BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS PRODUCT GUIDE

Transcription

1 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS PRODUCT GUIDE

2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO THIS GUIDE 6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 8 1. WHAT IS A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR? DEFINITION PROJECTED BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR REFLECTIVE BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR OPERATION PRINCIPLES WHERE IS A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR USED? TRADITIONAL APPLICATIONS SPECIAL APPLICATIONS SPECIFY A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR STANDARDS COVERAGE / CEILING HEIGHT LOCATION, SPACING AND POSITIONING FLAT CEILING APEX CEILING SHED TYPE APEX CEILING PEAKED TYPE ATRIUM 20 2 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

3 3.4. CAPABILTY TO CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTS HIGH AIR VELOCITY HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT STRATIFICATION COMPARISION WITH POINT-TYPE DETECTORS INTERFACE TO FIRE PANELS CONVENTIONAL BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR ZONE BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR ADDRESSABLE BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR INSTALL A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR STRUCTURE REFLECTIONS AND OBSCURATIONS OPTICAL CROSS TALK SENSITIVITY TESTING PROCEDURES SMOKE TEST TROUBLE TEST INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS SUNLIGHT / ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS HEAT SOURCES COMMISSION A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 3

4 6. MAINTAIN A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS F D 2000 RANGE STANDARD EXPLOSION PROOF (EExd) REFLECTIVE RANGE INSTALLATION REFERENCE LIST 41 CONCLUSION TO THIS GUIDE 45 4 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

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6 INTRODUCTION TO THIS GUIDE The aim of this guide is to offer information on the proper use of Infrared / Optical Beam Smoke Detectors to protect lives, equipment and property. This guide summarises the design requirements, the principles of operations and practical applications for their incorporation as a component of an automatic fire alarm system. For specific applications, Beam Smoke Detectors can be important links in a wellengineered automatic fire alarm system. Thanks to their own capabilities, Beam Smoke Detectors will overcome the problems and limitations of point-type smoke detectors. This guide has been created as an aid to fire protection engineers, mechanical and electrical engineers, fire service personnel, fire alarm designers and installers to gain a full understanding of the Beam Smoke Detector s capabilities, and how they differ from pointtype smoke detectors. Everyone who has responsibility for specifying, designing, installing or commissioning systems with Beam Smoke Detectors will find this guide both informative and educational; it is intended as a guide to good practice but does not aim to be an exhaustive guide to fire standards and codes. 6 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

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8 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Addressable Beam Smoke Detector Beam smoke detectors, which, in addition to providing alarm and trouble indications to a control unit, are capable of communicating a unique identification (address). Beam Smoke Detector Coverage The area in which a Beam Smoke Detector is considered to effectively sense smoke. This area is limited by applicable standards and codes. Analogue Beam Smoke Detector A device that communicates a unique identification (address) along with an analogue (data) signal, that indicates the level of smoke at its location. Automatic Fire Alarm System A system of controls, initiating devices and alarm signals in which some or all of the initiating circuits are activated by automatic devices such as Beam Smoke Detectors. Automatic Gain Control (AGC) The ability of a Beam Smoke Detector to compensate for light signal degradation due to dust or dirt. The rate of compensation is limited to insure that the detector is still sensitive to slow, smouldering fires. Beam Smoke Detector A device that monitors the amount of infrared light transmitted between a light source and a photosensitive sensor. When smoke particles are introduced into the infrared light beam path, some of the light is scattered and some absorbed, thereby reducing the light reaching the Receiver (obscuration concept), causing the Beam Smoke Detector to respond. Beam Smoke Detector Range The distance between the Transmitter and the Receiver / Reflector. False Alarms An unwanted alarm caused by non-smoke contaminants. Fire A chemical reaction between oxygen and a combustible material where rapid oxidation results in the release of heat, light, flame and/or smoke. Listed / Approved The inclusion of a device in a list published by a recognised testing organisation, indicating that the device has been successfully tested to meet the applicable standards. Obscuration (Cumulative Obscuration) The reduction of the ability of light to travel from one point to another due to the presence of solids, liquids, gases, or aerosols. CUMULATIVE OBSCURATION is a combination of the density of these light-blocking particles per metre and the linear distance, which these particles occupy, i.e., smoke density times the linear distance of the smoke field; it is usually expressed in % / m. 8 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

9 Reflector The device that returns the light signal back to the Transceiver unit. Sensitivity The ability of a Beam Smoke Detector to respond to a given level/threshold of smoke obscuration. Smoke The gaseous and solid airborne results of combustion. Smoke Colour The relative lightness of darkness of smoke, ranging from invisible to white to grey to black. Point-Type Smoke Detector A device that senses smoke at its particular location only. Point-type detectors have a defined range of coverage. Transmitter/Receiver/Control Unit The Transmitter projects a modulated infrared light beam over an area to a Receiver (directly or via a Reflector). The Receiver forwards the signal to a Control Unit (this can be a separate or integrated unit depending on the detector type) for analysis. The Control Unit informs the Fire Panel on the status of the equipment. The unit combining the Transmitter and the Receiver is called the Transceiver. Transparencies (Filters) A panel of plastic having a known level of obscuration, which can be used to test the proper sensitivity threshold of a Beam Smoke Detector. Trouble Condition The status of a device or system that impair its proper operation, i.e., open circuit on an initiation loop. The notification of a trouble condition indicated on a control panel or annunciator is a TROUBLE SIGNAL. Stratification An effect that occurs when the air containing smoke particles is heated by smouldering or burning material and, becoming less dense that the surrounding cooler air, rises until it reaches a level at which there is no longer a difference in temperature between it and the surrounding air. Stratification can also be caused by forced ventilation BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 9

10 1. WHAT IS A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR? 1.1. DEFINITION A Beam Smoke Detector comprises a Transmitter, a Receiver and a Control Unit: - The Transmitter is an infrared light source that generates and projects a modulated infrared (invisible) light beam over an area to the Receiver; - The Receiver is a photosensitive sensor that forwards the signal to a Control Unit; - The Control Unit, which can be a separate or integrated unit (depending on the type of Beam Smoke Detector) analyses the signal information and communicates with the Fire Panel on the status of the Beam Smoke Detector. Scattered Region Edge Core Infrared Light Beam Axis and Centre IR Energy (All diagrams are side views unless otherwise stated) CORE: the effective region corresponds to the Core area, which will connect the Transmitter with the Receiver / Reflector. The Core region contains sufficient radiation energy to operate the system. Beam Width SCATTERED REGION: the energy in the scattered region is not sufficient to ensure reliable operation of the system. EDGE: the transition area between the Core and the Scattered Region. 10 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

11 There are currently two main types of Beam Smoke Detectors: PROJECTED BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR REFLECTIVE BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR The Transmitter (T) and the Receiver (R) are installed at each end of the area to be protected, from 10metres to 100metres apart. The Receiver is electrically connected to a Control Unit, the later being installed at the ground level. The Transmitter (T) and the Receiver (R) are contained within one unit: the Transceiver (TR). The transmitted infrared light beam is reflected back by a prism mounted directly opposite this unit, between 5metres and 100metres away. The same unit monitors the signal information OPERATION PRINCIPLES The Beam Smoke Detector works on the principle of light obscuration. The photosensitive element of the Beam Smoke Detector sees light produced by the Transmitter in a normal condition. The Receiver is calibrated to a preset sensitivity level based on a percentage of total obscuration BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 11

12 Unlike point-type photoelectric smoke detectors, Beam Smoke Detectors are generally less sensitive to the colour of smoke. Therefore, a Beam Smoke Detector may be well suited to applications unsuitable for point-type photoelectric detectors, such as applications where the anticipated fire would produce black smoke. Beam Smoke Detectors do require visible smoke and therefore may not be as sensitive as ion detectors in some applications. Beam Smoke Detectors are sensitive to the cumulative obscuration presented by smoke field. A combination of smoke density and the linear distance of the smoke field create this cumulative obscuration across the projected light beam. Cumulative obscuration is therefore a measure of the percentage of light blockage. Since the sudden and total obscuration of the light beam is not a typical smoke signature, the Beam Smoke Detector will see this as a trouble condition, not an alarm. This threshold is typically set by the manufacturer at a specified sensitivity level. This minimizes the possibility of an unwanted alarm due to the blockage of the beam by a solid object, such as a sign or a ladder, being inadvertently placed in the beam path. Very small, slow changes in the quality of the light source also are not typical of a smoke signature. These changes may occur because of environmental conditions such as dust or dirt accumulation on the Beam Smoke Detector s optical assemblies or on the reflective surface. These changes are typically compensated for by an automatic gain control (AGC). When the Beam Smoke Detector is first turned on and put through its setup program, it assumes the light signal level at that time as a reference point for a normal condition. As the quality of the light signal degrades over time, perhaps due to dust, the AGC will compensate for this change. The rate of compensation is limited to insure that the Beam Smoke Detector will maintain its set sensitivity and also will still be sensitive to smouldering or slow building fires. When the AGC can no longer compensate for the loss of signal (as with an excessive accumulation of dust or dirt) the Beam Smoke Detector will signal a trouble condition. 12 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

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14 2. WHERE IS A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR USED? 2.1. TRADITIONAL APPLICATIONS Beam Smoke Detectors are used to provide wide area smoke detection. These are usually used in situations where it is either impractical or not cost effective (installation, wiring and maintenance) to use traditional point-type detectors. It also enables coverage of a large area, at minimal cost. Beam Smoke Detectors are also ideally suited for environmental conditions that might include high ceilings, dusty and dirty environments, or environments that experience temperature extremes. Some examples of common applications: - Atriums - Conference / Exhibition Centres - Shopping Malls - Historic Buildings - Churches / Mosques - Museums - Hangers - Manufacturing Plants - Warehouses - Airports - Stables - Sport / Leisure Centres 2.2. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS Like point-type detectors, Beam Smoke Detectors are inappropriate for outdoor applications. Outdoor conditions make smoke behaviour impossible to predict. Environmental conditions such as temperature extremes, rain, snow, sleet, fog and dew can interfere with the proper operation of the Beam Smoke Detector. Hazardous areas require a flame / explosion proof Beam Smoke Detector, ATEX approved: - Zone1 Environments - Refineries - Mills - Munitions Factories and Stores - Flammable Liquid Stores - Flammable Gas Stores - Flammable Powder Stores - Industrial Plants and Warehouses - Power Stations 14 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

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16 3. SPECIFY A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR 3.1. STANDARDS There are many recognised national and international standards, codes of practice. Please refer to your local authority for your applicable edition. The following guidelines are provided to give information in certain application conditions where no advice or regulations are provided by the relevant standard COVERAGE / CEILING HEIGHT Beam Smoke Detectors generally have an operating range of up to 100 metres. However, the optical concept means that the infrared light beam doesn t suddenly drop at 100 metres, but carries on, fading away progressively. With regards to the Reflective Beam Smoke Detectors, the infrared light beam actually travels up to 100 metres and back the same distance. Note: Projected Beam Smoke Detectors can be offered with an extended range. The recommended distance either side of the infrared light beam axis is 7.5 metres for satisfactory detection under flat ceilings (see section 3.3 Location, Spacing and Positioning for distances to be considered in some general applications). 7.5m 7.5m (Plan View) 7.5m 7.5m Up to 100m Hence a Beam Smoke Detector can protect a wide area up to: 1,500 m BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

17 Beam Smoke Detectors are ideally suited for high ceiling applications, where their infrared light beam path is less likely to be obstructed. High ceiling applications such as atriums, lobbies, gymnasiums, sports arenas, museums, factories and warehouses are areas where Beam Smoke Detectors are not only acceptable, but are the detector of choice LOCATION, SPACING AND POSITIONING It is important that the Beam Smoke Detector is positioned correctly to minimise the detection time. Experiments have shown that smoke from a fire does not rise directly upwards, but fans out or mushrooms due to air currents and heat layering effects. The time to signal a fire condition depends on the location of the Beam Smoke Detector within the premises, the volume and density of smoke produced, construction of the roof, ventilation arrangements and airflow within the detection area. Smoke layering, where smoke does not reach the ceiling level due to layers of static hot air, is overcome by mounting the Beam Smoke Detector / Prism at the recommended height below the ceiling of between 0.3m and 0.6m. This brings the infrared light beam below the heat layer and into the smoke layer. However, if there are objects below the ceiling that could obscure the beam path, the detector heads / prism positioning may need to be adjusted (this can be determined by smoke tests). The effects of stratification should also be considered when locating Beam Smoke Detectors (see Stratification). They are several models for positioning Beam Smoke Detectors. The most common ones are described in subsequent pages BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 17

18 3.3.1 FLAT CEILING Single Beam Smoke Detector: 15m Multiple Beam Smoke Detectors: 0.5m < X2 < 7.5m 7.5m 7.5m X2 15m 15m X1 0.3m < X1 < 0.6m APEX CEILING SHED TYPE A ceiling or roof with a slope in excess of 3.5 degrees () should be regarded as an APEX ceiling / roof. 0.3m < X1 < 0.6m X1 15m 15m X1 X1 φ X1 0.5m 0.5m < X2 < 7.5m X2 18 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

19 APEX CEILING PEAKED TYPE A ceiling or roof with a slope in excess of 3.5 degrees should be regarded as an APEX ceiling / roof. When Beam Smoke Detectors are mounted in an APEX, the lateral coverage either side of the beam axis can be increased in relation to the angle () of the pitch, using the following formula: X = (7.5 x /100) metres For example: If the pitch angle () is 20, the lateral coverage can be increased from 7.5m either side of the infrared light beam axis to: X = (7.5 x 20/100) metres X = (1.5) metres X = 9 metres The lateral coverage can be increased to 9m either side of the infrared light beam axis. This only applies for: - Beam Smoke Detectors positioned in the APEX. For all other Beam Smoke Detectors, the calculations remain the same; - Pitch angles up to and including 25. Hence the maximum increase in lateral coverage can be: X = (7.5 x 25/100) metres X = metres Pitch angles over 25 must use the maximum lateral figure of 9.375m either side of the infrared light beam axis. X1 X3 X3 0.3m < X1 < 0.6m X1 X X3 = (7.5 x 10%) X3 = X3 = 8.25m X4 = (7.5 x 25% MAX) X4 = X4 = 9.375m X2 0.5m < X2 < 7.5m X m MAX BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 19

20 ATRIUM X1 φ 0.3m < X1 < 0.6m X4 The purpose of this approach is to detect the rising plume rather than the smoke layer. For this approach, an arrangement of Beam Smoke Detectors close enough to each other to assure intersection of the plume is installed at a level below the lowest expected stratification level. X5 The spacing (X4) between Beam Smoke Detectors is based on the narrowest potential width of the plume at the level of detection (X5). If the Beam Smoke Detector is to be placed in an Atrium, or near glass / polished surfaces, the Receiver / Reflector should be offset from the central line of sight, and angled back to the Transmitter. the Reflector will be returned to the Receiver in the normal way. This can be either on the vertical or on the horizontal axis, or a combination of both. In the instance of a Reflective Beam Smoke Detector, the reflected infrared light beam from 20 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

21 3.4. CAPABILTY TO CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTS HIGH AIR VELOCITY High air movement does not have as great as an effect on Beam Smoke Detectors as other detector types. A Beam Smoke Detector s sensing range can be as long as a football field (maximum beam range is typically 100m). It is therefore less likely that smoke will be blown out of the Beam Smoke Detector s sensing range. Although reduced spacing is not required in high airflow areas, attention should be given to the anticipated behaviour of smoke in these applications HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT Beam Smoke Detectors are not as limited as point-type detectors to hostile environments: temperature extremes, dirt, and corrosive gases In addition, flame / explosion proof Beam Smoke Detectors have been designed for protection of large hazardous (with potentially explosive atmospheres) areas, such as: - Zone1 Environments - Refineries - Mills - Munitions Factories and Stores - Flammable Liquid Stores - Flammable Gas Stores - Flammable Powder Stores - Industrial Plants and Warehouses - Power Stations This version provides an early warning of smouldering or strongly smoke-generative fires, which may not be picked up by flame detectors installed in these hazardous areas. Flame / explosion proof Beam Smoke Detectors are ATEX approved BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 21

22 STRATIFICATION Stratification occurs when smoke is heated by smouldering of burning materials and becomes less dense than surrounding cooler air. The smoke rises until there is no longer a difference in temperature between the smoke and the surrounding air. Therefore, stratification may occur in areas where the air temperature may be elevated at the ceiling level, but especially where there is a lack of ventilation. On smooth ceilings, Beam Smoke Detectors should generally be mounted between 0.3m to 0.6m from the ceiling. 40 Height (m) (A) In many cases, however, the location and sensitivity of the detectors shall be the result of an engineering evaluation that includes the following: - structural features - size and shape of the room and bays - occupancy and uses of the area - ceiling height and shape - surface and obstructions - ventilation - ambient environment - burning characteristics of the combustible materials present - configuration of the contents in the area to be protected. The results of an engineering evaluation may require an installation at a reduced height to defeat the effects of stratification or other obstructions. (C) (B) 10 (A) This plume is narrow at the ground level and expands at higher levels; it can be detected readily at these levels. (B) This design is slow to develop; the temperature of the plume cools around 10m to 15m causing it to stratify at this level. (C) The design of this plume develops at lower levels and doesn t cool until it reaches higher elevations. Due to the high temperature, its size is equal from floor to ceiling. 22 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

23 There is no sure way of identifying what condition will be present at the start of a fire. Any of the following detection schemes can provide for prompt detection regardless of the condition present at the time of fire initiation: Upward Beam Smoke Detectors to Detect the Smoke Layer: The purpose of this approach is to quickly detect the development of a smoke layer at whatever temperature condition exists. One or more Beam Smoke Detectors are aimed at an upward angle to intersect the smoke layer regardless of the level of smoke stratification. For redundancy when using this approach, more than one Beam Smoke Detector is recommended. Horizontal Beam Smoke Detectors to Detect the Smoke Layer at Various Levels: The purpose of this approach is to quickly detect the development of a smoke layer at whatever temperature condition exists. One or more Beam Smoke Detectors are located at the ceiling. Additional Beam Smoke Detectors are located at other levels lower in the volume. The exact positioning of the Beam Smoke Detectors is a function of the specific design but should include Beam Smoke Detectors at the bottom of any identified unconditioned (dead-air) spaces and at / or near the design smoke level with several intermediate Beam Smoke Detectors positions at other levels. Horizontal Beam Smoke Detectors to Detect the Smoke Plume: The purpose of this approach is to detect the rising plume rather than the smoke layer. For this approach, an arrangement of Beam Smoke Detectors close enough to each other to assure intersection of the plume is installed at a level below the lowest expected stratification level. The spacing between Beam Smoke Detectors is based on the narrowest potential width of the plume at the level of detection BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 23

24 3.5. COMPARISION WITH POINT-TYPE DETECTORS POINT-TYPE DETECTOR High Air Velocity may blow smoke out of the sensing chamber; thus reducing the point-type detector s performance. Radius = 7.5 metres Distance between detectors = 10 metres Qty required to cover 1,500 m 2 = 12 units mini HIGH AIR VELOCITY: COVERAGE / SPACING: BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR High air movement does not have as great as an effect on Beam Smoke Detector. A Beam Smoke Detector s sensing range can be typically as long as 100m. It is therefore less likely that smoke will be blown out of the Beam Smoke Detector s sensing range. Lateral coverage = 7.5 metres either side Distance between detectors = 15 metres Qty required to cover 1,500 m 2 = 1 unit INSTALLATION/MAINTENANCE IN WIDE AREAS: To all detectors situated across the ceiling, Along the end walls only. which require individual connection/testing. 7.5m (Plan View) 7.5m Up to 100m 7.5m 15m 5m 10m FEWER DEVICES = LOWER INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS. 24 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

25 BEAM AND POINT-TYPE SMOKE DETECTORS HAVE THEIR OWN APPLICATIONS INTERFACE TO FIRE PANELS CONVENTIONAL BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR Conventional Beam Smoke Detectors are very versatile; they are compatible with any conventional control panel and by using them in conjunction with a suitable interface control module, they can be added to any intelligent system irrespective of the communication protocol between the control panel and detectors BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 25

26 3.6.2 ZONE BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR Zone Beam Smoke Detectors are zone powered (lower current consumption) because they are designed to be interfaced directly onto the zone without the need for a separate power supply ADDRESSABLE BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR Addressable Beam Smoke Detectors are loop powered (lower current consumption) and designed to be individually recognised within an intelligent system. This can be achieved either from the control panel (soft addressing) or from the device itself (hard addressing). 26 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

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28 4. INSTALL A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR 4.1. STRUCTURE Beam Smoke Detectors must be mounted on stable stationary surfaces for proper operation: to prevent movement and subsequent misalignment. A surface that moves, shifts, vibrates, or warps over time will cause false alarm or trouble conditions. Initial selection of a proper mounting surface will eliminate false alarms and nuisance trouble signals. In cases where only one stable mounting surface as defined above can be used, and a Reflective Beam Smoke Detector has been chosen, the Transceiver should be mounted to the stable surface and the Reflector should be mounted to the less stable surface. The Reflector has a much greater tolerance for the unstable mounting locations defined above. Mount the Beam Smoke Detector on a stable mounting surface, such as brick, concrete, a sturdy load-bearing wall, support column, structural beam or other surface that is not expected to experience vibration or movement over time. DO NOT MOUNT the Beam Smoke Detector on corrugated metal walls, sheet metal walls, external building sheathing, external siding, suspended ceilings, steel web trusses, rafters, non-structural beam, joists or other such surfaces. 28 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

29 4.2. REFLECTIONS AND OBSCURATIONS Reflective objects too near to the line of sight can reflect the infrared light beam from the Transmitter. If this occurs, the Beam Smoke Detector will not be able to distinguish these reflections and the protected space will be compromised. There must be a permanent clear line of sight between the Transmitter and the Receiver / Reflector. Any object in the infrared light beam path could cause a reduction in signal and ultimately may prevent the system from operating correctly BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 29

30 4.3. OPTICAL CROSS TALK Beam Smoke Detectors should be positioned adequately to avoid the infrared light beam from other Beam Smoke Detectors falling on the detector, either directly or indirectly. If a pair of Beam Smoke Detectors is to be used to cover a long jump, then Transmitters should be positioned back to back. Mounting Receivers or Reflectors back to back creates a high possibility for infrared light overspill SENSITIVITY Sensitivity is the smoke obscuration (% / metres) over a distance (metres). The Beam Smoke Detector s working environment (dust, humidity ) is an element to be considered whilst selecting the sensitivity level. 30 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

31 4.5. TESTING PROCEDURES After successful installation and alignment (see manufacturer s specific alignment procedure), the Beam Smoke Detectors will require testing for both Fire and Trouble conditions SMOKE TEST Taking into account the sensitivity threshold set during the installation, the Beam Smoke Detector can be smoke tested by progressively obscuring the Receiver optics (for the Projected type Beam Smoke Detector) and the Reflector (for the Reflective type) with the Transparency (Filter) past the selected obscuration value. The Transmitter optics must remain uncovered during the smoke test. The Beam Smoke Detector will indicate a fire within a defined time (typically 10 seconds) by activating the fire indicator and closing the fire relay. Once the environment is back to satisfactory levels and if the Beam Smoke Detector is not latched, the device will automatically return in the conditions prior to the fire, within a defined time. If the Beam Smoke Detector is latched, the device will have to be reset manually TROUBLE TEST The Receiver optics (for the Projected type Beam Smoke Detector) and the Reflector (for the Reflective type) should be covered totally. The Reflector should be covered with a nonreflective material. The Beam Smoke Detector should indicate a trouble condition after a defined time by activating the trouble indicator. Once the obstruction has been removed, the Beam Smoke Detector will automatically return in the conditions prior to the trouble, within a defined time. See manufacturer s product guide for all default, set up times and indicator characteristics on both trouble and fire conditions. Reflective Beam Smoke Detector Obscuration Value Projected Beam Smoke Detector Receiver Optics BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 31

32 4.6. INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS SUNLIGHT / ARTIFICAL LIGHTS Light sources of extreme intensity such as sunlight and artificial lamps, if directed to the Receiver, can cause a dramatic signal change resulting in fault and alarm signals. Pointing the Receiver to the rising or setting sun should be avoided. If possible, the exposure should be North/South. If the sunlight cannot be avoided, the Receiver should be mounted slightly higher than the Transmitter or Reflector, causing the Receiver to look below the horizon HEAT SOURCES Sources of high heat level can affect the line of sight between the Transmitter and the Receiver, and may have an adverse effect on the performance of the Beam Smoke Detector. If possible, heat sources need to be placed as far as possible to the line of sight in order to avoid the potential of the heat haze distorting and attenuating the infrared light beam. 32 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

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34 5. COMMISSION A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR Once Beam Smoke Detectors are installed, as part of an automatic fire alarm system, it needs to be commissioned and set to work before it can be formally handed over to the purchaser. Commissioning is a process that involves thorough testing of the system. Every Beam Smoke Detector (and all other devices of the system) must be activated in order to establish that the system operates correctly and in accordance with the recommendations of the locally used standards and codes. The commissioning of Beam Smoke Detectors need to encompass at least the following checks: - Have the Beam Smoke Detectors been installed suitably? (structurally, electrically ) - Are the Beam Smoke Detectors aligned adequately? (no obstructions, reflections ) - Are the Beam Smoke Detectors responding accordingly to Trouble and Fire Alarm tests? - Are the Trouble and Fire Alarm tests reported at the Fire Panel? Have the Beam Smoke Detectors been properly connected to the Fire Panel? 34 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

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36 6. MAINTAIN A BEAM SMOKE DETECTOR Before starting any maintenance on Beam Smoke Detectors, the proper authorities need to be notified that the Beam Smoke Detectors will be temporarily out of service. The zone or whole system managing the Beam Smoke Detectors that are undergoing maintenance, is disabled to prevent unwanted alarms and possible dispatch of fire services personnel. Beam Smoke Detectors are designed to be as maintenance-free as possible. However, it is essential that routine checks (such as regular tests and scheduled service visits) and the special servicing are carried out in order for the Beam Smoke Detectors to remain fully operational and to function effectively in an alarm condition. Remember to advise the authorities notified at the beginning of the maintenance activities that it has been completed and the whole system is operational again. Routine checks should consist of: - visual inspection of all devices for physical damages and any other condition that might impair proper operation - the installation remains mechanically (fixture) and electrically (wiring) optimal - no major changes to the environment: the line of sight is respected and reflections have not been added - Trouble and Fire Alarm tests using the specially designed Transparency Special servicing will be required under special circumstances: - after a fire - if an unacceptable rate of false alarms is experienced - when a new maintenance organisation is contracted - following long period of disconnection If necessary, the lenses and / or the Reflector can be cleaned with a damp soft cloth. Washing liquid, alcohol or detergent must not be used. In both circumstances, if any actions need to be undertaken, the installation and alignment criteria need to be fulfilled and the testing procedure must subsequently be carried out again. 36 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

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38 7. BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS range contains both types of Beam Smoke Detectors: - Projected = FD2000/FD Reflective = FD705RVDS/710RVDS - Addressable Reflective = FD2705R/ FD2710R/ FD905R/ FD910R There are also a number of accessories that have been specially engineered to suit specific applications and the variation of standards/codes requirements F D 2000 RANGE STANDARD EXPLOSION PROOF (EExd) F D 2000 is the eldest Beam Smoke Detector in the range and one of the last Projected Beam Smoke Detector left in the market. F D 2010 is the ONLY EXPLOSION / FLAME PROOF Beam Smoke Detector available in the market, ATEX approved. Its greatest attribute is its small dimension combined with its cosmetic appearance, making the FD2000 the Beam Smoke Detector of choice for aesthetically demanding applications (historic building, museums, churches, mosques ) and environments prone to reflections. 38 BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE

39 7.2. REFLECTIVE RANGE F D R V D S / F D R V D S is a more modern design resulting primarily from the willingness to reduce the installation costs: the wiring is only required to the single unit whilst the Reflector is only mechanically installed. F D R V D S covers an area up to 50 metres in length, using one Reflector. F D R V D S covers an area beyond 50 metres and up to 100 metres, using 4 Reflectors. Also available are the: FD2705R series Addressable reflective beam detector for 50m. FD2710R series Addressable reflective beam detector for 100m. FD905R series Addressable reflective beam detector for 50m. FD910R series Addressable reflective beam detector for 100m BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 39

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41 8. INSTALLATION REFERENCE LIST The projects are numerous where beam smoke detection has been used. A selection has been listed hereafter: UK: Scottish Exhibition Centre, Glasgow West Ham Football Stadium London Heathrow Airport Gateshead Metro Centre Buckingham Palace New Tate Gallery Portcullis House Blenheim Palace British Museum The Sage USA: US Capitol Jacksonville Arena MGM Grand Hotel Griffith Observatory Boston Opera House University of Texas, Austin Tropicana Resort & Casino Bryant St Pump - DCWASA White House Visitor Centre Chicago Bears Training Ground EUROPE: Mercedes Benz, Rastatt factory, Germany 2004 Athens Olympic Centres, Greece Westpoort Rotterdam, Netherlands Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany Sofia National Theatre, Bulgaria Bilbao Exhibition Centre, Spain Palace of Parliament, Romania Pushkino Warehouse, Russia Kaleom Salt Mine, Belarus Riga Airport, Latvia MIDDLE-EAST: Dubai Airport, UAE Mall of Emirates, UAE Qatar Petroleum, Qatar Financial Centre, Bahrain Khafji Project, Saudi Arabia World Trade Centre, Bahrain Amman Shopping Mall, Jordan Saudi ARAMCO, Saudi Arabia SAAD Health Science Centre, Saudi Arabia Abu Dhabi Pension & Retirement Fund HQ, UAE Museum and Esplanade MRT Stations, Singapore LongTan Hydropower Station, China Bangkok King Power Mall, Thailand SPP Shipbuilding, South Korea FusionPolis, Singapore ASIA: Dewan Majilis Parliament House, Brunei Mando - Iksan division, South Korea Chek Lap Kok Airport, Hong Kong KLIA Low Cost Terminal, Malaysia Festive Walk, Hong Kong BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 41

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43 CONCLUSION TO THIS GUIDE Recognising the capabilities and limitations of all types of smoke detectors is essential to the proper design of an automatic fire alarm system. Beam Smoke Detectors should be considered and might be the smoke detector of choice before selecting other types. Beam Smoke Detectors are an efficient and economical way of protecting lives, equipment and properties where: - areas are wide - ceilings are high - architecture cosmetic / aesthetic is important - cost of installation and servicing is low For more information please contact your local GE Security sales team. All the information is given in good faith but GE, nor Fire Fighting Enterprises Ltd cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions. We are grateful to readers who notify us in the event of any need for corrections BEAM SMOKE DETECTORS - PRODUCT GUIDE 43

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