusions Emergency craniotomy and hematoma evacuation followed by a second operation to remove the skull bone (craniectomy) Hospital stay for 3 months Severe disability with cognitive impairment and dysphasia
11 Patient 2 Young recreational cyclist without helmet Being knocked by another bicycle and thrown out Severe headache and nausea on admission CT showed extradural hematoma Emergency craniotomy for clot evacuation was performed Good recovery but with symptoms of persistent dizziness and cognitive dysfunction
12 Cycling-related Traumatic Brain Injury Functional Disabilities
13 Functional Disabilities 40 patients successfully surveyed with SF-36 questionnaire: Physical functioning Physical role Bodily pain General health Vitality Social functioning Emotion Mental health
14 Functional Disabilities Physical role: 22.5% worse than before Decreasing working hour Getting more difficult to complete the same task Bodily pain: 12.5% reported felt more painful than before
15 Functional Disabilities Vitality: 17.5% less active and energised in general than before Social functioning: 27.5% decrease frequency of social gathering or family visiting Mental health: 15% felt more anxious or even depressed
16 Hospital stay and sick leave Hospital stay: ICU: 25 days (6 patients, 1-16 days) Neurosurgical ward: 351 days (range: 1-43 days) Sick leave: 1546 days (0-294 days) exempted from work
17 Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists 1 5 case-control studies ( : UK, Australia, US) 63 to 88% reduction in the risk of head, brain and severe brain injury for all ages of bicyclists Injuries to the upper and mid facial areas are reduced 65% 1 Thompson DC (1999) Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicycling. Cochrane database of systematic reviews
18 Promoting helmet use in cycling Non-legislative interventions Education campaigns Media campaigns The distribution of free or subsidized helmets Counseling from GPs or emergency clinicians Or in combination The odds of observed helmet wearing were significantly greater (OR 2.30) 1 Legislation Australia Canada Czech Republic Finland Iceland New Zealand Sweden United States Spain In 2 out of 5 studies (US, Canada), statistically significant decreases in head injuries were reported following the implementation of helmet legislation (all 5 enacted for children only) 2 1 Royal S.T. (2005) Non-legislative interventions for the promotion of cycle helmet wearing by children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 Macpherson A (2007) Bicycle helmet legislation for the uptake of helmet use and the prevention of head injuries, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
19 Conclusion The incidence of Cycling-related Traumatic Brain Injury is on the rise Cycling-related Traumatic Brain Injury can have a profound impact and may lead to permanent damage to health The prevalence of using helmet is low All severe Traumatic Brain Injury patients did not wear a helmet We urges widespread helmet use and protective measures against Cycling-related Traumatic Brain Injury
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