Livestock Style Guide

Transcription

1 Livestock Style Guide Preface: This style guide was adjusted from the Livestock Publications Council ( stylebook and updated with terminology commonly used here at RHD in our livestock advertising projects. Due to our high level of involvement in the Brahman breed many of our entries relate to Brahman cattle. Original material was created from various sources representing the following: Drovers Journal (DJ), Kansas Livestock Association (KLA), The Quarter Horse Journal & The Quarter Racing Journal (QH), American Sheep Industry Association (ASI), Paint Horse Journal (PHJ), National Hog Farmer (NHF), the World (W), Hereford World (HW), National Swine Registry (NSR), Pork Leader (PL), Texas A & M University (TAMU), and the Wyoming Business Council (WBC). Please contact the LPC office for clarifications or to add your style guide information. ABBA approved show A show that has been designated as an official show of the ABBA in which cattle accumulate points for show cattle of the year awards and register of renown. In order to be an approved show there must be at least 40 head shown. Do not capitalize approved show. (RHD) ABCZ Associacao Brasileira dos Cridores de Zebu Brazilan Zebu cattle association in which the Brahman herd book is maintained. Can be referred to as ABCZ on first reference. (RHD) adjusted weaning weight In beef cattle, a calf s weight at weaning adjusted to a standard 205 days. (TAMU) adjusted yearling weight In beef cattle, a calf s weight at 1 year of age, adjusted to a standard 365 days. (TAMU) afterbirth One word. The placenta and associated membranes expelled with the fetus during parturition or birth. (TAMU) 1

2 age follow AP style use figures for all ages: (horses and people) Example: The 3-year-old colt is by Dash For Cash. Treacherously was a champion at 2. Now 27, Lucky s O Boy is enjoying his retirement in Oregon. A horse (other than a gelding) is a colt or filly through age 3. At 4, he or she is a stallion or mare. Casey is 14 years old. Casey, 14, is an AQHYA member. (QH) agribusiness One word. Production on the farm and ranch. Storage, processing and distribution of agricultural commodities. The manufacture and distribution of farm supplies. (KLA) AI sire A bull who s semen is available for us in artificial insemination. (RHD) Ak-Sar-Ben A large (but not considered a major) livestock show held in Omaha in the fall. Ak-Sar-Ben is Nebraska spelled backwards. The A, S and B are capitalized. (RHD) All American The annual national junior Brahman show. Always use quotations. (RHD). American Brahman A U.S., created, Bos indicus breed of beef cattle originally developed in the 1920s from crossing Gir, Guzerat, Nelore and Krishna Valley. Brahman was a phrase developed by James Sartwelle. The breed is referred to as American Brahman because it was developed in the United States, however breeders worldwide use the American Brahman. (RHD) American Brahman Breeders Association The national beef breed registry for Brahman cattle in the U.S., referred to as ABBA on second reference. (RHD) 2

3 American breed Term used to describe a beef animal that has Brahman influence or has the appearance of Brahman infuence. (RHD) American Junior Brahman Association The junior beef breed association for Brahman youth. Referred to as AJBA on second reference. (RHD) American National CattleWomen.Inc. (ANCW) Note: CattleWomen is one word, with a capital W Organized in 1952 as the American National CowBelles to give women a voice in the beef cattle industry. The name was changed in (WBC) American Royal A major livestock show held in Kansas City, Missouri each fall. Should be listed as American Royal in advertising captions however is commonly referred to as The Royal or Kansas City amongst livestock people. (RHD) Ampersand Use only if in a proper name. Otherwise, spell out and (HW) Animal Names/Prefixes/ Private Herd Numbers All herd prefixes are capitalized. For example JDH Madison de Manso 737/4 (RHD) Many Brahman breeders use Mr. or Miss in front of their names. Take careful note of whether a period is used or not after Mr. Mr. Example: V8 Ranch always includes a period after their bulls, i.e. Mr. V8 287/5. However, some JDH bulls do not have a period and some do. (RHD) For J.D. Hudgins, Inc. animals, their private herd number is not part of their registration name in some cases. If you are looking for their private herd number, you must go to the ABBA online search and look for the animal and then find his private herd number. (RHD) 3

4 Look at each individual animal to determine if there are spaces between the prefix letters or not. Some Angus animal names have a space between the prefix letters, while most other breeds do not. (RHD) Cap ET when referencing embryo transfer calves. In international animal pedigree, TE is used to represent embryo transfer. Example #JADL El Rey TE 110. TE represents that he is an embryo transfer calf, his name is not El Rey Te. (RHD) Animal names should not appear in all caps, however when you retrieve a listing of pedigrees from the ABBA office they will be in all caps and will have to be changed. If used in a sale catalog, all caps are acceptable, but not preferred. (RHD) If using a nickname, spell out the full name of the animal then follow the nickname in quotes. Ex: Mr. V8 287/5 Superstroke. The nickname can be used on all future references. (RHD) If referring to an animal who primarily goes by his private herd number, spell out his full name on the first reference, then go by his private herd number on future references, as long as there is no other animal with that same private herd number in the same story. (RHD) Symbols in Brahman prefixes Carefully cross-check each animals name in the breed registry to make sure you have any prefixes correct. For example, ABBA register of renown, maternal performance sires, etc. (RHD) + Register of Renown $ Vanguard female (Register of Renown and Maternal Merit) # Imported animal (=) Vanguard bull (Register of Renown and Maternal Performance Sire) = Maternal performance sire appendix the former term used to described Shorthorn influenced cattle in their Appendix Registry. Now referred to as ShorthornPlus (RHD) 4

5 artificial insemination AI stands alone. No periods. OK to use AIing, AIed. Never use A.I.ed. Example: The gilt was bred AI. (NSR) ASOCEBU Asciacion de criadores de Ganado Cebu The Colombian based Brahman herd registry association. Can be referred to as Asocebu on first reference. (RHD) average daily gain (ADG) ADG stands alone on first reference. The daily change in body weight gained by an animal per day. (HW, KLA,NSR) backfat One word. Layer of fat between the skin and muscle along an animal s back (measured in inches) (HW, NSR) backgrounding One word. The conditioning process in the growing phase before fattening on grass or in a feedlot. (HW) bald face Two words. White face, including eyes and nostrils. (PHJ) baldie, black baldie, red baldie Lowercase. A color, not an official breed. (WBC) Beef Improvement Federation (BIF) A national beef cattle organization dedicated to performance testing and genetics. Can be abbreviated BIF on second reference. (RHD) birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight Two words. (NHF, NSR). Acceptable to abbreviate as BW, WW, YW in all advertising (RHD). bloodline One word. (PHJ,QH) 5

6 blood type The blood group blood typing The process of classifying blood. blood-type (verb) Examples: Horses have a specific blood type, as do humans. The APHS is now blood typing all stallions. The veterinarian decided to blood-type the horse. (PHJ) bottom side referring to the dam s side of the pedigree (RHD) bred-and-owned Refers to the owner s relationship to the cow and calf. Use hyphens. (KLA) breed names Always capitalize the bred names of sheep, beef cattle and horses. Horse is capitalized ad dictated by breed associations: Paint Horse, Quarter Horse, Morgan Horse. Other species are not typically capitalized: Angora goats, Holstein cattle. (ASI, HW, W, QHJ, PHJ) breeding program Use as one word for straightbred, purebred, linebred and crossbred, or linebreeding, crossbreeding. (HW) British breed Breeds of beef cattle originating from England. (Angus, Red Angus, Shorthorn, Hereford, Polled Hereford) (RHD) brockle-face A descriptive term for an animal who has splotches on its face. For example, a black brockle-face steer would have a black body and a white face with splotches of balck on the face. Similar to a baldy but not the same. (RHD) 6

7 bull A sexually mature male bovine. (TAM) bylines Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a byline. (QH) EX: By Jim Jennings Article and photos by Jim Jennings Illustration by Randee Fox When used at the end of a story, the byline should be all caps in normal text (not italicized). EX: BY MAGGIE MARTIN Do not use end punctuation with bylines. calf The young of cattle. Plural is calves. (TAM) cattle guard A slatted structure built at ground level that allows vehicles to pass through a fence line, but discourages livestock. (TAM, KLA) cattleman, cattlemen (pl) One word (WBC) cattlewoman, cattlewomen (pl) One word (WBC) Certified F1 Female A female who is registered or certified through the ABBA F1 program. This title is used for females who are sired by a registered bull of any breed and out of a qualified female. (Qualified females have been visually inspected to be purebred Brahman but they are not registered.) (RHD) chairman, chairwoman use chair instead for either male or female. (QH) 7

8 champion titles Do not capitalize champion, division or class titles in editorial show results. (HW). Capitalize when referring to national and international proper titles or in captions or example, Miss V8 100/7, the 2010 National Champion Female. *Note, many advertisers or clients will disagree with this, because they feel it should be capitalized. In advertising, do as the client says. In editorial, do not capitalize. (RHD) city, state Follow AP style under Datelines for use of state with major cities. The name of the state is not necessary when naming large cities: Atlanta, Dallas, Oklahoma City, St. Louis, etc. (QH) club calf A specific niche of the show cattle business in which cattle are marketed for show purposes only, usually with a terminal endpoint in junior market shows. Many club calves are crossbred cattle. The club calf business is one sector of the beef industry, and should not be referred to as the club calf industry. It is not an industry, it is a niche market of the total beef industry. (RHD) coldblood One word. A grade horse with a non-descript or unknown breeding; a horse of draft horse breeding. (PHJ) cold pedigree An animal without a known bloodline or pedigree (RHD) conformation An animal s physical characteristics often misspelled confirmation. (WBC) 8

9 consecutive use instead of straight. Refrigerator won three consecutive runnings of the Champion of Champions (G1). (QH) contemporary group A group of animals that are of the same sex or breed/line combination that have been raised in the same management group and given the same opportunity to perform. (NHF, NSR) contest title Capitalize if part of an official title. Lowercase in general reference. Examples: the NJSS Judging Contest, the NJSA Eastern Regional Skillathon, the skillathon contest at the NJSA Eastern Regional (NSR) co-op Abbreviation for cooperative, an organization or association of member-owners who operate a business that provides goods and services. (WBC, TAM, KLA) co-sponsor, co-sponsors, co-sponsored (QH) Courtesy titles Avoid using Dr., Mr., Mrs., Miss., or Ms. in any Hereford publication. Use Dr. only in reference to a medical doctor, not in reference to a veterinarian or an academic professor. Editorial: Use DVM, MD, instead of Dr. Capitalize formal titles when they are used immediately before a name AHA President Jack Holden, Jack Holden, president AHA Do Not capitalize descriptive occupational titles such as producer Gary Salen (HW) cow A sexually mature female bovine. Usually called a heifer until its first calf is born. (TAM, WBC) cow-calf Hyphenate in all instances. (HW, KLA) 9

10 cow herd Always two words. (HW) cow horse Two words. (PHJ, QH) crossbred, crossbreeding In general, the mating of different breeds in the same species. Do not capitalize. (NSR, TAM) Cutlines (Photo captions) Use acronyms and abbreviations on first reference: NJHA members We ll let them go to the story for the full name. When referring to source in cutlines, use full name and title for the cutline of first dominant photo: Jack Ward, director of performance programs, spoke Use the last name on photo cutlines thereafter: Person informed Avoid widows. The last line of a cutline should be more than half the width of the photo. When identifying individuals within groups of people, the location should be included in parentheses in the form (left), (right), (center), (from left), (standing, from left), (seated, from left). Examples: The Iowa Angus Association recognized Dennis Massner (right), Mediapolis, Iowa, for owning the 1999 Iowa Show Heifer of the Year. Denny Domer presented the award. Note: No comma after include or are Use minimal number of locators. For example, if only two people and say Joe (left) and Bob Smith. Don t say Joe (left) and Bob (right) Smith. (HW) CWT Hundred weight. Stands alone. No periods when abbreviated. (HW, NSR) 10

11 dam In livestock, a female parent. (NSR, TAM) dates use hyphens: The workshop, which will be held June 30-July 1, precedes the July 2-4 trials for the Heritage Place Futurity (G1). (QH) dehorn (v) To remove the horns of animals. (TAM) dewlap The droopy skin fold hanging from the throat and chest areas of some animals. (TAM) Diseases bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Do not use mad cow disease unless in a direct quotation bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) bovine tuberculosis (TB) brucellosis, also known as Bang s disease Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (E. coli), it is acceptable to use E. coli in all references. foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), note the hyphens infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) Johne s disease (Johne s) parainfluenza-3 virus (PI3) Note: 3 is a subscript pneumonia shipping fever is a disease complex that involves several pathogens (HW) 11

12 donor / donor female A female used in an embryo transfer program in which her embryos are flushed and then implanted in recipient females. The term donor is used to signify higher quality animals because usually donor females are elite females of which their owners want to proliferate their genetics. Sometimes you will see people refer to an animal as the donor dam in which the term donor is just being used to show people that the mother is a donor cow. (RHD) D.V.M. doctor of veterinary medicine. Use periods and a comma before initials. John Burch, D.V.M. (QH) Ear notch, ear notching Always two words. (NSR) Ear tag, ear tagging Always two words (RHD) embryo transfer (E.T.) The process of transferring a donor embryo into recipient cow. E.T. can stand alone. Example: She is an E.T. calf. (HW, KLA) euthanized preferred term, instead of destroyed, humanely destroyed, put down. (QH) expected progeny difference (EPD) EPD can stand alone in editorial. Plural is EPDs (no apostrophe). Note: positive (+) is assumed; print (-) if a negative. Example: BW -3.0, WW 27, YW 57, M 10, M&G 18 (HW, WBC) F1 The first generation of offspring or progeny from the parents. (TAM). No hyphen (RHD) F1 Plus The ABBA program for animals with ¼ blood Brahman. These cattle are out of Certified F1 females. (RHD) 12

13 fat cattle or fed cattle Cattle that have been fattened on grain for slaughter. (TAM) Prefer to use fed cattle instead of fat. feedlot Preferably use the term feedyard instead of feedlot. (RHD). One word. A large fenced yard or pen where livestock are kept for feeding or fattening. (HW, KLA) feedyard One word. Same as feedlot. (HW, KLA) flush, flushed The phrase commonly used to describe the process of embryo transfer. flushmate One word. Animals who are full brother or full sister and conceived out of the same embryo transfer flush. (RHD) foreign Avoid this use, instead, use international when referring to other associations, breeders outside of the United States, etc. If used in advertising some breeders will want to say the term Semen for sale foreign only and you should try to get them to use the term international. Foreign is seen as a negative term. (RHD) full sister, full brother Two words. An animal with the same sire and dam. (QH, WBC) FWSSR Fort Worth Stock Show and Rodeo, a major livestock show held in Fort Worth, Texas in Janury/February. FWSSR is a generally accepted abbreviation among livestock people, however if listed in ad captions we prefer to list it simply as Fort Worth : i.e. Class Winner, 2012 Fort Worth. Generally the Stock Show and Rodeo part is left off of livestock captions. (RHD) 13

14 genotype, genotyped, genotyping this is not the same as parentage verification. A sire and dam must be genotyped for a foal to be parentage verified. (QH) get preferable word is progeny or descendants, depending on appropriate usage. (QH) A stallion s or bull s offspring. (WBC) get-of-sire A group show division in which the animals shown are sired by the same bull. Hyphenate between words. (HW) Gir A Zebu or Bos inducus breed of India. This is one of the four primary breeds used to develop the American Brahman. However Gir is its own separate breed, it is not a Brahman. Gir cattle can be recognized by their rounded head, long ears, and horns that sweep back and spiral up. Gir cattle can be various colors ranging from red to white and speckled. (RHD) Golden Certified F1 Female A female who is registered or certified through the ABBA F1 program. This title is used for crossbred females who are sired by a registered bull and out of a registered female. (RHD) granddam One word. (HW, QH) granddaughter One word. (HW) green A term used to describe an animal that has been handled or trained on a limited basis. (RHD) grey or gray Brahman GREY is the official spelling according to ABBA registration papers and ABBA Standard of Excellence. Gray is acceptable, but officially it should be grey. 14

15 Capitalize when referring to an official title such as 2013 International Champion Grey Brahman Bull but do not capitalize in any other use. (RHD) gruella A brownish color pattern that is non-registerable in the ABBA. Characterized by a brown nose, brown tail switch, and overall brown coloring. (RHD) Guzerat An Indian Zebu cattle breed that was used heavily in Brazil and the U.S. and was one of the four breeds originally used to create the American Brahman. (Gir, Guzerat, Nelore, Krishna Valley). Guzerat was the most important breed in forming the American Brahman. Historic herds using Guzerat breeding were 3-X Ranch and J.D. Hudgins. (RHD) half sister, half brother Two words. An animal that has the same mother or father, but both parents are not the same. (QH, WBC) halterbroke Means the animal will accept a halter and can be led. (PHJ) he, she, him, her use when gender of an animal is known. Otherwise, use it. (QH) headlines/subheads Follow AP Style for composition titles in all cases except when a situation is not addressed, then refer to the New York Times Stylebook. AP Style: Capitalize the principle words in a headline, including prepositions and conjunctions; EX: Look at All the Trailers! Capitalize an article (a, an, the) of less than four letters if it is the first or last word in a headline.ex: A Real Standout (LPC) hair show / haired show A term used to describe a livestock show in which beef cattle or market steers are allowed to be fit and have no restrictions on the length of their hair, 15

16 compared to shows like Houston which are slick shows and the animal cannot have more than ¼ inch of hair. (RHD) Heat Wave The popular club calf bull owned by Phil Lautner. Name is spelled in two words. Never use Heatwave. (RHD) heifer A young bovine before she has her first calf. (TAM) herd sire or herd bull Always two words. (HW) highest-selling the single animal that was sold for the highest price at a sale. (RHD) Also, can use the terms second-highest-selling female, third-highest-selling bull, etc. (QH) HLSR Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, a major livestock show held in Houston, Texas in February/March. HLSR is a generally accepted abbreviation among livestock people, however if listed in ad captions we prefer to list it simply as Houston: i.e. Class Winner, 2012 Houston or say Class Winner, 2012 Houston Livestock Show. Generally the and Rodeo part is left off of livestock captions because it is irrelevant to the livestock sector. (RHD) Hoodoo A term used to describe a specific line of Charolais cattle originating from the Hoodoo Ranch in Wyoming. (RHD) horned, polled Lower case when describing am attribute of an animal He is a polled Brahman bull. (RHD) Capitalized if used in the name of a farm, ranch, sale, show or other proper usage. Examples: Curtis Polled Herefords. The Smith family raises horned Herefords. 16

17 (HW). Polled should never be used in all caps in editorial, even though some breeders do this in their ads (RHD). Indu Brazil A Zebu breed developed in Brazil as a result of crossing Gir and Guzerat breeds. While Indu Brazil cattle have been crossbred with American Brahman in some cases, they are not one of the four principle breeds originally used to create American Brahman, nor are they Brahman. They were introduced to be crossbred with Brahman in the 1946 importation. They are their own separate Zebu breed. Indu Brazil cattle are large framed with extremely large, pendulous ears (some with a twist at the end). They are quite possibly the largest ears of any breed of cattle. (RHD) intramuscular Within a muscle, such as an intramuscular injection. (TAM) International Champion Used to describe the one single grand champion of the International Brahman Show. If reporting show winners from the International Brahman Show, refer to the titles as International Calf Champion, International Class Winner, International Reserve Senior Champion. (RHD) International Brahman Show Always held at the Houston Livestock Show. Even though it is called the international only cattle from the United States are eligible to compete. Other countries are starting to host similar international shows in their countries where they invite international guests to attend, however the Houston show in the U.S. is the only show that is recognized as the official International Brahman Show and its winners are the only cattle eligible to be called International Champions. (RHD) in vitro Within an artificial environment, such as a bottle or test tube; outside of or in isolation from a whole organism. (TAM, KLA) 17

18 in vitro fertilization The reproductive process in which an egg is fertilized by semen outside of the body. Acceptable to use IVF on first reference and as a stand alone term. (RHD) judge The official person designated to serve as the official of the show and place the livestock. Do not capitalize. (RHD) Limousin / Limi Cattle breed. Prefer to use the entire word and not just Limi to describe the breed. (RHD) Lineage Lineage is descent from an ancestor, ancestry or family; where as linage is the number of lines on a page. (TAM) Linebreeding The effort to fix or accent a desired genetic trait; a form of inbreeding. (NSR, TAM) Livestock judging team A group of four to five high school or college students that typically evaluate groups of hogs, cattle and sheep at livestock judging contests, and defend their class placings with oral reasons. Never hyphenate. Never capitalize. (NSR) Log in, log on, log off, login, logon, logoff Two words when used as a verb; one word when used as a noun. (QH) Maine-Anjou Cattle breed. Always use a hyphen between the words. Prefer to use the entire word and not just Maine to describe the breed. Their % registry breed is called MaineTainer. Capitalize the letter M and the letter T one word. (RHD) 18

19 major / major show A term used to describe the largest stock shows in the U.S. These shows are commonly known as Denver, Louisville, Kansas City, Fort Worth, San Antonio, and Houston. In Texas people refer to the Texas majors as Fort Worth, San Antonio and Houston, and sometimes Dallas (State Fair) in the fall. (RHD) Manso One of the original founding bulls of the J.D. Hudgins program and the bull in which more than 80% of the modern American Brahman cattle trace back to. The name Manso is very commonly used in Brahman pedigrees worldwide to describe cattle that can be traced back to this bull. (RHD) many time champion - Careful of using this phrase in editorial or advertising copy without verifying that the animal has actually been a champion multiple times. This caption should only be used for animals that have been grand champion (the single champion) at 2 or more shows. If the animal has not been a many time champion alternative titles can be used as member of ranch showstring competitive showring contender, or list their highest placing ever attained. (RHD) Maternal Merit / Maternal Performance Sire Program title in ABBA used to recognize animals with excellent production and calving intervals. For females, it is represented on ABBA registration papers with a $. For males, a maternal performance sire is represented with an = sign. Capitalize the program when referring to the proper name..the Maternal Merit program recognizes females with excellent production ability. Do not capitalize when used as an adjective to describe an animal. Elmo is out of the maternal merit female =JDH Lady Ellis Manso. (RHD) Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) Located in Clay Center, Nebraska, a U.S.D.A. funded beef cattle research center. MARC after the first reference. (NSR) 19

20 month, year April 1990, not April of (QH) Months Always spell out in headlines. Abbreviate if used as a complete date, otherwise spell out. March, April, May, June, July are not abbreviated. (HW) mouthing (v) Estimating the age of an animal by looking at its teeth. (TAM) names on second reference about a person, use his last name. Exception: Use first names in youth stories. (QH) NAILE North American International Livestock Exposition, a major livestock show held in Louisville, Kentucy each November. This show was created to replace the international after it moved from Chicago. NAILE is a generally accepted abbreviation, however if listed in ad captions we prefer to either 1) spell it out as North American or 2) list it as Louisville. For example, Class Winner, 2012 North American or 2012 Louisville Class Winner. (RHD) National Cattlemen s Beef Association (NCBA) The organization formed out of the consolidation of the National Live Stock & Meat Board/Beef Industry Council and the National Cattlemen s Association. (HW) National Champion Used to describe the one single grand champion of the National Brahman Show. If referring to the United States National Champion, you do not have to specify U.S. National Champion. However if referring to the national champions of international countries, add the country name first, i.e. Honduras National Champion, Panama National Champion. If reporting show winners from the National Brahman Show, 20

21 refer to the titles as National Calf Champion, National Class Winner, National Reserve Senior Champion. (RHD) National Shows In Brahman, the one show designated each year as the national show. This can be capitalized when describing the entire official event such as The 2010 National Brahman Show will be held in Dallas. Some breeds have more than one national show, in a type of rotating format or regional format. (RHD) National Finals Rodeo now the Wrangler National Finals Rodeo; NFR on second reference. (QH) natural service Allowing livestock to breed naturally. (TAM) nicknames Use quotes around nicknames of animals and people on first references. (QH). If using an animal s nickhame in editorial, you can include only his nickname on all future references. i.e. Mr. V8 287/5 Superstroke was one of Jim Williams favorite bulls. When Superstroke showed, he was very gentle. (RHD) NWSS National Western Stock Show, a major livestock show held in Denver, Colorado each January. NWSS is a generally accepted abbreviation, however if listed in ad captions we prefer to either 1) spell it out as National Western or 2) list it as Denver. For example, Class Winner, 2012 National Western or 2012 Denver Class Winner. (RHD) Numbers spell out all numbers (except ages, odds, percentages) below 10. (QH) EX: He was with AQHA for five years. EX: It took two years to get the amendment passed. 21

22 off side The right-hand side of an animal. Compared to the show side which is the left hand side while looking at the animal. (TAM) open A term commonly used to describe a non-pregnant breeding female. (NHF) outcross Used to describe animals of different genetic strains or pedigrees but within the same breed. Usually people use the term to describe animals that are not related to the most popular bloodlines at the time, i.e. Ali is an outcross to Heat Wave. Outcrossing (verb) is the practice of introducing unrelated genetic materials into a breeding line to increase genetic diversity. (RHD) out of An animal breeding phrase that refers to an offspring s mother or dam. Example: Calf B is out of Cow A. (TAM). Never say Out of a bull, use by or sired by. (RHD) pass out (PO) Two words. To go through the auction ring, but not sell. (PHJ) percent Use numerals in all uses: The track s average daily attendance increased 9 percent. Spell out percent ; use % in charts (NSR, QH). Exception: HW - Always use the percent sign (%) (HW) PHA (PHAF or PHAC) PHA is a genetic disorder that is found a lot in club calves and therefore many club calf cattle are tested for this disorder and the results of their tests are listed in their advertising, simply as PHAF (meaning PHA free) or PHAC (meaning PHA carrier). (RHD) phenotype The physical appearance and traits of an animal as determined by its genetic makeup. (NSR) 22

23 polled An animal that is hornless through heredity. (TAM) Also see horned/polled listing. pounds In editorial use abbreviation in all cases (lb.). Express as singular or plural in writing as it would be spoken. Ex. He bought 10 lb. of flour. The bull weighed 1,500 lb. It was a 1,250-lb steer. Birth weight: 97 lb. (HW) produce A female s offspring. Note: a cow produces, a sire, sires. (PHJ) progeny Offspring of one or both parents. (NSR, TAM) program names Capitalize the names of special award programs. Example: Show Heifer of the Year. Ex: She was named Grand Champion of the junior show and Reserve Champion of the open show. (H, NSR) promotional bull A term commonly seen in the club calf business to identify a sire that will be heavily promoted as a candidate for AI. We prefer to use the term AI sire vs. promotional bull because promotional bull can be seen as too much of a hyped up term, and have negative meaning. (RHD) pull quotes Because pull quotes are more of an art element than a piece of text: Use end punctuation. Do not use attribution. Direct quotes should have quotation marks. Do not put quotation marks around paraphrased material. (QH) purebred Describes an animal that has been bred true to its breed for many generations and has a registered, traceable pedigree. (NSR). 23

24 quality grades Quality grades are based on the degree of marbling and the maturity of the carcass. Capitalize Prime, Choice, Select, Standard, Commercial, Utility, Cutter and Canner in all instances when in reference to a carcass quality grade. Do not capitalize low, middle or high when in combination with a quality grade. Lowercase if used in reference to the live animal. Examples; The study compared Hereford steaks with those from USDA Choice carcasses. Carcasses fell in the upper Select to low Choice range. (HW, NSR) raised or reared Livestock, poultry and crops are raised. Humans can be raised or reared. (TAM) range Where there is a from, there needs to be a to. Otherwise, hyphenation is fine. Example: From 10 to 20 percent. Example: He was president in (QH) recip / recipient female - The surrogate mother of a calf through an embryo transfer program. The official spelling is recipient female, however you commonly see recip used throughout the industry. (RHD) Red Brahman Capitalize when referring to the official breed, for example, 2012 International Champion Red Brahman Bull. Do not capitalize when using as a color descriptor, i.e. Winchester Magnum 999 is a red Brahman bull. (RHD) regions Southern California, West Texas, East Texas, South Texas. Refer to AP stylebook for many cases, remembering to exercise some restraint. Consult coworkers when in doubt. (QH) 24

25 Register of Renown An ABBA program designed to recognize animals whose progeny excel in the showring. Always capitalize. (RHD) registered Do not capitalize registered, except when it is part of a farm or ranch name. Example: He has 48 registered Holsteins and 12 grades. Roseland Registered Holsteins is a family operation. (H) registration number Generally isn t used in editorial copy, except for foundation horses and King P-234. P-171,000 is the last registration number with a P prefix. (QH) rib eye area or ribeye area Varies among publications. In pork, refers to the carcass area at the 12th rib. Ribeye measurements are used to determine yield and quality grades. (HW, KLA) said, says use depends on coverage. (QH) Generally use said in news story, event coverage. Use says in training or how-to articles Santa Gertrudis A beef breed of cattle created by the King Ranch utilizing Brahman and Shorthorn genetics. Often referred to as Gert in the club calf business. (RHD) seasons lowercase unless part of proper name: 2000 Summer Olympics. (QH) seedstock Registered animals used to start a breeding herd. (TAM) ShorthornPlus The herd registry of the American Shorthorn Association for animals that are Shorthorn crossed cattle. Used to be called their Appendix Registry. (RHD) 25

26 showbox A piece of equipment in which exhibitors store their tack. One word. Also the name of The Showbox, a youth livestock magazine based out of Texas. (RHD) show divisions do not capitalize age divisions (calf, junior, senior) or experience level divisions (amateur, open or youth) unless used as part of a specific title: She is the 1993 Youth High-Point Breakaway Roping Champion. (QH) In the senior division, Miss V8 341/7 was named champion. (RHD) show horse, show cattle, show bull, show heifer, etc. (QH) Two words show steer Two words. A show steer is a market animal designed to compete in junior market shows with a terminal endpoint. See club calf. (RHD) SimAngus A hybrid beef cattle breed made up of Simmental and Angus. Capitalize the S and the A. One word. (RHD) Simmi A slang term used to describe the Simmental breed of cattle. Always spell out the word and do not use this abbreviation. If the abbreviation is used, it should be used with two M s to reflect the original spelling of the breed, not one m. (RHD) slick shear A term used to describe the act of removing the hair from a beef animal, usually for the purpose of show competition or heat tolerance. In Texas, many shows are slick shows meaning the cattle are not permitted to have more than ¼ inch of hair. Houston and San Antonio are slick shows compared to Fort Worth, which is a haired show. (RHD) 26

27 smoky A color description used to refer to cattle that are of the cream or greyish color, or a mixture of both. Usually these are cattle that have some type of Charolais influence. The official spelling is smoky, however you will see it incorrectly spelled as smokie. It can also be described as smoky-colored. (RHD) split show Term used to describe Brahman shows in which separate classes are offered for grey and for red. Never capitalize. Two words. Standard of Excellence The guiding principles of the American Brahman Breeders Association describing the ideal characteristics of the breed. Based on a 100 point system for both males and females. state fairs Each state s annual competitive agricultural event with rich histories dating more than 100 years in most cases. Capitalize when referring to the proper noun such as Illinois State Fair. Do not capitalize when describing the general event such as We went to the state fair on Tuesday. Vs. We went to the Iowa State Fair on Tuesday. (RHD). Note that many state fairs are called simple the State Fair such as Iowa State Fair, Illinois State Fair, etc. However some are referred to as the State Fair of as in the State Fair of Texas. Also important to note that in Texas, some of their regional fairs are referred to as state fairs such as the West Texas State Fair (Abilene) however the one official state fair is in Dallas. (RHD). states spell out the name of a state (the exception is if the state is used in an address). Also, a comma should follow the name of a state when it is used with the name of a city. (QH) EX: The Selma, Alabama, group saw the horse. Steer A male bovine castrated as a calf. (TAM) 27

28 stud A stallion kept for breeding. Such an animal is said to be standing at stud. (TAM) subcommittee not hyphenated. (QH) supplement Feedstuffs that are added to normal feed and contain minerals or vitamins. (NSR) terminal sire A beef cattle/swine term meaning a bull/boar whose offspring will be marketed instead of used as herd replacements. (NSR, TAM) testosterone A male hormone that stimulates sexual activity and libido. It can be injected into males to induce this response if needed for a breeding program. (NSR) Texas majors - A term used to describe the largest stock shows in Texas people, specifically Fort Worth, San Antonio and Houston, and sometimes Dallas (State Fair) in the fall. (RHD) TH (THF or THC) TH is a genetic disorder that is found a lot in club calves and therefore many club calf cattle are tested for this disorder and the results of their tests are listed in their advertising, simply as THF (meaning TH free) or THC (meaning TH carrier). It is acceptable to just list these abbreviations. (RHD) tiger-striped A term used to describe the hide color pattern of beef cattle, typically Brahman x Hereford cattle, because their cross sometimes results in a hide color similar to that of a tiger stripe. Hyphenate, but do not capitalize. (RHD) 28

29 titles In general, confine capitalizing to formal titles used directly before an AQHA employee s name: AQHA Executive Vice President Bill Brewer; The American Quarter Horse Racing Journal Editor Rich Chamberlain. Follow AP style. Periods should be used in occupational and academic titles: M.D., D.V.M., Ph.D., M.A., B.A. Periodicals should be in italics. Books, stories, chapters, songs, poems, etc., are in quotes. (QH) topline one word when referring to a horse s conformation. (QH) top side referring to the sire s side of the pedigree (RHD) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) USDA after first reference. (WBC, HW) U.S. Meat Export Federation (USMEF) USMEF after first reference. (HW) Vanguard A designation in the ABBA indicating an animal that is both register of renown and maternal merit or maternal performance sire. Vanguard females are designated with a $ on their pedigree and bulls are designated with a (+) symbol. (RHD) Veterinarian titles Bylines: Thomas R. Lenz, D.V.M., M.S. In copy: First Reference: Thomas R. Lenz, D.V.M., M.S., spoke at the conference. Second Reference: Dr. Lenz (QH) 29

30 weaning weight Two words. (NHF, NSR). Acceptable to abbreviate as WW, YW in all advertising (RHD). Weights and measures ABBA program in which cattle must comply to a set of given parameters for height and weight in order to compete in ABBA approved shows. Always spell out, never abbreviate as W&M. (RHD) World Brahman Congress A rotating show held every 2 years in various countries worldwide. May be abbreviated as WBC on second reference. If reporting show winners from the WBC, refer to the titles as World Brahman Congress Champion, World Brahman Congress Calf Champion, World Brahman Congress Class Winner, World Brahman Congress Reserve Senior Champion. (RHD) World Brahman Federation An international Brahman council composed of appointed officials from each Brahman herd registry worldwide. The group meets annually. (RHD) Wrangler National Finals Rodeo formerly the National Finals Rodeo; use NFR on second reference (QH) yearling weight Two words. (NHF, NSR). Acceptable to abbreviate as YW in all advertising (RHD). years when referring to a span of consecutive years, to isn t necessary: (QH) yield grade Lowercase. Always capitalize with the numeral (1,2,3,4 and 5). Yield grade is based on a calculation that estimates the percentage of boneless retail cuts from a carcass. (HW) 30

31 youths the plural reference to young people: Eight youths will be attending the conference. (QH) 31