International Fuel Prices 212/213 8 th Edition Published by
International Fuel Prices 212/213 8 th Edition Disclaimer Findings, interpretation and conclusions expressed in this document are based on the information gained by the author and from the contributors. GIZ does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information in this document and cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions or losses which emerge from its use. The linked sites are not under the control of GIZ and GIZ is not responsible for the contents of any linked site or any link contained in a linked site. Copyright This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, whenever acknowledgement of the source is made. The GIZ would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this GIZ publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever. i
CONTENTS 1 Executive summary 1 2 GIZ International Fuel Prices 3 About our work 3 Our fact sheets International Fuel Prices Observatory 3 Reading List Fuel Price Policies 1 214 3 GIZ fuel price newsgroup 3 3 Fuel prices by continent 5 3.1 Fuel prices in Africa 5 3.2 Fuel prices in America 19 3.3 Fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific 29 3.4 Fuel prices in Europe 45 3.5 Retail fuel prices of 174 countries 59 4 Annex 62 5 About us 63 ii
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 1 Executive summary The 212/213 International Fuel Prices report provides an overview of the retail prices of Gasoline and in over 17 countries based on our survey in November 212. As depicted in the Figure 1 at a global scale, crude oil prices were relatively steady and less volatile in 211 and 212. 14 12 USD / Barrel 8 6 4 2 Nov 21 Jan 211 Jul 211 Jan 212 Jul 212 Nov 212 Price data reflects crude oil price (Brent) of USD 11 per barrel (69 US-cents per litre) as of mid-november 212. On the reference day of the survey the crude oil price had increased by 35% compared to 21. Converted, a price increase of USD.18 per litre was registered. Between November 21 and November 212 the lowest price per barrel of Brent crude was USD 82.34 (22 November 21). At its highest, the price briefly touched USD 128. (13 March 212). There was a slight increase (6 %) in the dollar-euro exchange rate between November 21 (USD 1 = EUR.73) and November 212 (USD 1 = EUR.78). Figure 1: Europe Brent Spot Price FOB (dollars per barrel) Source: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/leafhandler. ashx?n=pet&s=rbrte&f=d, 8 August 214 In the United States Gasoline prices were 97 US-cents per litre (: 15 US-cents) in mid-november 212. In November 212, Gasoline and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. 1
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Our survey at a glance Survey conducted in mid-november 212. and prices in over 17 countries. Price data reflect crude oil price (Brent) of USD 11 per barrel. Fuel price data are mainly based on the global network of regional GIZ offices. Further data sources include German embassies/consulates worldwide and the German Automobile Association (ADAC) amongst others. Crude oil prices and exchange rates: Brent crude oil price trend Exchange rate USD/barrel US-cents/litre USD 1 = Mid-November 4 42 27 EUR.77 15 17 November 6 6 38 EUR.78 17 21 November 8 48 3 EUR.79 16 18 November 21 81 51 EUR.73 13 15 November 212 11 69 EUR.78 On the reference day of the survey the crude oil price had increased by 35 % compared to November 21. There was an increase in the dollar-euro exchange rate between November 21 (USD 1 = EUR.73) and November 212 (USD 1 = EUR.78). 4 country categories were introduced to benchmark transport and energy policies: High Subsidies (below red benchmark line) Fuel Subsidies (below green benchmark line) Fuel Taxation (below grey benchmark line) High Taxation (above grey benchmark line) The retail price of Gasoline and is below the price for crude oil on the world market (Brent). The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. 1 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. More information and all previous surveys are available online: http://www.giz.de/fuelprices 2
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 2 GIZ International Fuel Prices About our work Since 1998, GIZ has been providing comprehensive data on fuel taxation in developing countries, thus making a valuable contribution to the discussion of the issue. Decision-makers in partner countries benefit from access to essential information on pricing, potential income from fuel taxes and reform processes that have been carried out in other countries. The International Fuel Prices report provides an overview of the retail prices of Gasoline and in over 17 countries. It further explores recent trends and case studies on fuel prices and fuel pricing policies in developing countries. More here: http://www.giz.de/fuelprices. Our fact sheets International Fuel Prices Observatory Our International Fuel Prices Observatory fact sheets offer concise information on: Price in USD and local currency (some since 1991); Price composition (production costs, taxes, fees, margins, etc.); Pricing policy; Transparency-index on price composition and pricing policy; Related Links. More than 12 fact sheets on: https://energypedia.info/index.php/ International_Fuel_Prices. Reading List Fuel Price Policies 1 214 Appropriate fuel price levels are major prerequisite for effectiveness of sustainable transport policies. Getting fuel prices right, involving stakeholders adequately and using revenues properly are challenging tasks. In this context, our new reading list on fuel price policies covers publications, articles etc from 1 to 214 on fuel price policies, Fuel Price Policies Reading List 1 214 taxation and subsidies. It provides a good starting point to reflect on what Published by has already been done in this field and how the debate has evolved. Please don t hesitate to alert us to additional sources and material for subsequent inclusion in this list. Download: http://www. sutp.org/images/articles/fuel_price_policies_readinglist_ GIZ_214.pdf GIZ Fuel Price Newsgroup Our GIZ Fuel Price Newsgroup aims to facilitate the exchange and dissemination of information on recent developments and trends related to that issue. GIZ fuel price news keeps you updated with selected articles related to fuel prices and taxation, subsidies and energy demand from all over the world. Subscription/Unsubscription/Contact: Armin.Wagner@giz.de 3
4 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3 Fuel prices by continent 3.1 Fuel prices in Africa ÂÂRetail fuel prices in Africa     Comparison of retail fuel prices in Africa  Time series of retail fuel prices in Africa  Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa 5
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.1 Retail fuel prices in Africa as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) 6 [Western Sahara] Morocco 96 142 Algeria 17 29 Tunisia 69 93 Libya 1 12 158 23 Cape Verde Mauritania 127 143 Mali Niger Senegal Eritrea 125 141 Sudan 153 172 112 112 171 249 51 75 Burkina Chad Djibouti Faso 116 95 Guinea-Bissau 126 124 118 175 Guinea 128 143 Gambia 134 134 Côte Benin Nigeria South Sudan Somaliland Sierra Leone d Ivoire Togo 19 62 Ethiopia Central 197 197 94 15 15 15 12 151 Ghana African Republic Liberia 122 116 Cameroon 169 171 122 117 Somalia 95 92 11 11 Sao Tomé & Principé Uganda Congo Kenya Equat. Guinea 135 92 115 Rwanda 126 137 Gabon 91 14 173 173 D.R.Congo Burundi Reading Example: Retail Price 147 147 148 148 US-Cents per Litre Tanzania Seychelles 82 96 127 131 Comoros High Fuel Subsidies Angola Fuel Subsidies 42 63 Malawi Zambia 19 193 Fuel Taxation 148 148 Madagascar High Fuel Taxation Zimbabwe Mozambique 122 149 Namibia 14 152 123 158 (Shaded areas represent different price categories 131 124 for Gasoline and in individual countries.) Botswana 125 123 Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. South Africa 142 138 Egypt 18 45 Swaziland 134 13 Lesotho 131 124 Mauritius 138 165 Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. 1 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation Retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector.
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.2 Comparison of retail fuel prices in Africa as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) US- 16 12 171 158 197 19 118 173 153 169 138 123 14 12 122 148 148 147 128 127 96 125 142 126 134 127 134 126 131 131 125 122 122 92 112 11 94 15 91 116 19 95 8 69 51 42 4 4 8 12 16 24 Eritrea Cape Verde Sudan, South Malawi Djibouti Rwanda Senegal Central African Republic Mauritius Mozambique Zimbabwe Ivory Coast Madagascar Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa) Zambia Burundi Burkina Faso Mauritania Morocco Mali South Africa Kenya Guinea Tanzania Swaziland Benin Lesotho Namibia Botswana Liberia Togo Congo, R. (Brazzaville) Niger Cameroon Ethiopia Sierra Leone Gabon Chad Tunisia Ghana 18 17 Libya 1 Sudan Angola Nigeria Egypt Algeria 12 45 29 75 63 62 197 193 175 173 172 171 165 158 152 151 149 148 148 147 143 143 142 141 138 137 134 131 13 124 124 124 123 117 116 115 112 11 15 15 14 95 93 92 249 23 Gasoline 164 15 69 69 97 164 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 7
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.3 Time Series of retail fuel prices in Africa in US-cents/litre (last survey 13 15 November 212) [US-cents/litre] [US-cents/litre] Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 2 4 6 8 21 212 1991 1993 1995 1998 2 4 6 8 21 212 Algeria 4 9 23 16 15 1 15 19 2 19 17 15 2 4 31 27 22 32 32 34 32 29 Angola 19 15 13 29 36 39 43 42 38 3 19 39 53 65 63 Benin 48 47 28 31 39 41 72 81 13 121 126 63 62 36 39 48 54 77 81 13 14 124 Botswana 61 37 35 29 39 38 61 74 12 97 125 68 41 38 31 42 41 66 78 88 93 123 Burkina Faso 84 85 62 46 62 112 133 128 128 13 81 68 68 83 118 115 138 144 143 Burundi 61 54 48 66 71 54 18 122 123 142 147 63 59 52 72 11 58 14 12 139 143 147 Cameroon 58 58 48 47 57 83 17 14 11 11 68 69 68 64 56 68 95 114 114 12 11 Cape Verde 4 43 39 81 143 133 158 68 81 59 14 184 184 23 Centr. African Rep. 99 98 64 65 87 114 127 144 169 169 133 128 82 81 129 137 144 171 171 Chad 97 95 7 61 6 77 11 12 132 131 116 15 12 8 7 68 79 117 131 13 132 95 Congo, D.R. (Kin.) 73 67 7 93 69 81 121 127 148 81 74 73 7 92 94 123 128 148 Congo, R. (Brazzav.) 71 4 3 48 59 67 57 84 92 15 72 53 69 87 96 81 127 115 Djibouti 38 56 4 4 53 54 35 89 17 118 77 61 93 91 15 98 52 145 163 175 Egypt 7 9 12 12 1 8 1 12 2 32 18 29 3 29 29 26 19 28 3 49 48 45 Eritrea 29 19 23 33 25 4 81 17 17 171 4 37 56 36 8 19 253 254 249 Ethiopia 14 19 24 25 27 32 42 62 89 78 94 27 26 32 36 46 52 6 93 92 91 15 Gabon 83 7 39 37 53 69 39 9 91 118 116 63 53 69 9 64 114 14 Ghana 43 45 33 3 19 23 43 84 9 83 95 53 53 38 32 2 28 49 86 9 82 92 Guinea 61 56 56 69 56 69 82 12 95 134 67 61 68 85 66 75 79 12 95 134 Ivory Coast 115 86 56 45 51 6 95 16 12 13 12 124 123 83 74 76 85 114 12 133 168 151 Kenya 37 33 43 54 6 56 76 98 114 127 126 53 4 56 7 71 7 92 112 12 133 137 Lesotho 38 47 68 88 93 17 131 39 73 89 79 97 124 Liberia 77 85 13 96 122 75 79 77 98 117 Libya 17 16 8 8 13 12 13 1 22 25 1 9 13 14 17 12 Madagascar 25 31 32 33 45 65 79 143 126 122 43 54 47 47 76 18 15 115 155 152 149 Malawi 56 67 55 45 68 62 88 112 167 154 19 64 71 65 51 69 66 95 117 178 171 193 Mali 74 74 57 48 43 55 9 14 11 125 125 112 114 82 77 7 69 116 122 13 142 141 Mauritania 53 43 31 4 39 59 84 16 99 127 86 85 59 67 63 8 97 149 116 143 Mauritius 123 138 155 165 Morocco 45 41 47 47 53 55 7 87 83 88 96 82 75 94 79 82 87 11 122 129 123 142 Mozambique 26 21 32 41 54 43 79 16 137 86 123 74 48 53 55 56 46 88 115 171 111 158 Namibia 41 38 36 44 43 65 87 88 19 131 46 42 38 47 45 68 87 78 16 124 Niger 81 6 55 52 48 55 91 111 97 116 112 94 92 79 76 68 77 12 114 99 17 112 Nigeria 4 1 3 1 27 19 45 66 113 77 19 5 2 13 13 27 2 39 51 59 44 62 Rwanda 79 88 72 84 84 99 18 137 162 173 81 93 72 89 84 98 111 137 163 173 Senegal 74 88 62 48 52 53 9 19 126 134 153 119 123 94 71 73 75 11 131 135 157 172 Sierra Leone 43 44 53 89 98 91 94 15 45 49 61 51 76 98 91 94 15 South Africa 52 46 39 4 8 84 95 114 142 52 51 43 43 81 85 87 119 138 Sudan 6 58 25 26 24 24 29 49 45 43 51 7 58 33 28 3 47 72 65 62 75 Sudan, South 122 125 17 197 176 159 1 197 Swaziland 41 4 36 44 73 85 93 11 134 46 43 37 47 76 8 86 17 13 Tanzania 25 3 44 57 73 61 87 99 13 119 127 42 43 56 63 75 67 93 14 111 122 131 Togo 66 63 4 37 4 46 83 11 88 117 122 81 72 47 42 48 56 85 13 89 118 116 Tunisia 33 31 44 33 29 19 39 57 84 82 69 58 52 64 6 49 29 68 83 96 94 93 Uganda 55 71 85 68 75 7 88 11 122 111 135 69 79 98 86 86 83 12 117 13 142 n.n. Zambia 24 66 57 49 6 98 122 161 152 148 4 72 6 53 72 11 131 17 166 148 Zimbabwe 37 28 29 22 72 5 65 15 115 14 68 47 38 26 85 5 61 13 129 152 8
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991 212 (from Algeria to Burkina Faso) 2 2 1 4 9 23 16 15 1 15 19 2 19 17 1991 1995 4 8 212 1 4 31 15 2 27 32 32 34 32 22 29 1991 1995 4 8 212 Algeria 2 2 1 19 15 13 29 36 39 43 42 1 38 3 19 39 53 65 63 Angola 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 48 47 28 31 39 41 72 81 13 121 126 1 63 62 36 39 48 54 77 81 13 14 124 Benin 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 61 37 35 29 39 38 61 74 12 97 125 1 68 41 38 31 42 41 66 78 88 93 123 Botswana 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 84 85 62 46 62 112 133 128 128 1 13 81 68 68 83 118 115 138 144 143 Burkina Faso 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 9
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991 212 (from Burundi to Chad) 2 2 Burundi 1 61 54 48 66 71 54 18 122 123 142 147 1 63 59 52 72 11 58 14 12 139 143 147 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Cameroon 1 58 58 48 47 57 83 17 14 11 11 1 68 69 68 64 56 68 95 114 114 12 11 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 23 Cape Verde 1 4 43 39 81 143 133 158 1 68 81 59 14 184 184 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Central African Republic 1 99 98 64 65 87 114 127 144 169 169 1 133 128 82 81 129 137 144 171 171 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Chad 1 97 95 7 61 6 77 11 12 132 131 116 1 15 12 8 7 68 79 117 131 13 132 95 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 1
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991 212 (from DR Congo to Eritrea) 2 2 1 73 67 7 93 69 81 121 127 148 1 81 74 73 7 92 94 123 128 148 Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa) 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 71 4 3 48 59 67 57 84 92 1 15 72 53 69 87 96 81 127 115 Congo, R. (Brazzaville) 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 38 56 4 4 53 54 35 89 17 118 1 77 61 93 91 15 98 52 145 163 175 Djibouti 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 7 9 12 12 1 8 1 12 2 32 18 1 29 3 29 29 26 19 28 3 49 48 45 Egypt 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 171 2 19 253 254 249 1 29 19 23 33 25 4 81 17 17 1 4 37 56 36 8 Eritrea 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 11
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991 212 (from Ethiopia to Ivory Coast) 2 2 Ethiopia 1 14 19 24 25 27 32 42 62 89 78 94 1 27 26 32 36 46 52 6 93 92 91 15 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Gabon 1 83 7 39 37 53 69 39 9 91 1 118 116 63 53 69 9 64 114 14 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Ghana 1 43 45 33 3 19 23 43 84 9 83 95 1 53 53 38 32 2 28 49 86 9 82 92 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Guinea 1 61 56 56 69 56 69 82 12 95 134 1 67 61 68 85 66 75 79 12 95 134 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Ivory Coast 1 115 86 56 45 51 6 95 16 12 13 12 1 124 123 83 74 76 85 114 12 133 168 151 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 12
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991 212 (from Kenya to Madagascar) 2 2 1 37 33 43 54 6 56 76 98 114 127 126 1 53 4 56 7 71 7 92 112 12 133 137 Kenya 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 38 47 68 88 93 17 131 1 39 73 89 79 97 124 Lesotho 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 77 85 13 96 122 1 75 79 77 98 117 Liberia 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 1 Libya 17 16 8 8 13 12 13 1 22 25 1 9 13 14 17 12 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 25 31 32 33 45 65 79 143 126 122 1 43 54 47 47 76 18 15 115 155 152 149 Madagascar 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 13
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991 212 (from Malawi to Morocco) Malawi 2 1 56 67 55 45 68 62 88 112 167 154 19 2 1 64 71 65 51 69 66 95 117 178 171 193 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Mali 1 74 74 57 48 43 55 9 14 11 125 125 1 112 114 82 77 7 69 116 122 13 142 141 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Mauritania 1 53 43 31 4 39 59 84 16 99 127 1 86 85 59 67 63 8 97 149 116 143 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Mauritius 1 123 138 1 155 165 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Morocco 1 45 41 47 47 53 55 7 87 83 88 96 1 82 75 94 79 82 87 11 122 129 123 142 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 14
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991 212 (from Mozambique to Rwanda) 2 2 1 26 21 32 41 54 43 79 16 137 86 123 1 74 48 53 55 56 46 88 115 171 111 158 Mozambique 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 41 38 36 44 43 65 87 88 19 131 1 46 42 38 47 45 68 87 78 16 124 Namibia 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 81 6 55 52 48 55 91 111 97 116 112 1 94 92 79 76 68 77 12 114 99 17 112 Niger 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 113 19 77 66 45 27 4 1 3 1 19 1991 1995 4 8 212 1 51 59 62 39 44 27 5 13 13 2 2 1991 1995 4 8 212 Nigeria 2 2 1 79 88 72 84 84 99 18 137 162 173 1 81 93 72 89 84 98 111 137 163 173 Rwanda 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 15
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991 212 (from Senegal to South Sudan) 2 2 Senegal 1 74 88 62 48 52 53 9 19 126 134 153 1 119 123 94 71 73 75 11 131 135 157 172 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Sierra Leone 1 43 44 53 89 98 91 94 15 1 45 49 61 51 76 98 91 94 15 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 South Africa 1 52 46 39 4 8 84 95 114 142 1 52 51 43 43 81 85 87 119 138 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Sudan 1 6 58 25 26 24 24 29 49 45 43 51 1 7 58 33 28 3 47 72 65 62 75 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Sudan, South 2 1 122 125 17 197 2 1 176 159 1 197 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 16
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991 212 (from Swaziland to Uganda) 2 2 1 41 4 36 44 73 85 93 11 134 1 46 43 37 47 76 8 86 17 13 Swaziland 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 25 3 44 57 73 61 87 99 13 119 127 1 42 43 56 63 75 67 93 14 111 122 131 Tanzania 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 66 63 4 37 4 46 83 11 88 117 122 1 81 72 47 42 48 56 85 13 89 118 116 Togo 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 33 31 44 33 29 19 39 57 84 82 69 1 58 52 64 6 49 29 68 83 96 94 93 Tunisia 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 55 71 85 68 75 7 88 11 122 111 135 1 69 79 98 86 86 83 12 117 13 142 Uganda 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 17
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.1.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, 1991 212 (from Zambia to Zimbabwe) 2 2 Zambia 1 24 66 57 49 6 98 122 161 152 148 1 4 72 6 53 72 11 131 17 166 148 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Zimbabwe 1 14 115 15 72 65 37 28 29 22 5 1991 1995 4 8 212 152 1 13 129 85 68 61 47 38 26 5 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 18
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2 Fuel prices in America ÂÂRetail fuel prices in America     Comparison of retail fuel prices in America  Time series of retail fuel prices in America  Detailed time series of fuel prices in America 19
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2.1 Retail fuel prices in Ameria as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) Canada 123 132 United States of America 15 97 Reading Example: Retail Price US-Cents per Litre 82 96 High Fuel Subsidies Fuel Subsidies Fuel Taxation High Fuel Taxation (Shaded areas represent different price categories for Gasoline and in individual countries.) Mexico 85 86 13 14 Cuba 13 125 Haïti Dominican Republic 135 158 Antigua & Barbuda 121 144 Belize Jamaica Puerto Guadeloupe Honduras Guatemala Rico 14 114 El Salvador 115 125 119 12 Barbados Nicaragua Grenada 17 14 117 126 Costa Rica B.R. Trinidad & Tobago 119 123 Venezuela Panama 1.1 2.3 Suriname 152 157 136 157 12 15 Colombia French Guiana 118 128 Guyana 15 18 Ecuador 29 58 Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. 1 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised Peru 141 163 road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation Retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. Chile 124 156 Brazil 12 139 Bolivia 54 7 Paraguay 131 174 Uruguay Argentina 188 197 133 146 2
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2.2 Comparison of retail fuel prices in America as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) US- 188 16 12 131 141 135 136 152 124 133 121 13 17 12 123 118 117 13 115 119 119 14 15 12 15 85 8 4 Uruguay Paraguay Peru Dominican Republic Costa Rica Suriname Chile Argentina Belize Cuba Grenada Brazil Canada Colombia El Salvador Haiti Honduras Nicaragua Jamaica Guatemala Guyana Panama United States Mexico 54 Bolivia 29 Ecuador Venezuela 1.1 2.3 4 8 12 16 7 58 174 163 158 157 157 156 146 144 14 14 139 132 128 126 125 125 123 12 114 18 15 97 86 197 Gasoline 164 15 69 69 97 164 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 21
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2.3 Time Series of retail fuel prices in America in US-cents/litre (last survey 13 15 November 212) [US-cents/litre] [US-cents/litre] Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 2 4 6 8 21 212 1991 1993 1995 1998 2 4 6 8 21 212 Argentina 29 28 42 52 46 49 48 58 15 133 79 6 94 17 63 63 62 78 96 146 Belize 8 91 53 98 121 12 127 7 113 144 Bolivia 35 31 35 42 4 47 53 54 54 43 38 53 8 69 54 54 68 7 7 Brazil 38 39 34 34 31 49 84 13 114 12 53 63 8 92 55 84 126 126 158 139 Canada 39 36 39 47 43 68 78 9 18 123 47 45 41 58 51 68 84 76 121 132 Chile 31 33 29 47 39 64 86 95 12 124 43 53 49 64 58 85 19 95 138 156 Colombia 19 27 2 35 24 36 57 73 95 118 23 35 24 49 44 72 98 14 141 128 Costa Rica 44 56 67 11 97 136 64 78 98 124 114 157 Cuba 18 45 55 91 151 124 13 9 95 11 167 172 14 Dominican Rep. 28 22 39 27 61 75 94 13 135 4 4 71 49 85 13 14 123 158 Ecuador 19 28 24 18 27 27 39 27 28 29 31 33 38 31 55 54 47 51 53 58 El Salvador 3 4 33 58 8 81 89 117 54 67 46 65 82 78 92 126 Grenada 41 41 41 68 89 134 12 17 54 54 54 73 89 128 12 14 Guatemala 25 28 32 42 32 63 64 82 85 14 32 39 41 53 48 68 78 86 95 114 Guyana 27 37 27 61 85 85 15 3 37 31 74 84 93 18 Haiti 36 35 3 6 89 13 59 64 54 88 116 125 Honduras 26 25 3 46 46 66 73 8 92 115 41 35 62 63 81 89 8 14 125 Jamaica 33 49 44 57 75 84 98 119 37 62 52 63 82 74 98 12 Mexico 28 25 28 45 47 45 52 54 72 85 39 32 36 61 62 59 74 74 81 86 Nicaragua 3 31 35 54 41 64 58 82 99 119 69 62 47 62 54 69 67 87 19 123 Panama 3 28 41 36 48 6 68 77 12 43 41 53 51 54 7 67 85 15 Paraguay 27 28 24 34 34 51 77 96 11 131 43 44 47 72 56 62 97 117 128 174 Peru 32 43 33 54 48 76 86 99 11 141 56 68 55 8 74 112 122 142 141 163 Suriname 41 41 41 94 112 152 56 56 56 94 91 114 157 United States 28 33 27 48 39 57 69 78 84 15 32 34 32 47 4 54 63 56 76 97 Uruguay 38 42 53 2 71 94 117 144 188 89 9 119 46 113 123 118 149 197 Venezuela 1 8 6 5 2 2 1 1.1 1.1 3 14 12 5 4 3 2 2.3 2.3 22
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991 212 (from Argentina to Canada) 2 2 1 29 28 42 52 46 49 48 58 15 133 1 79 6 94 17 63 63 62 78 96 146 Argentina 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 8 91 53 98 121 1 12 127 7 113 144 Belize 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 35 31 35 42 4 47 53 54 54 1 43 38 53 8 69 54 54 68 7 7 Bolivia 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 38 39 34 34 31 49 84 13 114 12 1 53 63 8 92 55 84 126 126 158 139 Brazil 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 39 36 39 47 43 68 78 9 18 123 1 47 45 41 58 51 68 84 76 121 132 Canada 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 23
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991 212 (from Chile to Dominican Republic) 2 2 Chile 1 31 33 29 47 39 64 86 95 12 124 1 43 53 49 64 58 85 19 95 138 156 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Colombia 1 19 27 2 35 24 36 57 73 95 118 1 23 35 24 49 44 72 98 14 141 128 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Costa Rica 1 44 56 67 11 97 136 1 64 78 98 124 114 157 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Cuba 1 18 45 55 91 151 124 13 1 9 95 11 167 172 14 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Dominican Republic 1 28 22 39 27 61 75 94 13 135 1 4 4 71 49 85 13 14 123 158 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 24
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991 212 (from Ecuador to Guyana) 2 2 1 19 28 24 18 27 27 39 27 28 29 1 31 33 38 31 55 54 47 51 53 58 Ecuador 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 3 4 33 58 8 81 89 117 1 54 67 46 65 82 78 92 126 El Salvador 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 41 41 41 68 89 134 12 17 1 54 54 54 73 89 128 12 14 Grenada 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 25 28 32 42 32 63 64 82 85 14 1 32 39 41 53 48 68 78 86 95 114 Guatemala 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 27 37 27 61 85 85 15 1 3 37 31 74 84 93 18 Guyana 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 25
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991 212 (from Haiti to Nicaragua) 2 2 Haiti 1 36 35 3 6 89 13 1 59 64 54 88 116 125 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Honduras 1 26 25 3 46 46 66 73 8 92 115 1 41 35 62 63 81 89 8 14 125 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Jamaica 1 33 49 44 57 75 84 98 119 1 37 62 52 63 82 74 98 12 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Mexico 1 28 25 28 45 47 45 52 54 72 85 1 39 32 36 61 62 59 74 74 81 86 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Nicaragua 1 3 31 35 54 41 64 58 82 99 119 1 69 62 47 62 54 69 67 87 19 123 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 26
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991 212 (from Panama to USA) 2 2 1 3 28 41 36 48 6 68 77 12 1 43 41 53 51 54 7 67 85 15 Panama 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 174 1 27 28 24 34 34 51 77 96 11 131 1 43 44 47 72 56 62 97 117 128 Paraguay 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 32 43 33 54 48 76 86 99 11 141 1 56 68 55 8 74 112 122 142 141 163 Peru 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 41 41 41 94 112 152 1 56 56 56 94 91 114 157 Suriname 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 28 33 27 48 39 57 69 78 84 15 1 32 34 32 47 4 54 63 56 76 97 United States of America 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 27
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, 1991 212 (from Uruguay to Venezuela) Uruguay 2 1 38 42 53 2 71 94 117 144 188 2 1 89 9 119 46 113 123 118 149 197 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Venezuela 1 1 1 8 6 5 2 2 1 1 1 1991 1995 4 8 212 14 3 12 5 4 3 2 2.3 2.3 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 28
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3 Fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific ÂÂRetail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific     Comparison of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific  Time series of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific  Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific 29
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.1 Retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) Russian Federation 99 137 134 Lebanon Palestine Jordan Israel 115 125 Georgia Azerbaijan Turkey Armenia 233 254 Syria 94 111 36 79 212 21 168 187 Iraq 97 144 Kuwait 2 23 57 76 U.A.E. Saudi Arabia 7 16 Yemen 47 58 Turkmenistan 2 22 Iran 12 33 Bahrain Qatar Oman Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average costcovering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales Kazakhstan 67 11 Uzbekistan 87 12 Afghanistan 121 128 Tadjikistan Pakistan Maldives Kyrgyzstan 89 145 12 114 17 27 27 27 64 47 38 31 19 11 19 144 India Nepal Sri Lanka Bhutan 86 125 76 115 93 129 86 119 Bangladesh 14 97 156 Mongolia 122 129 People s Republic of China Myanmar Lao PDR 127 135 59 62 128 137 118 133 Thailande Cambodia Vietnam 126 168 Reading Example: Retail Price US-Cents per Litre 82 96 M High Fuel Subsidies Fuel Subsidies Fuel Taxation High Fuel Taxation (Shaded areas represent different price categories for Gasoline and in individual countries.) a l a Singapor I n Macao 16 115 y s i a Brunei d o South Korea 163 18 Taiwan 26 43 North Korea 131 PRC Hong Kong n 119 119 157 216 47 47 Philippines 11 125 e s Timor Leste 143 165 Australia 124 177 Japan 161 157 139 i a 129 141 Papua New Guinea Fiji New Zealand tax and incl. approx. 1 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation Retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. 3
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.2 Comparison of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) US- 233 212 157 161 168 163 157 16 12 124 126 143 97 97 19 129 8 128 127 137 118 122 93 121 115 86 11 86 119 76 16 12 94 19 87 67 57 59 47 47 64 36 4 4 8 12 16 24 Turkey China, Hong Kong Israel Japan Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) Korea, South (R.) New Zealand Singapore Timor-Leste Thailand Jordan Nepal Fiji Australia China, P. R. Cambodia Georgia Lao PDR Mongolia Sri Lanka Afghanistan Armenia India Philippines Bhutan Taiwan (PR China) Bangladesh Vietnam Pakistan Lebanon Maldives Uzbekistan Kazakhstan 38 17 27 2 Turkmenistan 2 Saudi Arabia 6.7 Russian Federation Syria Azerbaijan Malaysia Yemen Indonesia United Arab Emirates 26 12.4 Brunei Iran Oman Bahrain Qatar Kuwait 79 76 62 58 47 47 43 33 31 27 27 23 22 16 254 216 21 187 18 177 168 165 156 144 144 141 139 137 135 134 133 129 129 128 125 125 125 119 119 115 115 114 111 11 12 11 99 Gasoline 164 15 69 69 97 164 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 31
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.3 Time Series of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, in US-cents/litre (last survey 13 15 Nov. 212) [US-cents/litre] [US-cents/litre] Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 2 4 6 8 21 212 1991 1993 1995 1998 2 4 6 8 21 212 Afghanistan 27 58 65 96 121 34 53 68 15 115 128 Armenia 25 31 29 56 77 111 99 115 49 55 42 68 96 18 18 125 Australia 45 57 48 83 94 94 123 157 46 57 85 93 74 127 139 Azerbaijan 22 2 16 18 41 56 56 57 46 39 37 41 46 74 75 76 Bahrain 18 21 19 19 13 13 13 17 26 27 27 27 21 21 21 27 Bangladesh 31 26 29 29 34 45 7 63 76 36 47 46 52 59 79 117 19 115 Bhutan 26 38 59 82 86 59 58 78 91 18 119 Brunei 18 18 18 19 21 21 24 26 34 31 3 32 34 38 39 43 Cambodia 28 44 44 61 78 89 98 127 47 61 63 79 11 94 115 135 China, Hong Kong 57 74 85 8 77 16 116 132 157 82 119 136 146 147 154 169 195 192 216 China, P. R. 24 25 45 37 43 61 11 14 128 27 28 4 42 48 69 99 111 137 Fiji 37 73 94 14 129 91 17 115 141 Georgia 25 41 67 89 116 113 137 46 48 73 86 19 113 134 India 23 19 21 39 41 62 75 7 82 86 56 48 56 6 66 87 11 19 115 125 Indonesia 13 2 7 6 19 18 44 42 51 47 24 44 16 17 27 27 57 79 47 Iran 1 2 2 2 3 3 1.6 12.4 8 5 7 9 9 1 9.7 33 Israel 31 31 64 62 8 127 17 187 212 73 86 114 9 15 147 137 185 21 Japan 75 69 76 66 95 9 13 137 161 125 12 16 91 126 19 142 16 Jordan 15 15 15 17 19 45 61 73 97 4 42 45 52 61 86 61 14 144 Kazakhstan 24 29 29 38 45 72 51 67 3 3 36 35 52 7 83 71 11 Korea, North (D.R.) 41 35 41 61 79 95 131 73 55 55 78 71 76 n.n. Korea, South (R.) 25 33 41 66 64 95 133 14 135 163 54 79 93 92 19 135 165 151 152 18 Kuwait 13 18 18 24 21 2 21 2 17 21 2 24 22 24 23 23 Kyrgyzstan 27 33 25 43 54 88 79 n.n. 47 44 39 48 64 8 85 89 Lao PDR 24 32 3 48 73 76 97 118 31 41 36 54 86 92 126 133 Lebanon 22 31 25 43 62 76 77 94 35 53 65 71 74 76 113 111 Malaysia 22 26 17 16 19 22 4 53 56 59 4 42 28 28 35 37 53 53 59 62 Maldives 83 19 84 11 Mongolia 22 38 37 67 87 142 14 122 23 38 38 61 88 138 111 129 Myanmar (Burma) 12 12 28 1 75 52 8 n.n. 13 33 36 12 66 43 8 14 Nepal 31 22 24 37 34 49 73 82 91 19 65 52 59 63 66 72 94 113 118 144 New Zealand 32 39 34 33 41 7 85 97 124 61 64 48 55 77 98 19 147 177 Oman 26 29 26 26 39 38 38 38 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 Pakistan 2 19 27 35 41 64 77 92 12 47 46 53 52 62 11 84 86 114 Palestine (WB + Gaza) 31 61 52 7 98 125 154 168 86 18 99 117 129 134 171 187 Philippines 25 27 22 28 27 34 67 81 84 11 4 34 34 37 35 52 76 91 15 125 Qatar 15 16 19 19 27 16 21 19 22 19 27 Russian Federation 28 18 29 25 45 66 86 72 35 28 33 35 55 77 89 84 99 Saudi Arabia 9 1 1 1 1 7 9 6.7 6.7 16 16 24 24 24 16 16 16 16 Singapore 28 33 36 38 38 55 63 9 14 126 61 85 72 84 85 89 92 17 142 168 Sri Lanka 27 23 3 27 31 41 55 75 66 93 75 75 84 66 54 72 88 143 119 129 Syria 14 13 18 13 13 53 45 36 45 44 53 46 6 85 96 79 Taiwan (R. China) 48 38 41 41 55 71 69 119 69 59 57 61 51 71 83 64 119 Tajikistan 13 55 24 59 74 91 n.n. 26 45 36 67 8 13 12 145 Thailand 26 3 27 35 32 37 65 64 95 97 36 34 3 39 36 54 7 87 141 156 Timor-Leste 65 88 135 9 143 65 98 122 14 165 Turkey 37 47 66 78 112 162 163 23 233 56 78 88 12 144 188 187 252 254 Turkmenistan 5 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 9 2 2 2 2 22 22 22 Utd. Arab Emirates 15 26 3 28 53 62 71 64 23 25 29 28 37 45 47 47 Uzbekistan 31 9 9 26 3 54 75 83 87 32 11 14 38 35 85 135 92 12 Vietnam 25 26 27 27 32 53 77 77 16 34 35 38 34 48 67 8 88 115 Yemen 7 6 1 9 28 17 23 47 26 21 21 19 3 3 35 58 32
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from Afghanistan to Bahrain) 2 2 1 27 58 65 96 121 1 34 53 68 15 115 128 Afghanistan 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 25 31 29 56 77 111 99 115 1 49 55 42 68 96 18 18 125 Armenia 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 45 57 48 83 94 94 123 157 1 46 57 85 93 74 127 139 Australia 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 22 2 16 18 41 56 56 57 1 46 39 37 41 46 74 75 76 Azerbaijan 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 1 Bahrain 18 21 19 19 13 13 13 17 26 27 27 27 21 21 21 27 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 33
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from Bangladesh to China HK) 2 2 Bangladesh 1 31 26 29 29 34 45 7 63 76 1 36 47 46 52 59 79 117 19 115 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Bhutan 1 26 38 59 82 86 1 59 58 78 91 18 119 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Brunei 1 18 18 18 19 21 21 24 26 1 34 31 3 32 34 38 39 43 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Cambodia 1 28 44 44 61 78 89 98 127 1 47 61 63 79 11 94 115 135 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 China, Hong Kong 2 1 57 74 85 8 77 16 116 132 157 2 1 82 119 136 146 147 154 169 195 192 216 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 34
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from PR China PR to Indonesia) 2 2 1 24 25 45 37 43 61 11 14 128 1 27 28 4 42 48 69 99 111 137 China, P. R. 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 37 73 94 14 129 1 91 17 115 141 Fiji 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 25 41 67 89 116 113 137 1 46 48 73 86 19 113 134 Georgia 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 23 19 21 39 41 62 75 7 82 86 1 56 48 56 6 66 87 11 19 115 125 India 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 13 2 7 6 19 18 44 42 51 47 1 24 44 16 17 27 27 57 79 47 Indonesia 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 35
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from Iran to Kazakhstan) 2 2 Iran 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 1.6 1991 1995 4 8 212 12 8 5 7 9 9 1 9.7 1991 1995 4 8 212 33 Israel 2 1 64 62 8 127 17 187 212 2 1 73 86 114 9 15 147 137 185 21 31 31 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Japan 2 1 75 69 76 66 95 9 13 137 161 2 1 125 12 16 91 126 19 142 16 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Jordan 1 15 15 15 17 19 45 61 73 97 1 4 42 45 52 61 86 61 14 144 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Kazakhstan 1 24 29 29 38 45 72 51 67 1 3 3 36 35 52 7 83 71 11 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 36
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from D.R. North Korea to Lao PDR) 2 2 1 41 35 41 61 79 95 131 1 73 55 55 78 71 76 Korea, North (D. R.) 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 25 33 41 66 64 95 133 14 135 163 1 54 79 93 92 19 135 165 151 152 18 Korea, South (R.) 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 1 Kuwait 13 18 18 24 21 2 21 2 17 21 2 24 22 24 23 23 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 27 33 25 43 54 88 79 1 47 44 39 48 64 8 85 89 Kyrgyzstan 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 24 32 3 48 73 76 97 118 1 31 41 36 54 86 92 126 133 Lao PDR 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 37
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from Lebanon to Myanmar) 2 2 Lebanon 1 22 31 25 43 62 76 77 94 1 35 53 65 71 74 76 113 111 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Malaysia 1 22 26 17 16 19 22 4 53 56 59 1 4 42 28 28 35 37 53 53 59 62 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Maldives 1 83 19 1 84 11 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Mongolia 1 22 38 37 67 87 142 14 122 1 23 38 38 61 88 138 111 129 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Myanmar (Burma) 1 12 12 28 1 75 52 8 1 13 33 36 12 66 43 8 14 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 38
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from Nepal to Palestine WB/G) 2 2 1 31 22 24 37 34 49 73 82 91 19 1 65 52 59 63 66 72 94 113 118 144 Nepal 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 32 39 34 33 41 7 85 97 124 1 61 64 48 55 77 98 19 147 177 New Zealand 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 1 Oman 26 29 26 26 39 38 38 38 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 2 19 27 35 41 64 77 92 12 1 47 46 53 52 62 11 84 86 114 Pakistan 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 31 61 52 7 98 125 154 168 1 86 18 99 117 129 134 171 187 Palestine (WB + Gaza) 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 39
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from Philippines to Singapore) 2 2 Philippines 1 25 27 22 28 27 34 67 81 84 11 1 4 34 34 37 35 52 76 91 15 125 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Qatar 1 1 15 16 19 19 27 16 21 19 22 19 27 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Russian Federation 1 28 18 29 25 45 66 86 72 1 35 28 33 35 55 77 89 84 99 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Saudi Arabia 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 7 9 6.7 7 16 16 24 24 24 16 16 16 16 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Singapore 1 28 33 36 38 38 55 63 9 14 126 1 61 85 72 84 85 89 92 17 142 168 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 4
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from Sri Lanka to Thailand) 2 2 1 27 23 3 27 31 41 55 75 66 93 1 75 75 84 66 54 72 88 143 119 129 Sri Lanka 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 14 13 18 13 13 53 45 36 1 45 44 53 46 6 85 96 79 Syria 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 48 38 41 41 55 71 69 119 1 69 59 57 61 51 71 83 64 119 Taiwan (R. China) 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 13 55 24 59 74 91 1 26 45 36 67 8 13 12 145 Tajikistan 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 26 3 27 35 32 37 65 64 95 97 1 36 34 3 39 36 54 7 87 141 156 Thailand 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 41
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from Timor-Leste to Uzbekistan) 2 2 Timor-Leste 1 65 88 135 9 143 1 65 98 122 14 165 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Turkey 2 1 37 47 66 78 112 162 163 23 233 2 1 56 78 88 12 144 188 187 252 254 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Turkmenistan 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1991 1995 4 8 212 9 2 2 2 2 22 22 22 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 United Arab Emirates 1 15 26 3 28 53 62 71 64 1 23 25 29 28 37 45 47 47 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Uzbekistan 1 31 9 9 26 3 54 75 83 87 1 32 11 14 38 35 85 135 92 12 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 42
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, 1991 212 (from Vietnam to Yemen) 2 2 1 25 26 27 27 32 53 77 77 16 1 34 35 38 34 48 67 8 88 115 Vietnam 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 7 6 1 9 28 17 23 47 1 26 21 21 19 3 3 35 58 Yemen 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 43
44 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4 Fuel prices in Europe ÂÂRetail fuel prices in Europe     Comparison of retail fuel prices in Europe  Time series of retail fuel prices in Europe  Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 45
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.1 Retail fuel prices in Europe as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) Iceland 26 199 Reading Example: Retail Price US-Cents per Litre 82 96 High Fuel Subsidies Fuel Subsidies Fuel Taxation High Fuel Taxation (Shaded areas represent different price categories for Gasoline and in individual countries.) Norway 235 253 Denmark 189 22 Sweden 216 21 Kaliningrad Oblast 176 176 Finland 195 28 Estonia Latvia 177 18 Lithuania 17 183 Russian Federation 99 Ireland 198 22 Portugal 189 215 Belarus United Netherlands Poland 9 88 Kingdom 195 233 Germany 173 174 227 217 Belgium 188 196 198 29 Czech Rep. Luxembourg 187 193 Ukraine Slovakia 164 164 185 198 125 135 26 188 Austria Liechtenst. 181 181 Hungary Switzerland 191 184 France Slovenia Romania 26 188 Croatia Moldova 178 191 Italy 177 186 173 17 Serbia 14 142 218 228 Bosnia-H. 17 177 18 178 162 159 Bulgaria 175 182 Monte- 168 169 Monaco Kosovonegro Spain 24 223 16 165 Macedonia Albania Andorra 155 175 175 175 179 181 Turkey 148 167 Greece 233 254 28 26 Malta 175 192 Cyprus 178 177 Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. 1 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation Retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. 46
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.2 Comparison of retail fuel prices in Europe as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) US- 16 233 235 195 218 24 227 189 216 198 195 28 189 198 26 185 188 187 175 178 26 26 177 191 17 175 179 181 177 18 17 178 176 155 175 173 173 168 148 16 164 162 14 125 12 9 8 4 4 8 12 16 24 Turkey Norway Netherlands Italy Monaco United Kingdom Portugal Sweden Belgium Finland Greece Denmark Ireland Iceland Slovakia Germany Czech Republic Malta France Liechtenstein Switzerland Slovenia Hungary Lithuania Montenegro Albania Austria Latvia Serbia Croatia Cyprus, South Estonia Macedonia Spain Poland Romania Bulgaria Andorra Kosovo Luxembourg Bosnia and Herzegovina Moldova Ukraine Russian Federation Belarus 99 88 254 253 233 228 223 217 215 21 29 28 26 22 22 199 198 196 193 192 191 188 188 186 184 183 182 181 181 18 178 177 177 176 175 175 174 17 169 167 165 164 159 142 135 Gasoline 164 15 69 69 97 164 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 47
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.3 Time Series of retail fuel prices in Europe in US-cents/litre (last survey 13 15 November 212) [US-cents/litre] [US-cents/litre] Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 2 4 6 8 21 212 1991 1993 1995 1998 2 4 6 8 21 212 Albania 43 3 51 12 129 131 14 179 86 57 8 123 144 136 146 181 Andorra 16 132 148 124 149 167 Austria 87 82 74 73 119 126 143 155 181 115 14 82 84 132 132 137 163 181 Belarus 13 36 36 44 55 16 86 9 34 55 62 79 133 18 88 Belgium 82 85 78 8 17 134 134 162 198 118 112 96 14 1 163 1 187 29 Bosnia + Herzegov. 6 57 74 97 124 118 142 162 66 68 74 97 134 113 142 159 Bulgaria 26 52 58 59 89 18 137 158 168 46 66 7 68 92 15 128 151 169 Croatia 64 61 6 74 113 122 137 149 17 75 67 76 89 124 134 127 159 177 Cyprus, South 25 18 44 95 12 125 147 178 78 57 83 18 125 128 147 177 Czech Republic 6 6 68 71 17 129 145 169 187 85 72 77 81 18 13 137 175 193 Denmark 87 85 9 94 135 145 154 179 189 18 15 11 19 151 158 154 22 Estonia 33 36 55 56 94 122 13 157 176 33 45 6 58 94 123 118 154 176 Finland 85 79 84 8 121 126 139 16 195 12 117 16 112 154 155 157 194 28 France 78 77 82 8 125 133 145 172 178 117 111 99 15 142 148 152 198 191 Germany 77 69 78 82 129 138 156 168 188 112 96 91 13 146 155 156 19 196 Greece 59 4 71 68 123 119 141 178 28 88 65 72 78 114 116 123 25 26 Hungary 65 64 79 85 122 131 138 161 191 74 72 81 94 13 13 127 167 184 Iceland 4 45 62 88 178 131 171 26 112 15 116 164 186 115 171 199 Ireland 87 12 72 8 129 135 164 169 198 96 12 72 9 129 134 156 178 22 Italy 86 93 83 86 131 149 163 169 218 118 119 97 15 153 156 157 187 228 Kosovo 84 43 56 66 13 119 121 16 16 76 61 56 74 116 122 11 163 165 Latvia 34 35 58 65 9 115 123 149 177 41 55 67 7 94 12 112 148 18 Liechtenstein 89 84 93 137 136 152 177 26 85 81 89 129 127 13 166 188 Lithuania 3 34 55 59 12 19 122 142 17 35 51 66 69 13 18 113 159 183 Luxembourg 68 61 67 65 98 114 133 136 164 84 78 75 76 119 129 14 155 164 Macedonia 59 46 56 63 92 19 112 127 155 93 7 76 85 117 123 115 152 175 Malta 49 44 53 97 126 156 166 175 77 81 87 118 138 166 163 192 Moldova 31 4 31 31 86 14 18 14 45 45 45 97 12 121 142 Monaco 155 169 24 164 192 223 Montenegro 84 43 56 66 16 127 121 149 175 76 61 56 74 12 151 127 162 182 Netherlands 82 79 78 81 123 132 145 171 195 121 114 13 112 162 17 168 213 233 Norway 19 11 115 118 144 166 163 21 235 133 121 119 123 161 18 163 212 253 Poland 42 44 65 68 19 13 14 1 173 55 54 76 83 12 13 143 157 174 Portugal 71 54 71 18 11 147 158 189 12 77 97 138 156 161 185 215 Romania 19 4 35 57 91 124 122 146 173 29 53 46 64 96 126 111 146 17 Russian Federation 28 18 29 25 45 66 86 72 35 28 33 35 55 77 89 84 99 Serbia 84 43 56 66 85 135 114 148 18 76 61 56 74 145 129 1 178 Slovakia 4 54 68 7 119 143 168 153 185 66 61 69 74 117 135 157 17 198 Slovenia 64 66 67 111 121 126 162 177 59 66 63 76 112 123 118 167 186 Spain 7 7 65 72 11 11 128 147 175 89 84 73 83 121 115 123 156 175 Sweden 11 84 8 96 137 144 152 182 216 117 19 94 16 151 146 138 187 21 Switzerland 11 91 84 93 137 136 152 177 26 12 86 78 89 129 127 13 166 188 Turkey 37 47 66 78 112 162 163 23 233 56 78 88 12 144 188 187 252 254 Ukraine 25 3 34 44 87 96 92 125 49 37 47 55 81 88 11 135 United Kingdom 85 111 122 12 16 173 165 198 227 92 111 117 118 156 163 144 192 217 48
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991 212 (from Albania to Belgium) 2 2 1 43 3 51 12 129 131 14 179 1 86 57 8 123 144 136 146 181 Albania 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 16 132 148 1 124 149 167 Andorra 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 87 82 74 73 119 126 143 155 181 1 115 14 82 84 132 132 137 163 181 Austria 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 13 36 36 44 55 16 86 9 1 34 55 62 79 133 18 88 Belarus 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 1 82 85 78 8 17 134 134 162 198 2 1 118 112 96 14 1 163 1 187 29 Belgium 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 49
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991 212 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Czech Republic) 2 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 6 57 74 97 124 118 142 162 1 66 68 74 97 134 113 142 159 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Bulgaria 1 26 52 58 59 89 18 137 158 168 1 46 66 7 68 92 15 128 151 169 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Croatia 1 64 61 6 74 113 122 137 149 17 1 75 67 76 89 124 134 127 159 177 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Cyprus, South 1 25 18 44 95 12 125 147 178 1 78 57 83 18 125 128 147 177 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Czech Republic 2 1 6 6 68 71 17 129 145 169 187 2 1 85 72 77 81 18 13 137 175 193 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991 212 (from Denmark to Germany) 2 1 87 85 9 94 135 145 154 179 189 2 1 18 15 11 19 151 158 154 22 Denmark 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 33 36 55 56 94 122 13 157 176 1 33 45 6 58 94 123 118 154 176 Estonia 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 1 85 79 84 8 121 126 139 16 195 2 1 12 117 16 112 154 155 157 194 28 Finland 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 1 78 77 82 8 125 133 145 172 178 2 1 117 111 99 15 142 148 152 198 191 France 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 1 77 69 78 82 129 138 156 168 188 2 1 112 96 91 13 146 155 156 19 196 Germany 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 51
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991 212 (from Greece to Italy) Greece 2 1 59 4 71 68 123 119 141 178 28 2 1 88 65 72 78 114 116 123 25 26 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Hungary 2 1 65 64 79 85 122 131 138 161 191 2 1 74 72 81 94 13 13 127 167 184 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 178 171 26 2 164 186 171 199 Iceland 1 4 45 62 88 131 1 112 15 116 115 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Ireland 2 1 87 12 72 8 129 135 164 169 198 2 1 96 12 72 9 129 134 156 178 22 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 218 2 228 Italy 1 86 93 83 86 131 149 163 169 1 118 119 97 15 153 156 157 187 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 52
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991 212 (from Kosovo to Luxembourg) 2 2 16 16 163 165 1 84 43 56 66 13 119 121 1 76 61 56 74 116 122 11 Kosovo 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 34 35 58 65 9 115 123 149 177 1 41 55 67 7 94 12 112 148 18 Latvia 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 1 89 84 93 137 136 152 177 26 2 1 85 81 89 129 127 13 166 188 Liechtenstein 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 3 34 55 59 12 19 122 142 17 1 35 51 66 69 13 18 113 159 183 Lithuania 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 68 61 67 65 98 114 133 136 164 1 84 78 75 76 119 129 14 155 164 Luxembourg 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 53
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991 212 (from Macedonia to Montnegro) 2 2 Macedonia 1 59 46 56 63 92 19 112 127 155 1 93 7 76 85 117 123 115 152 175 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Malta 2 1 49 44 53 97 126 156 166 175 2 1 77 81 87 118 138 166 163 192 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Moldova 1 31 4 31 31 86 14 18 14 1 45 45 45 97 12 121 142 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Monaco 2 1 155 169 24 2 1 164 192 223 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Montenegro 1 84 43 56 66 16 127 121 149 175 1 76 61 56 74 12 151 127 162 182 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 54
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991 212 (from Netherlands to Romania) 2 1 82 79 78 81 123 132 145 171 195 2 1 121 114 13 112 162 17 168 213 233 Netherlands 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 1 19 11 115 118 144 166 163 21 235 2 1 133 121 119 123 161 18 163 212 253 Norway 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 42 44 65 68 19 13 14 1 173 1 55 54 76 83 12 13 143 157 174 Poland 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 1 71 54 71 18 11 147 158 189 2 1 12 77 97 138 156 161 185 215 Portugal 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 19 4 35 57 91 124 122 146 173 1 29 53 46 64 96 126 111 146 17 Romania 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 55
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991 212 (from Russian Federation to Spain) 2 2 Russian Federation 1 28 18 29 25 45 66 86 72 1 35 28 33 35 55 77 89 84 99 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Serbia 1 84 43 56 66 85 135 114 148 18 1 76 61 56 74 145 129 1 178 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Slovakia 2 1 4 54 68 7 119 143 168 153 185 2 1 66 61 69 74 117 135 157 17 198 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 162 177 167 186 Slovenia 1 64 66 67 111 121 126 1 59 66 63 76 112 123 118 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 Spain 1 7 7 65 72 11 11 128 147 175 1 89 84 73 83 121 115 123 156 175 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 56
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4.4 Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 1991 212 (from Sweden to United Kingdom) 2 1 11 84 8 96 137 144 152 182 216 2 1 117 19 94 16 151 146 138 187 21 Sweden 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 1 11 91 84 93 137 136 152 177 26 2 1 12 86 78 89 129 127 13 166 188 Switzerland 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 1 37 47 66 78 112 162 163 23 233 2 1 56 78 88 12 144 188 187 252 254 Turkey 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 2 1 25 3 34 44 87 96 92 125 1 49 37 47 55 81 88 11 135 Ukraine 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 2 1 85 111 122 12 16 173 165 198 227 2 1 92 111 117 118 156 163 144 192 217 United Kingdom 1991 1995 4 8 212 1991 1995 4 8 212 Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 57
58 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.5 Retail fuel prices of 174 countries ÂÂWorld ranking of prices   World ranking of Gasoline prices 59
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.5.1 Retail prices of in 171 countries as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) 164 15 69 US- per litre 22 18 16 14 12 8 6 4 2 Country Category 1 High Subsidies (up to 68 US-Cents) The retail price of is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Country Category 2 Subsidies (69 14 US-Cents) The retail price of is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. appr. 1 US-Cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Red Benchmark Line: Price of Crude Oil on World Market = 69 US-Cents/Litre (= US$ 11/Barrel) Country Category 3 Taxation (15 163 US-Cents) Retail price of is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Green Benchmark Line: Retail Price of in the United States = 15 US-Cents/Litre Country Category 4 High Taxation (164 and more US-Cents) The retail price of is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. Grey Benchmark Line: Retail Price of in Luxembourg = 164 US-Cents/Litre giz.de/fuelprices Data as of mid-november 212 1.1 Venezuela 6.7 Saudi Arabia 1 Libya 12.4/(28.9*) Iran 17 Algeria 18 Egypt Bahrain 17 Kuwait 2 2 Turkmenistan 27 Qatar 36 Syria 42 Angola Indonesia 47/(11**) 47 Yemen Sudan 51 54 Bolivia Azerbaijan 57 59 Malaysia 67 Kazakhstan Brunei 26 Ecuador 29 Oman 38 United Arab Emirates 64 Tunisia 69 76 Bangladesh Mexico 85 86 Bhutan India 86 Belarus 9 Congo, R. (Brazzaville) 92 Ethiopia 94 Ghana 95 Jordan 97 Russian Federation Philippines 11 Panama 12 Guatemala 14 87 Uzbekistan 91 Gabon 93 Sri Lanka 94 Lebanon 96 Morocco 97 Thailand 11 Cameroon 12 Brazil 13 Haiti 15 United States 15 Sierra Leone Guyana 15 Vietnam 16 17 Grenada Nigeria 19 19 Maldives Nepal 19 112 Niger Honduras 115 Chad 116 Djibouti 118 Lao PDR 118 Nicaragua 119 Ivory Coast 12 Belize 121 Liberia 122 Togo 122 Mozambique 123 Chile 124 Botswana 125 Ukraine 125 Kenya 126 Mauritania 127 Cambodia 127 China, P. R. 128 115 Armenia 117 El Salvador 118 Colombia 119 Jamaica 119 Taiwan (PR China) 12 Pakistan 121 Afghanistan 122 Madagascar 122 Mongolia 123 Canada 124 New Zealand 125 Mali 126 Benin 126 Singapore 127 Tanzania 128 Burkina Faso 129 Fiji 131 Lesotho 131 Paraguay Cuba 13 Namibia 131 Korea, North (D.R.) 131 Guinea 134 Uganda 135 Costa Rica 136 Mauritius 138 Moldova 14 South Africa 142 Burundi 147 Zambia 148 Suriname 152 133 Argentina 134 Swaziland 135 Dominican Republic 137 Georgia 14 Zimbabwe 141 Peru 143 Timor-Leste 148 Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa) 148 Andorra 153 Senegal 157 Australia Macedonia 155 China, Hong Kong 157 Kosovo 16 Bosnia and Herzegovina 162 Luxembourg 164 Bulgaria 168 Croatia 17 Eritrea 171 Poland 173 Montenegro 175 Spain 175 Slovenia 177 Cyprus, South 178 Albania 179 158 Cape Verde 161 Japan 163 Korea, South (R.) 168 Palestine (W. Bank + Gaza) 169 Central African Rep. 17 Lithuania 173 Rwanda 173 Romania 175 Malta 176 Estonia 177 Latvia 178 France 18 Serbia Austria 181 Czech Republic 187 Germany 188 Portugal 189 Hungary 191 Netherlands 195 Belgium 198 Monaco 24 Liechtenstein 26 Greece 28 185 Slovakia 188 Uruguay 189 Denmark 19 Malawi 195 Finland 197 Sudan, South 198 Ireland 26 Iceland 26 Switzerland 212 Israel Sweden 216 218 Italy United Kingdom 227 Norway 235 233 Turkey Cat. 1 Cat. 2 Cat. 3 Cat. 4 *) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised (3 IRR). Subsidised is available at a price of 1 IRR (12.4 US-Cents/liter). **) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised (1 Rupiah). Subsidised is available at a price of 4 Rupiah (47 US-Cents). 6
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.5.1 Retail prices of Gasoline in 171 countries as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) 164 97 69 US- per litre 22 18 16 14 12 8 6 4 2 Country Category 2 Subsidies (69 96 US-Cents) The retail price of Gasoline is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. appr. 1 US-Cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Country Category 1 High Subsidies (up to 68 US-Cents) The retail price of Gasoline is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Red Benchmark Line: Price of Crude Oil on World Market = 69 US-Cents/Litre (= US$ 11/Barrel) Country Category 3 Taxation (97 163 US-Cents) Retail price of Gasoline is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Green Benchmark Line: Retail Price of Gasoline in the United States = 97 US-Cents/Litre Country Category 4 High Taxation (164 and more US-Cents) The retail price of Gasoline is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. Grey Benchmark Line: Retail Price of Gasoline in Luxembourg = 164 US-Cents/Litre Gasoline giz.de/fuelprices Data as of mid-november 212 2.3 Venezuela Libya 12 16 Saudi Arabia Turkmenistan 22 23 Kuwait Bahrain 27 27 Qatar Algeria 29 31 Oman Iran 33/(57.8*) Egypt 45 United Arab Emirates 47 Yemen 58 Nigeria 62 43 Brunei 47/(15**) Indonesia 58 Ecuador 62 Malaysia 63 Angola Bolivia 7 Azerbaijan 76 75 Sudan 79 Syria Mexico 86 Kyrgyzstan 89 Tunisia 93 United States 97 Kazakhstan 11 Gabon 14 Ethiopia 15 Sierra Leone 15 88 Belarus 92 Ghana 95 Chad 99 Russian Federation 12 Uzbekistan 14 Myanmar (Burma) 15 Panama 18 Guyana 11 Maldives Cameroon 11 Lebanon 111 Guatemala 114 Bangladesh 115 Vietnam 115 Liberia 117 Taiwan (PR China) 119 Botswana 123 Benin 124 Namibia 124 Haiti 125 India 125 El Salvador 126 Colombia 128 Sri Lanka 129 Tanzania 131 112 Niger 114 Pakistan 115 Congo, R. (Brazzaville) 116 Togo 119 Bhutan 12 Jamaica 123 Nicaragua 124 Lesotho 125 Armenia 125 Honduras 125 Philippines 128 Afghanistan 129 Mongolia 13 Swaziland 132 Canada 134 Georgia Lao PDR 133 Guinea 134 Ukraine 135 Kenya 137 Australia139 Cuba 14 Fiji 141 Moldova 142 Burkina Faso 143 Belize 144 Nepal 144 Argentina 146 Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa) 148 Madagascar 149 Zimbabwe 152 Thailand 156 Suriname 157 135 Cambodia 137 China, P. R. 138 South Africa 139 Brazil 14 Grenada 141 Mali 142 Morocco 143 Mauritania 144 Jordan 145 Tajikistan 147 Burundi 148 Zambia 151 Ivory Coast 156 Chile 157 Costa Rica 158 Dominican Republic 159 Bosnia and Herzegovina Mozambique 158 Peru 163 Kosovo 165 Timor-Leste 165 Singapore 168 Romania 17 Senegal 172 Paraguay 174 Djibouti 175 Spain 175 Croatia 177 New Zealand 177 Korea, South (R.) 18 Albania 181 Montenegro 182 Hungary 184 Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) 187 Switzerland 188 164 Luxembourg 165 Mauritius 167 Andorra 169 Bulgaria 171 Central African Rep. 173 Rwanda 174 Poland 175 Macedonia 176 Estonia 177 Cyprus, South 178 Serbia 18 Latvia 181 Austria 183 Lithuania 186 Slovenia 188 Liechtenstein 191 France 193 Czech Republic Malta 192 Malawi 193 Sudan, South 197 Slovakia 198 Japan Denmark 22 Greece 26 Belgium 29 Portugal 215 United Kingdom 217 196 Germany 197 Uruguay 199 Iceland 21 Israel 22 Ireland 28 Finland 21 Sweden 216 China, Hong Kong 223 Monaco Italy 228 23 Cape Verde Netherlands 233 Eritrea 249 Norway 253 Turkey 254 Cat. 1 Cat. 2 Cat. 3 Cat. 4 *) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised, free-market regular Gasoline (7 IRR). Subsidised Gasoline is available at a price of 4 IRR for 6 liters/month (33 US-Cents/liter). **) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised Pertamax (1 Rupiah). Subsidised Gasoline is available at a price of 4 Rupiah (47 US-Cents/liter). 61
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 4 Annex Data sources The data for industrialised countries come from various sources, primarily from the German automobile club Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobile Club (ADAC) in Munich, and European Union. Most of the data for developing countries, especially those in Africa and Asia, are based on local price surveys conducted by GIZ s local offices. In some cases, (e.g. Cuba, Eritrea, Myanmar, Sudan, North Korea and several Arabian Gulf countries) the local German embassies/consulates kindly helped with the collection of the relevant data. Method of collection Global fuel prices vary as a function of global oil prices or as a consequence of individual legal frameworks, not only among countries but also within individual countries. For European countries, nationwide average filling station fuel price statistics (pump prices) were utilised in this survey, whereas for all other countries fuel prices as posted at filling stations in the respective capital cities were collected. The latter method collected data&information using a questionnaire circulated to GIZ local offices worldwide. Where several fuel prices for major cities were available, the unweighted average has been used. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development commissioned this project. Fuel qualities Throughout this study Gasoline prices refer to and mean unleaded Octan 95. Unit conversion for non-litre countries All fuel prices have been converted into metric litres as the unit of measurement. Region Country Fuel unit Africa America Asia Liberia Sierra Leone Antigua and Barbuda Belize Colombia The Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Nicaragua Panama Peru Puerto Rico The United States Myanmar (Burma) United Arab Emirates Unit conversions 1 US Gallon = 3 785 Litres 1 Imperial Gallon = 4 546 Litres 1 Barrel = 159 Litres US Gallon US Gallon Imperial Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon Imperial Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon Imperial Gallon Currency conversion The objective was to compare the fuel price situation in various countries worldwide. The USD was used as the reference currency, since all crude oil prices and most countries import statistics are quoted in USD. The USD conversion rates are those applicable as per November 212. In countries with different or double exchange rates, the market rate/parallel rate/black market rate was given preference over the official exchange rate. This was not only because it is the rate consumers mostly rely on, but also because experience shows that the official exchange rate eventually tends to be replaced by the parallel exchange rate. 62
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 5 About us About GIZ GIZ s purpose is to promote international cooperation for sustainable development and education work. As a % federally owned, public-benefit enterprise, we support the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. GIZ operates throughout Germany and in more than 13 countries worldwide. Our registered offices are in Bonn and Eschborn. We have more than 16 staff across the globe, some 7 % of whom are employed locally as national personnel. There are also 89 development workers working for GIZ. More here: http://www.giz.de/en More information Sustainable Urban Transport (SUTP): http://www.sutp.org GIZ Transport and Mobility: http://www.giz.de/transport Extensive SUTP Photo Database: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sustainabletransport Capacity Building on Sustainable Urban Transport (CAPSUT): http://www.capsut.org Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ sustainableurbantransportproject Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/_sutp Quick access to GIZ Transport and Mobility Resources http://www.sutp.org/images/compass/ compass_links3.pdf 63
64 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ
International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Sector Project Transport Policy Advisory Services Division 44 Water, Energy, Transport Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn, Germany Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 4 Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 53113 Bonn, Germany 6576 Eschborn, Germany T +49 228 44 6- T +49 6196 79- F +49 228 44 6-17 66 F +49 6196 79-1115 E transport@giz.de I www.giz.de Author Armin Wagner Manager Manfred Breithaupt Editing Armin Wagner Team leader Transport Policy Advisory Services E Armin.Wagner@giz.de I www.giz.de/transport I www.giz.de/fuelprices Copyright: GIZ International Fuel Prices 212/213 Design and Layout Klaus Neumann, SDS Photo credits Klaus Neumann As at: August 214 GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication. On behalf of Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) Division 313 Water, Energy, Urban Development Postal address of BMZ offices Bonn office BMZ Berlin im Europahaus Dahlmannstraße 4 Stresemannstraße 94 53113 Bonn, Germany 1963 Berlin, Germany T +49 228 99 535 T +49 3 18 535 F +49 228 99 535 3 F +49 3 18 535 21 E poststelle@bmz.bund.de I www.bmz.de 65