THE MULTICULTURAL ECONOMY. Jeffrey M. Humphreys

THE MULTICULTURAL ECONOMY 2013 Jeffrey M. Humphreys

CONTENTS Part 1, 1990-2018 3 Part 2 Buying Power Statistics By State for All 50 States 69 Selig Center for Economic Growth Terry College of Business The University of Georgia Charles B. Knapp, Interim Dean Terry College of Business Jeffrey M. Humphreys, Director Selig Center Lorena M. Akioka, Editor Beata D. Kochut, Research Analyst Stephen F. Kuzniak, Data Analyst Mary T. Evans, Administrative Professional Copyright 2013 by the Selig Center for Economic Growth. All rights reserved. For more information on the Selig Center, visit our Website at www.selig.uga.edu 2

Part 1 MULTICULTURAL ECONOMY 1990-201

T he Selig Center s estimates and projections of buying power show that minorities African Americans, Asians, Native Americans, and Hispanics wield formidable economic clout. The numbers are impressive. For example, in 2013, the $1.2 trillion Hispanic market is larger than the entire economies (2012 GDP measured in dollars) of all but fifteen countries in the world smaller than the GDP of Indonesia and larger than the GDP of Turkey. The buying power data presented here and differences in spending by race and/or ethnicity suggest that as the consumer market becomes more diverse, advertising, products, and media must be tailored to each market segment. With this in mind, entrepreneurs, established businesses, marketing specialists, economic development organizations, and chambers of commerce now seek estimates of the buying power of the nation s major racial and ethnic minority groups. Going beyond the intuitive approaches often used, the Selig Center s estimates provide a timely, cost-efficient, and quantitative way to assess the size and vitality of the national and state racial and ethnic markets. This study provides a comprehensive statistical overview of the buying power of African Americans, Asians, Native Americans, and Hispanics for the and all the states. Estimates are provided for 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018. Majority or white buying power and multiracial buying power are also reported, but the estimates for these groups are not discussed. Simply defined, buying power is the total personal income of residents that is available, after taxes, for spending on virtually everything that they buy, but it does not include dollars that are borrowed or that were saved in previous years. It is not a measure of wealth, and it does not include what tourists spend during their visits. Unfortunately, there are no geographically precise surveys of annual expenditures and income of all the nation s major racial and ethnic groups. Even estimates of expenditures by race or ethnicity are difficult to find, especially for individual states. The Selig Center addresses this problem by providing estimates of black, Native American, Asian, white, Hispanic, and non-hispanic buying power for the nation, the fifty states, and the District of Columbia. Due to funding limitations, the Selig Center no longer provides estimates for metropolitan areas and counties. These current dollar (unadjusted for inflation) estimates and projections indicate the growing economic power of various racial or ethnic groups; measure the relative vitality of geographic markets; help to judge business opportunities for start-ups or expansions; gauge a business s annual sales growth against potential market increases; indicate the market potential of new and existing products; and guide targeted advertising campaigns. The estimates supersede those previously published by the Selig Center. The buying power estimates should be considered only as the first step toward a more comprehensive analysis of the market. Anyone considering the investment of substantial capital in a new enterprise, a new product line, or a new advertising campaign will need extensive feasibility analysis to determine market opportunities more precisely. Total Buying Power Statistics The Selig Center projects that the nation s total buying power will rise from $4.2 trillion in 1990 to $7.3 trillion in 2000, to $11.1 trillion in 2010, to $12.4 trillion in 2013, and to $15.2 trillion for 2018. The percentage increase for 1990-2013 is 193 percent. From 2000-2013, total buying power will rise by 70 percent. From 2010 to 2013, total buying power will rise by 12 percent. The percentage gain in total buying power far outstrips cumulative inflation. For example, the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) will increase by approximately 81 percent during 1990-2013, which is about two fifths of the 193 percent increase in total buying power. From 2000 to 2013, the CPI-U increased by 36 percent whereas total buying power rose by 70 percent. Total buying power will expand by 12 percent from 2010 through 2013, and by 22 percent from 2013 through 2018. Diverse forces support this substantial growth. The 29-year span encompasses a mild recession in 1990-91, the longest economic expansion in the nation s history from 1991-2000, another mild recession in 2001, a modest expansion from 2002-2007, and a severe recession that began late in 2007 and continued through mid-2009. As this is written, the U.S economic conditions can accurately be described as expansionary, and the assumptions underlying the baseline forecast call for modest growth in 2013-2018. Ranked by percentage change in total buying power between 2000 and 2013, the top ten states are North Dakota (136 percent), District of Columbia (130 percent), Wyoming (114 percent), South Dakota (97 percent), Texas (97 percent), Utah (96 percent), New Mexico (92 percent), Alaska (91 percent), Arizona (90 percent), and Hawaii (90 percent). From 2000 through 2013, the five slowest growing states are Michigan (35 percent), Ohio (49 percent), Illinois (50 percent), Indiana (54 percent), and New Jersey (58 percent). 4

That the state estimates show differing outcomes is not surprising, given the differences in labor market performance, industrial bases, the importance of exports, dependence on federal spending, real estate markets, labor markets, immigration rates, domestic migration rates, and natural resources. As always, states with low costs of doing business, favorable regulatory environments, updated transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, educated workforces, and an abundance of natural resources will continue to attract domestic and international businesses. Buying Power Statistics by Race In 2013, the combined buying power of blacks, Asians, and Native Americans will be $1.9 trillion 105 percent higher than its 2000 level of $915 billion which amounts to a gain of $964 billion. In 2013, African Americans will account for 57 percent of combined spending, or slightly over $1 trillion. From 2000 through 2013, the percentage gains in buying power vary considerably by race, from a gain of 160 percent for Asians to 139 percent for Native Americans to 78 percent for blacks. All of these target markets will grow much faster than the white market, where buying power will increase by 63 percent. The combined buying power of African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans will account for 15.1 percent of the nation s total buying power in 2013, up from 12.5 percent in 2000 and from 10.6 percent in 1990. The 2000-to-2013 gain in combined market share of 2.6 percent amounts to an additional $328 billion in buying power in 2013. The market share claimed by a targeted group of consumers is important because the higher their market share, the lower the average cost of reaching a potential buyer in the group. The combined buying power of these three racial groups will rise to $2.4 trillion in 2018, accounting for 15.9 percent of the nation s total buying power. n Black Buying Power n I n 2013, African Americans will constitute the nation s largest racial minority market, but the buying power of Hispanics an ethnic group is larger. Despite the severe impact of the Great Recession, blacks economic clout continues to energize the consumer market. The Selig Center estimates that the nation s black buying power will rise from $316 billion in 1990 to $601 billion in 2000, to $951 billion in 2010, to $1 trillion in 2013, and to $1.3 trillion in 2018. The 78 percent increase between 2000 and 2013 outstrips the 63 percent rise in white buying power and the 70 percent increase in total buying power (all races combined). In 2013, the nation s share of total buying power that is black will be 8.6 percent, up from 8.2 percent in 2000 and from 7.5 percent in 1990. African-American consumers share of the nation s total buying power will rise to 8.8 percent in 2018, accounting for almost nine cents out of every dollar that is spent. The gains in black buying power reflect much more than just population growth and inflation. Of the many diverse supporting forces, one of the most important and enduring is the increasing number of blacks who are starting and expanding their own businesses. The 2007 Survey of Business Owners (released by the Census bureau in June 2011) shows that the number of black-owned firms was 61 percent higher in 2007 than in 2002, which more than three times the 18 percent gain in the number of all firms. Also, compared to the 1997-2002 period, the overall rate of growth in the number of blackowned firms accelerated as did the rate of growth in the number of all firms. Between 2002 and 2007, the receipts of black-owned firms grew by 55 percent compared to the 34 percent increase in the receipts of all firms. Still another positive factor underpinning the group s buying power is that African Americans continue to become more highly educated, which should allow proportionally more blacks to enter occupations with higher average salaries. Census data show that in 2012, 85 percent of blacks over 25 years of age had completed high school or college, far better than the 66 percent reported in 1990 and the 79 percent recorded in 2000. Despite this, the percentage of African Americans who are high school graduates or better was still lower than the percentage of whites (88 percent) and Asians (89 percent). Also, the Current Population Survey indicates that 21 percent of blacks had a bachelor s, graduate, or professional degree compared to 31 percent The Multicultural Dollar Where Blacks Spend More electronics utilities groceries footwear Where Blacks Spend Less new cars alcohol health care entertainment pensions of whites and 51 percent of Asians. Nonetheless, the percentage of blacks who had completed college in 2013 (21 percent) was higher than in either 2000 (17 percent) or in 1990 (11 percent). Favorable demographic trends help, too, since the black population continues to grow more rapidly than the total population. From 2000 to 2013, the nation s black population grew by 16.3 percent compared to 7.7 percent for the white population and 12.3 percent for the total population. From 2013 to 2018, the nation s black population is projected to grow by 5.9 percent, which exceeds the 4.5 percent growth estimated for the total population. Also, the black population is younger: the 2010 Current Population Survey indicates that the Selig Center for Economic Growth 5

median age of blacks is only 31.4 years compared to 38.2 years for the white population or 36.7 years for the total population. Compared to the older white population, larger proportions of blacks will enter the workforce for the first time or will move up from entry-level jobs. This will provide an extra push to the group s overall buying power. Conversely, smaller proportions of blacks have reached their career pinnacles or are of traditional retirement age. In 2010, only 8.6 percent of blacks were over 65, compared to 13.8 percent of whites or 12.7 percent of the total population. So, black buying power may be slightly more resistant to reforms of popular government entitlement programs for retirees (e.g., Social Security and Medicare), especially if those reforms focus benefit reductions on higher income households. Because they are much younger, African-American consumers increasingly are setting trends for teens (and young adults) of every race and ethnic background. This isn t surprising given that 29.4 percent of the black population is under 18 years old compared to 23.3 percent of the white population or 24.6 percent of the total population. The youthful profile of the black population has its downside, however. Compared to people who are either more established in their careers or retired, young adults, regardless of their race or ethnicity, are more exposed to job losses in economic downturns. So, in this regard, black buying power is vulnerable to the effects of economic recessions, but over time the above-average growth of black buying power has more than compensated for that high cyclical exposure. Due the unusual severity of the Great Recession, employment growth no longer can be cited as one of the main forces behind the above-average gains in black buying power. From January 2000 through April 2013 (the most recent data available at the time of this writing), the number of jobs held by blacks had increased by only 1 million, or a paltry 0.5 percent per year. Furthermore, from its prerecession peak in January 2007 (when blacks held 16,212,000 jobs) through April 2013 (when blacks held 16,167,000 jobs), the number of employed African Americans dropped by 45,000. The black unemployment rate therefore soared from 7.9 percent (January 2007) to 16.8 percent (March 2010). By April 2013, the employment-to-population ratio for blacks stood at only 53.4 percent it was 59.4 percent in January 2007. The jobs losses have been very heavy because recessions with credit crunches and housing busts are always deeper and longer than other recessions. The financial panic didn t help. This unusual set of events brought the economy to its knees, and it erased a decade s worth of job growth for African Americans. At the time of this writing, it appears that the period of job losses is over, but the labor market s recovery is anemic, especially in states hit the hardest by the housing bust. In 2013, the ten states with the largest African-American markets, in order, are New York ($101 billion), Texas ($92 billion), California ($77 billion), Georgia ($76 billion), Florida ($75 billion), Maryland ($64 billion), North Carolina ($50 billion), Illinois ($46 billion), Virginia With a sizable population under 18, it is not surprising that blacks are consumer trendsetters. ($46 billion), and New Jersey ($41 billion). Of these, however, Georgia and Maryland are the only ones that did not rank among the top ten markets for all consumers. One characteristic that sets the African-American consumer market apart from the Hispanic and Asian markets is that it is not concentrated in a handful of states. This vibrant consumer market is very widespread, and therefore is an attractive customer segment in many of the states. In 2013, the five largest African-American markets account for 39 percent of black buying power. The five states with the largest total consumer markets account for 38 percent of total buying power. Similarly, the ten largest black markets account for 62 percent of the African-American market and the ten largest total consumer markets account for 55 percent of total buying power. In order, the top ten states ranked by the rate of growth of black buying power between 2000 and 2013 are North Dakota (296 percent), South Dakota (262 percent), Vermont (234 percent), Idaho (187 percent), Arizona (174 percent), New Hampshire (159 percent), Maine (152 percent), New Mexico (150 percent), Nevada (137 percent), and Iowa (127 percent). All have flourishing African-American consumer markets, but none is among the nation s ten largest black consumer markets. In 2013, the ten states with the largest share of total buying power that is black are the District of Columbia (26.3 percent), Mississippi (23.6 percent), Maryland (23.1 percent), Georgia (22.1 percent), Louisiana (19.8 percent), South Carolina (17.7 percent), Alabama (17.4 percent), Delaware (15.1 percent), North Carolina (14.8 percent), and Virginia (13 percent). The 2.6 percent, 2.2 percent, and 1.7 percent increases in African American s share of the consumer markets in Georgia, Maryland, and Delaware were the three biggest share shifts in the nation from 2000 to 2013, respectively. There also was a 1.6 percent advance in Nevada and a 1.4 percent gain in Florida. Due to differences in per capita income, wealth, demographics, educational attainment, occupational distribution, geographic distribution, and culture, the spending habits of blacks as a group are not the same as those of non-black consumers. Thus, as African Americans share of the nation s total buying power expands, business-to-consumer firms can be expected to devote more resources to developing and marketing products that meet the needs and match the preferences of black consumers. Data from the 2012 Consumer Expenditure Survey indicate that the average black household spent in total only 73 percent as much as the average non-black household, reflecting blacks lower median household incomes. The values are for money income, which differs somewhat from buying power, but nonetheless offers some insights into spending by black consumers. Despite lower average household income levels, African Americans lead in some categories. For example, on average, black households spent more than non-black households on natural gas, electricity, audio equipment, and footwear. Also, blacks spent a significantly 6

higher proportion of their money on housing, groceries, phone services, furniture, clothing, car insurance, and gasoline and motor oil. These findings strongly imply that energy utilities, telecom firms, car insurers, gas stations, grocers, clothing stores, and shoe stores would do well to market themselves directly to black consumers. Blacks and non-blacks spent about the same proportion of their income for groceries, housekeeping supplies, appliances, children s clothing, used cars, tobacco products, cash contributions, and life insurance. Compared to non-blacks, however, blacks spent much less of their total outlays on restaurants, alcoholic beverages, new cars, health care, fees and admissions, pets, toys, and pensions and Social Security. The same survey indicates that black households are slightly more likely to have children under 18 (0.7 persons for blacks versus 0.6 persons for whites and others). Blacks have only 1.3 vehicles per household compared to two vehicles for white and other households; and they are more likely to be renters rather than homeowners. n Native American Buying Power n T he Selig Center projects that the nation s Native American buying power will rise from $20 billion in 1990, to $40 billion in 2000, to $83 billion in 2010, to $96 billion in 2013, and to $123 billion in 2018. Native American buying power in 2013 will be 139 percent greater than in 2000. The 2000-2013 percent gain is larger than the increases in buying power estimated for whites (63 percent), for the population as a whole (70 percent), and for blacks (78 percent). It is smaller than those estimated for Asians (160 percent) and Hispanics (142 percent), however. Despite this fast-paced growth, Native Americans will account for only 0.8 percent of all buying power in 2013, up only slightly from their 0.6 percent share in 2000, when they accounted for only $40 billion in buying power. Many forces support the continued growth of Native American buying power, but one of the most important is that the Native American population continues to grow much more rapidly than the total population. From 2000 through 2013, the Native American population grew by 46.4 percent, outpacing the projected gains of 16.3 percent for the black population, 12.3 percent for the total population, and 7.7 percent for the white population. From 2013 to 2018, the nation s Native American population is projected to grow by 7.9 percent, which far exceeds the 4.5 percent gain projected for the total population and the 2.8 percent gain for whites. Historically, entrepreneurial activity has been a force powering the growth of Native American buying power. The 2007 Survey of Business Owners, released by the Census Bureau in July 2010, shows that the number of Native American-owned firms increased by 18 percent from 2002 to 2007, which equals the 18 percent increase in the number of all firms. But, compared to the 1997-2002 period, the overall rate of growth in this group dropped sharply even as the rate of growth in the number of all firms accelerated. Between 2002 and 2007, their firms receipts grew by only 28 percent compared to the 34 percent increase in the receipts of all firms. Although comprising only 1.2 percent of the country s population in 2012, Native Americans will control $96 billion in disposable income, which makes this diverse group economically attractive to businesses. In 2013, the ten states with the largest Native American markets are California ($18.4 billion), Oklahoma ($8.7 billion), Texas ($8.2 billion), Arizona ($5.7 billion), New York ($5.3 billion), New Mexico ($3.9 billion), Washington ($3.3 billion), North Carolina ($3.1 billion), Florida ($2.8 billion), and Alaska ($2.7 billion). This market is slightly more focused on a few states than is the total consumer market. In 2013, for example, the five largest Native American markets account for 48 percent of this group s buying power, whereas the five largest total consumer markets account for 38 percent of buying power. Similarly, the ten largest Native American markets account for 64 percent of Native American buying power and the top ten total consumer markets account for 55 percent of total buying power. Ranked by the rate of growth of Native American buying power over 2000-2013, the top ten states are the District of Columbia (302 percent), New York (234 percent), Illinois (210 percent), Texas (209 percent), Hawaii (204 percent), Wyoming (189 percent), Georgia (182 percent), Massachusetts (181 percent), Delaware (180 percent), and Pennsylvania (178 percent). Many of these states have relatively small, flourishing markets, but Texas stands out from the other leading states as the fourth largest Native American consumer market in the nation. In 2013, the ten states with the largest Native American shares of total buying power include Alaska (8.2 percent), Oklahoma (6.1 percent), New Mexico (5.5 percent), South Dakota (3.5 percent), Montana (3.3 percent), North Dakota (2.5 percent), Arizona (2.5 percent), Wyoming (1.6 percent), California (1.2 percent), and Nevada (1.1 percent). From 2000 to 2013, Native Americans share of the market will rise the most in New Mexico, Oklahoma, Wyoming, California, and Arizona. n Asian Buying Power n I n 2013, over 17 million Americans 5.2 percent of the country s population will claim Asian ancestry, which makes the group a powerful force in the consumer market. This racial group s shares of the population were 3 percent, 4 percent, 5.2 percent, and 5.4 percent in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2013, respectively; and their enormous economic clout continues to attract more attention from businesses and advertisers. (The Selig Center s data for Asians combines two race categories, including those who identified themselves as Asian or as Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.) The Selig Center projects that the nation s Asian buying power will climb from $115 billion in 1990, to $274 billion in 2000, to $599 billion in 2010, to $713 billion in 2013, and to $962 billion in 2018. The 160 percent gain from 2000 through 2013 exceeds the increases in buying power projected for whites (63 percent), the as a whole (70 percent), blacks (78 percent), Hispanics (142 percent), and Native Americans (139 percent). At $713 billion in 2013, the Asian Selig Center for Economic Growth 7

market already outshines the entire economies of all but twenty-two countries it is smaller than the 2012 GDP of Saudi Arabia and slightly larger than the GDP of the Netherlands. The group s fast-paced growth in buying power demonstrates the increasing importance of Asian consumers and should create opportunities for businesses that pay attention to their needs. Because the group includes consumers of so many national ancestries, languages, and such diverse cultures, firms that target specific subgroups Chinese or Filipino, for example may find niche markets particularly rewarding. Despite the severity of the Great Recession, employment gains can still be cited as one of the forces supporting the growth of Asian buying power. From January 2000 throughapril 2013 (the most recent data available at this writing), the number of jobs held by Asians increased by 2,296,000, or 40 percent. That cumulative gain is impressive when compared to the 1,264,000 jobs gains realized by whites (a The Multicultural Dollar Where Asians Spend More food housing clothing education personal insurance Where Asians Spend Less utilities used vehicles alcohol and tobacco health care entertainment much larger racial group). But, even though the number of jobs held by Asians is up considerably from where it was at the beginning of the decade, the Great Recession took its toll. From the peak in November 2007 (when Asians held 6,960,000 jobs) to its trough in January 2010 (when Asians held 6,431,000 jobs) the number of employed Asians dropped by 529,000. In April 2013, the employment-to-population ratio for Asians stood at 60.6 percent it was 63 percent in January 2000. Meanwhile, the number of unemployed Asians has more than doubled: 7.5 percent of Asians were jobless in January 2010 compared to 3.2 percent in 2007. Nonetheless, in terms of jobs, Asians as a group are still well ahead of where they were at the beginning of the millennium. Demographics are a key, too. The Asian population is growing more rapidly than the total population, mostly because of strong immigration, a trend that is expected to continue. In 2013, the Asian population will be 17.2 million, or 53.9 percent higher than its 2000 base of 11.2 million. This 55.9 percent gain in population exceeds that projected for any other racial group and it nearly equals the 54.3 percent gain estimated for the Hispanics. From 2013 to 2018, the Asian population will grow by 14.9 percent, just slightly lower than the 15.1 percent gain expected for Hispanics. Moreover, the Asian population of the is younger than the overall population: The 2010 Current Population Survey indicates that the median age of Asians is 35.4 years compared to 36.7 years for the total population and 38.2 years for whites. Compared to whites, larger proportions of Asians are either entering the workforce for the first time or are moving up on their career ladders. Also, a much smaller proportion of Asians are of traditional retirement age. For example, in 2010, only 9.6 percent of Asians were over 65, compared to 13.8 percent of whites. Another factor contributing to Asian buying power is that nearly all Asians are urbanites. The economic rewards of education also provide a big boost. Asians are much better educated than is the average American, and thus hold many top-level jobs in management, professional, and scientific specialties. Compared to the overall population, Asians are much less likely to hold jobs in agriculture, forestry, construction, and government. According to the 2012 Current Population Survey, 51 percent of Asians over 25 had a bachelor s or advanced degree compared to 31 percent of whites. The increasing number of successful Asian entrepreneurs also helps to increase the group s buying power. The 2007 Survey of Business Owners (released in 2011) shows that the number of Asian-owned firms increased by 40 percent from 2002 to 2007, which is more than double the 18 percent increase in the number of all firms. Compared to the 1997-2002 period, the overall rate of growth in the number of Asian-owned firms accelerated as it did for all firms. Between 2002 and 2007, the receipts of Asian-owned firms grew by 55 percent compared to the 34 percent increase in the receipts of all firms. In 2013, the ten states with the largest Asian consumer markets, in order, are California ($230 billion), New York ($66 billion), Texas ($51 billion), New Jersey ($34 billion), Illinois ($28 billion), Hawaii ($27 billion), Washington ($24 billion), Virginia ($23 billion), Florida ($22 billion), and Massachusetts ($18 billion). Compared to the overall consumer market, the group s spending is much more focused geographically. In 2013, the five and the ten states with the largest Asian consumer markets account for 59 percent and 75 percent of Asian buying power, respectively. In contrast, the five and the ten largest total consumer markets account for 38 percent and 55 percent of buying power, respectively. One positive implication of this extreme geographic concentration is lower marketing costs. Still, zip-code mailings, the use of selective media, the Internet, and other techniques can be used to reduce the costs of reaching Asians in states where the group s market share is slim. In 2013, California stands out as the largest Asian consumer market. Despite the geographic focus, Asian buying power is attaining critical mass in more states. In 2000, only six states had over $10 billion in Asian buying power. In 2013, fourteen states have reached this mark, and by 2018, twenty states will have done so. Ranked by the rate of growth of Asian buying power over 2000-8

2013, the top ten states are the District of Columbia (294 percent), Wyoming (289 percent), Arkansas (280 percent), South Dakota (269 percent), Arizona (253 percent), Nevada (248 percent), Virginia (234 percent), Texas (230 percent), North Carolina (225 percent), and Alabama (214 percent). Texas (ranks 3) and Virginia (ranks 8) are the only two of these states that are among the nation s ten largest Asian consumer markets. North Carolina (ranks 16), Arizona (at 17), and Nevada (ranks 18) are among the nation s rapidly emerging Asian markets, however. Nationally, Asian consumers share of the nation s total buying power will increase from 2.7 percent in 1990, to 3.8 percent in 2000, to 5.4 percent in 2010, to 5.7 percent in 2013, and to 6.3 percent in 2018. In order, the ten states with the largest shares of total buying power that is Asian in 2013 are Hawaii, where Asians account for 46.8 percent of the state s buying power, California (14.8 percent), New Jersey (10 percent), Nevada (8.7 percent), Washington (8.1 percent), New York (7.3 percent), Virginia (6.6 percent), Maryland (6.4 percent), Massachusetts (5.6 percent), and Illinois (5.4 percent). Except for Hawaii, where Asians market shares dropped by 3.8 percent, the share of buying power controlled by Asian consumers rose in every state from 2000 to 2013. The 4.7 percent gain in Asians share of California s consumer market (10.1 percent in 2000 to 14.8 percent in 2013) will be the largest share increase in the nation, followed by the 4.2 percent increase in market share in Nevada (4.5 percent to 8.7 percent). Asians share of New Jersey s total buying power rose by 4.1 percent, from 5.9 percent in 2000 to 10 percent in 2013. Also noteworthy are the 3 percent increase in share estimated for Washington (5.2 percent to 8.1 percent) and the 2.9 percent gain in share estimated for Virginia (3.7 percent to 6.6 percent). The Consumer Expenditure Survey indicates that Asian households spent 21 percent more than the average household, reflecting their higher median household incomes. Asian households spent dramatically more than the average household on groceries, restaurants, housing, clothing, shoes, new cars, public transportation, education, and pensions and Social Security. Asians also spent more than the average household on auto insurance and health insurance. Asian households spent less than average on alcoholic beverages, utilities, housekeeping supplies, used vehicles, health care, TVs, pets, toys, tobacco products, and cash contributions. The same survey indicates that there are 2.8 persons per Asian household compared to 2.5 persons for the average household. Asians have only 1.6 vehicles per household compared to 1.9 vehicles for the average household. n Hispanic Buying Power n T he immense buying power of the nation s Hispanic consumers continues to energize the nation s consumer market, and Selig Center projections reveal that Hispanics will control $1.2 trillion in spending power in 2013. One out of every six people who lives in the is of Hispanic origin, and the Hispanic population continues to grow much more rapidly than the non-hispanic population. Over the 29-year period, 1990-2018, the nation s Hispanic buying power will grow dramatically. In sheer dollar power, Hispanics economic clout rose from $210 billion in 1990, to $491 billion in 2000, to $1 trillion in 2010, to $1.2 trillion in 2013, and to $1.6 trillion in 2018. The 2013 value will exceed the 2000 value by 142 percent a gain that is far greater than either the 64 percent increase in non- Hispanic buying power or the 70 percent increase in the buying power of all consumers. Hispanic buying power will grow faster than African-American buying power (78 percent), and Native American buying power (78 percent), but more slowly than Asian buying power (160 percent). In 2013, Hispanics account for 9.6 percent of all buying power, up from 9 percent in 2010, from 6.7 percent in 2000, The Multicultural Dollar Where Hispanics Spend More groceries phone services apparel and footware used vehicles Where Hispanics Spend Less tobacco health care entertainment new vehicles personal insurance and from 5 percent in 1990. In 2018, Hispanics will account for 10.6 percent of total buying power. Of the myriad forces supporting this substantial and continued growth, by far the most important is favorable demographics. Because of both higher rates of natural increase and strong immigration, the Hispanic population is growing more rapidly than the total population, a trend that is projected to continue. Between 2000 and 2013, the Hispanic population increased by 54.3 percent compared to 6.2 percent for the non-hispanic population and the 12.3 percent gain for the total population. The relatively young Hispanic population, with proportionally more of them either entering the workforce for the first time or advanc- Selig Center for Economic Growth 9

ing in their careers, also argues for additional gains in buying power. Hispanics spending patterns already help to determine the success or failure of many youth-oriented products and services. According to the 2010 Current Population Survey, 34.9 percent of the Hispanic population is under age 18 compared to 20.8 percent of the non-hispanic population. Also, in 2010, only 5.8 percent of Hispanics were over 65, compared to 15.6 percent of the non-hispanic population. The increasing number of Hispanic business owners is another potent force powering this consumer market. Estimates from the 2007 Survey of Business Owners show that the number of Hispanic-owned firms increased by 44 percent from 2002 to 2007, which is more than double the 15 percent increase in the number of non-hispanic firms. Compared to the 1997-2002 period, the overall rate of growth in the number of Hispanic-owned firms accelerated as it did for all firms. Between 2002 and 2007, the receipts of Hispanic-owned firms grew by 56 percent compared to the 24 percent increase in the receipts of non-hispanic firms. Increases in entrepreneurial activity and the rising level of educational attainment illustrate Hispanics upward mobility. The 2012 Current Population Survey shows that 65 percent of Hispanics over 25 were high school graduates (up from 57 percent in 2000 and 51 percent in 1990). The proportion with a bachelor s degree or above increased from 9.2 percent in 1990 to 10.6 percent in 2000 to 14.5 percent in 2012. The Census Bureau cautions, however, that levels of educational attainment for Hispanics are lower than those for non-hispanic whites, blacks, and Asians largely because of the vast number of less educated foreign-born Hispanics. As is the case for Asians, despite the recession s severity, employment gains can still be cited as one of the key forces supporting the growth of Hispanic buying power. From January 2000 through April 2013, the number of jobs held by Hispanics increased by an impressive 6,681,000 jobs, or 43 percent. But, even though the number of jobs held by Hispanics is up considerably from where it stood at the beginning of the decade, the recession hurt. For example, from its peak in November 2007 (when Hispanics held 20,574,000 jobs) to its trough in August 2009 (when Hispanics held 19,426,000 jobs) the number of employed Hispanics dropped by 1,148,000. That signifies the loss of three out of every ten of the jobs (held by Hispanics) created between 2000 and November 2007. The heavy concentration of Hispanics in the construction and hospitality industries undoubtedly accounts for many of those lost jobs. Nonetheless, in terms of the overall job count, Hispanics are still well ahead of where they were at the start of the twenty-first century. Hispanic refers to a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban or other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino culture or origin, and is considered an ethnic category rather than a racial group. Persons of Hispanic origin therefore may be of any race, and since their culture varies with the country of origin, the Spanish language often is the uniting factor. Three out of every five Hispanics living in the are born here, and among the foreign born the majority are of Mexican origin, which suggests that many Hispanics share similar backgrounds and cultures. Nonetheless, spending patterns differ significantly based on country of origin, and the composition of the nation s Hispanic population is changing. Hispanics will comprise 17.4 percent of the country s population in 2013, and will have disposable income of $1.2 trillion. In 2013, the ten states with the largest Hispanic markets, in order, are California ($304 billion), Texas ($224 billion), Florida ($122 billion), New York ($91 billion), Illinois ($45 billion), New Jersey ($44 billion), Arizona ($38 billion), New Mexico ($23 billion), Colorado ($23 billion), and Virginia ($20 billion). Hispanics and their buying power are much more geographically concentrated than non-hispanics. California alone accounts for 26 percent of Hispanic buying power. In 2013, the five states and the ten states with the largest Hispanic markets account for 66 percent and 79 percent of Hispanic buying power, respectively. In contrast, the five states with the largest non-hispanic markets account for only 36 percent of total buying power and the ten largest non-hispanic markets account for only 53 percent of total buying power. The top ten states, as ranked by the rate of growth of Hispanic buying power between 2000 and 2013, are Arkansas (288 percent), South Dakota (282 percent), North Dakota (269 percent), Alabama (267 percent), South Carolina (263 percent), Tennessee (261 percent), Maryland (243 percent), Virginia (241 percent), Oklahoma (241 percent), and Mississippi (238 percent). Only Virginia (ranks 10), Maryland (ranks 17), and Oklahoma (ranks 23) are among the nation s 25 largest Hispanic consumer markets in 2013, however. The share of buying power controlled by Hispanic consumers will rise from 5 percent in 1990 to 6.7 percent in 2000, to 9 percent in 2010, to 9.6 percent in 2013, and to 10.6 percent in 2018. Their share will rise in every state. In 2013, the ten states with the largest Hispanic market shares will be New Mexico (32.3 percent), Texas (21.6 percent), California (19.6 percent), Arizona (16.7 percent), Florida (16.5 percent), Nevada (15.6 percent), Colorado (10.5 percent), New Jersey (10.2 percent), New York (10.1 percent), and Illinois (8.7 percent). New Mexico s 5.3 percentage point shift in Hispanic market share, from 27 percent in 2000 to 32.3 percent in 2013, is the nation s largest. Texas will see its Hispanic market share climb from 16.5 percent to 21.6 percent, a gain of 5.1 percentage points. Nevada s Hispanic population will claim 15.6 percent of that state s buying power, a 4.9 percent advance over their 10.7 percent share in 2000. Hispanics share of California s consumer market will rise by 4.8 percent, from 14.8 percent to 19.6 percent, which is remarkable for a state with such a large, established market. Hispanics share of Florida s market also will rise by 4.8 percent (from 11.7 percent in 2000 to 16.5 percent in 2013). Arizona s Hispanics will claim 16.7 percent of that state s buying power in 2013, up 4.2 percent from their 12.4 percent share in 2000. Because of differences in per capita income, wealth, demographics, and culture, the spending habits of Hispanics as a group are not the same as those of the average consumer. The Consumer Expenditure Survey indicates that Hispanic households spent in total only about 82 percent as much as the average non-hispanic household. Despite markedly lower average income levels, Hispanic households spent more on groceries, phone services, apparel, footwear, 10

gasoline and motor oil, and car insurance. Also, Hispanics spent a higher proportion of their money on housing, utilities, and eating out. They spent about the same proportion of their total outlays as non- Hispanics on alcoholic beverages, housekeeping supplies, household textiles, floor coverings, furniture, appliances, public transportation, and personal care products. Hispanics spent substantially smaller proportions of total outlays (and substantially less money) on new cars, health care, tobacco products, entertainment, education, cash contributions, and personal insurance and pensions. The same survey found that Hispanic households are substantially larger than non-hispanic households (3.3 persons per household versus 2.4 persons for non-hispanics), and have nearly twice as many children under 18. On average, there are 1.6 vehicles per Hispanic household compared to two vehicles per non-hispanic household. n Selig Center for Economic Growth 11

METHODOLOGY Because there are no direct measures of the buying power of African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, Whites, and Hispanics, these estimates were calculated using national and regional economic models, univariate forecasting techniques, and data from various government sources. The model developed by the Selig Center integrates statistical methods used in regional economics with those of market research. In general, the estimation process has two parts: estimating disposable personal income and allocating that estimate by race or ethnicity based on both population estimates and variances in per capita income. The Selig Center s estimates of disposable personal income (the total buying power of all groups, regardless of race or ethnicity) are reported in Table 5. Total buying power for 1990, 2000, and 2010 equals disposable personal income as reported in the National Income and Product Accounts tables by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System in September 2011. Based on the data provided by the Commerce Department, the Selig Center prepared projections of total buying power for 2012-2017. Defined as the share of total personal income that is available for spending on personal consumption, personal interest payments, and savings, disposable personal income measures the total buying power held by residents of an area. In 2010, 90.3 percent of disposable personal income was used to purchase goods and services (personal consumption expenditures); the remaining 9.7 percent represents personal savings, non-mortgage interest paid by persons, or personal transfer payments to either government or to persons living abroad. The Selig Center s estimates are consistent with the concepts and definitions used in the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA). Readers should note that buying power is not the equivalent of aggregate money income as defined by the Census Bureau. Because the Selig Center s estimates are based on disposable personal income data obtained from the BEA, rather than money income values issued by the Census Bureau, the result is significantly higher estimates of buying power. There are several reasons for this lack of correspondence. First, the income definition used by the BEA is not the same as the definition used by the Census Bureau. Second, Census income data are gathered through a nationwide survey sample of households, and respondents tend to underreport their income, which accounts for much of the discrepancy. Finally, the population universe for the Census money income estimates differs from the universe used by the BEA. It should also be emphasized that the Selig Center s estimates are not equivalent to aggregate consumer expenditures as reported in the Consumer Expenditure Survey that is conducted each year by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Selig Center s estimates of total buying power were allocated to each racial group and Hispanics based on population estimates and variances in per capita personal income by race or ethnicity. For 2000 and 2010, the Selig Center relied upon the population distributions provided by the Census Bureau s intercensal estimates of the resident population by race, sex, and Hispanic origin for the states and the United States. For 1990, the Selig Center used the U. S. Census Bureau s time series of intercensal population estimates that were revised in August 2004. The Census Bureau indicates that these estimates were developed to take into account differences between the postcensal time series population estimates for the 1990s and Census 2000 results. Because there are differences between the data series, there is a series break, which limits the comparability of the race-based estimates for 1990 to those for 2000 and 2010. The main difference is that the multiracial category first appears in 2000. There is no corresponding series break for Hispanics, however. Based on trends in the historical data, the Selig Center prepared independent population projections for 2012-2017. A relative income adjustment factor was estimated for each group for each geographic area to compensate for the variation in per capita personal income (and by extension, in per capita disposable personal income) that is accounted for by race or ethnicity. These factors were calculated on an annual basis using Summary File 3 (SF 3) data regarding income by race 12

and Hispanic origin from Census 2000 and per capita money income data by race for local areas that were gathered during the 1990 Census of Population and Housing. For more recent years, the Selig Center relied on data obtained from the Census Bureau s 2007-2009 American Community Survey 3-year estimates. The 2010 expenditures data by item for African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and the comparison groups were obtained directly from the Consumer Expenditure Survey that was released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on September 27, 2011. The amounts are direct out-of-pocket expenditures, and do not include reimbursements, such as for medical care or car repairs covered by insurance. Selig Center for Economic Growth 13

Table 1 Buying Power Statistics by Race, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Buying Power (billions of dollars) 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 Total 4,239.9 7,323.7 11,114.9 12,417.8 15,193.6 White 3,788.7 6,352.9 9,348.8 10,376.7 12,538.6 Black 316.3 600.6 951.5 1,070.9 1,333.4 American Indian 19.6 40.2 83.2 96.1 123.3 Asian 115.4 274.6 599.3 712.8 961.5 Multiracial NA 59.4 132.1 161.3 236.8 Percentage Change in Buying Power 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2013 2013-2018 Total 72.7 51.8 11.7 22.4 White 67.6 47.3 11.0 20.8 Black 89.9 58.4 12.6 24.5 American Indian 105.6 106.9 15.5 28.3 Asian 138.0 118.3 18.9 34.9 Multiracial NA 122.5 22.1 46.8 Market Share (percent) 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 89.4 86.7 84.1 83.6 82.5 Black 7.5 8.2 8.6 8.6 8.8 American Indian 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 Asian 2.7 3.7 5.4 5.7 6.3 Multiracial NA 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.6 14

Table 2 Population Statistics by Race, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Population 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial 249,622,814 282,162,411 309,330,219 316,903,303 331,204,447 209,366,661 228,530,479 242,256,518 246,154,763 253,138,144 30,648,345 35,814,706 40,353,468 41,665,907 44,111,217 2,058,726 2,684,491 3,754,693 3,930,784 4,240,553 7,549,082 11,173,178 15,922,304 17,190,730 19,760,118 NA 3,959,557 7,043,236 7,961,120 9,954,414 Percentage Change in Population 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2013 2013-2018 Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial 13.0 9.6 2.4 4.5 9.2 6.0 1.6 2.8 16.9 12.7 3.3 5.9 309.4 39.9 4.7 7.9 48.0 42.5 8.0 14.9 NA 77.93 13.0 25.0 Share of Population (percent) 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial 83.9 12.3 0.8 3.0 NA 81.0 12.7 1.0 4.0 1.4 78.3 13.0 1.2 5.1 2.3 77.7 13.1 1.2 5.4 2.5 76.4 13.3 1.3 6.0 3.0 Selig Center for Economic Growth 15

Table 3 Hispanic Market Statistics, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Buying Power (billions of dollars) 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic 4,240.0 7,324.0 11,115.0 12,418.0 15,193.5 210.0 491.0 1,004.0 1,189.0 1,607.9 4,030.0 6,833.0 10,111.0 11,229.0 13,585.7 Percentage Change in Buying Power 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2013 2013-2018 Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic 72.7 51.8 11.7 22.4 133.7 104.5 18.4 35.2 69.6 48.0 11.1 21.0 Market Share (percent) 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Hispanic 5.0 6.7 9.0 9.6 10.6 Non-Hispanic 95.0 93.3 91.0 90.4 89.4 16

Table 4 Hispanic Population Statistics, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Population 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic 249,622,814 282,162,411 309,330,219 316,903,303 331,204,447 22,572,838 35,661,885 50,790,485 55,010,588 63,342,454 227,049,976 246,500,526 258,539,734 261,892,715 267,861,993 Percentage Change in Population 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2013 2013-2018 Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic 13.0 9.6 2.4 4.5 58.0 42.4 8.3 15.1 8.6 4.9 1.3 2.3 Share of Population (percent) 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Hispanic 9.0 12.6 16.4 17.4 19.1 Non-Hispanic 91.0 87.4 83.6 82.6 80.9 Selig Center for Economic Growth 17

Table 5 Total Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 4,239,944 7,323,689 11,114,876 12,417,821 15,193,580 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 56,468 95,077 148,762 163,041 199,732 11,031 17,006 28,685 32,444 41,109 55,013 118,518 200,008 225,437 286,224 30,467 53,656 87,190 97,748 122,639 557,669 940,429 1,389,654 1,555,140 1,866,305 56,239 124,896 191,596 216,326 264,113 75,107 115,443 170,739 184,131 218,448 12,227 20,782 31,833 35,205 42,415 13,559 19,130 38,431 44,045 59,108 226,750 407,471 666,740 742,210 925,809 100,453 202,509 305,561 342,104 415,743 21,046 30,889 51,243 58,539 75,526 14,040 28,037 45,794 51,579 64,468 208,224 346,727 486,347 520,893 606,706 85,206 146,099 201,169 224,475 264,981 42,634 70,675 105,659 122,803 152,415 39,506 66,892 99,967 112,828 138,244 50,034 87,964 128,935 144,238 175,083 57,781 94,174 156,093 173,574 217,860 18,749 29,666 44,456 49,354 58,960 93,211 155,236 249,346 278,291 344,168 117,737 195,890 293,361 323,329 386,367 152,408 251,724 309,478 339,965 378,220 75,168 137,065 202,077 227,291 275,130 30,788 55,516 85,148 94,634 115,803 79,456 136,426 199,467 219,867 262,880 10,957 18,771 31,203 35,550 45,036 25,300 42,953 65,961 75,309 93,316 21,438 54,253 88,813 97,598 121,375 20,041 36,312 52,993 58,063 68,751 164,288 272,596 393,384 429,671 508,979 20,256 36,781 63,115 70,657 89,510 367,093 543,786 825,050 904,092 1,108,101 100,924 195,950 301,232 339,536 422,134 9,170 14,825 26,225 34,923 49,997 177,528 281,335 375,818 418,279 486,569 44,618 75,031 123,031 142,175 182,295 44,932 84,180 123,979 139,490 168,014 203,445 319,410 462,743 512,850 615,686 17,558 26,625 40,156 43,839 51,855 49,172 89,183 137,802 154,548 191,451 10,265 18,047 30,180 35,557 46,563 73,436 136,938 209,152 234,725 288,032 263,742 527,136 891,469 1,038,131 1,363,613 22,733 48,150 81,700 94,114 121,318 8,769 14,957 22,817 25,384 30,919 110,256 190,258 316,001 354,455 445,301 85,552 165,225 261,161 297,864 374,273 23,138 35,805 54,190 60,246 72,730 77,078 134,775 195,585 214,565 253,864 7,284 12,512 23,377 26,709 35,439 18

Table 6 White Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 3,788,694 6,348,911 9,348,810 10,376,652 12,538,607 Alabama 47,872 77,507 119,109 129,932 157,927 Alaska 9,501 13,974 23,150 26,048 32,652 Arizona 51,950 109,848 179,114 200,375 250,833 Arkansas 27,514 47,275 75,782 84,629 105,483 California 482,829 781,808 1,082,526 1,197,739 1,413,146 Colorado 53,523 116,832 176,655 198,744 241,032 Connecticut 70,272 105,348 151,578 162,293 189,655 Delaware 10,738 17,268 25,338 27,736 32,613 District of Columbia 7,673 11,492 25,066 29,374 40,861 Florida 207,843 361,186 574,065 634,516 782,259 Georgia 83,071 157,200 224,764 248,596 295,186 Hawaii 8,408 10,721 17,573 20,441 26,512 Idaho 13,774 27,166 43,991 49,399 61,439 Illinois 184,866 299,059 412,158 439,563 507,412 Indiana 79,904 134,366 182,771 203,148 237,469 Iowa 41,841 68,461 101,407 117,490 144,776 Kansas 37,409 62,204 91,559 102,919 125,127 Kentucky 47,278 81,716 118,686 132,314 159,480 Louisiana 47,515 73,592 120,359 133,320 166,607 Maine 18,553 29,111 43,380 48,060 57,094 Maryland 74,202 115,148 173,852 191,424 230,230 Massachusetts 111,490 180,508 262,032 286,442 336,791 Michigan 136,044 218,373 266,676 292,038 322,638 Minnesota 72,993 129,701 187,119 209,223 250,006 Mississippi 24,611 41,920 63,521 70,238 85,239 Missouri 72,929 122,503 177,424 194,994 231,421 Montana 10,579 17,874 29,554 33,599 42,433 Nebraska 24,492 40,931 62,199 70,798 87,096 Nevada 19,770 47,821 73,302 79,398 95,780 New Hampshire 19,762 35,413 50,911 55,534 65,163 New Jersey 144,582 229,813 315,526 340,475 394,490 New Mexico 18,970 33,646 56,377 62,791 79,099 New York 315,131 450,178 662,552 720,524 870,902 North Carolina 85,681 162,390 244,108 273,663 336,812 North Dakota 8,937 14,234 25,013 33,227 47,234 Ohio 163,096 252,840 334,320 370,797 427,532 Oklahoma 39,888 64,155 103,043 118,554 150,643 Oregon 43,159 78,883 113,895 127,516 152,266 Pennsylvania 188,719 290,396 412,542 454,706 538,834 Rhode Island 16,857 25,052 36,974 40,153 46,942 South Carolina 40,293 71,044 109,418 122,671 151,916 South Dakota 9,920 17,192 28,419 33,372 43,381 Tennessee 65,659 118,870 179,225 200,382 244,094 Texas 239,364 464,113 758,007 876,338 1,137,445 Utah 22,118 46,168 77,567 89,090 114,241 Vermont 8,700 14,686 22,264 24,712 29,945 Virginia 94,891 156,558 250,586 278,576 344,085 Washington 79,820 148,549 226,350 255,907 316,593 West Virginia 22,409 34,364 51,750 57,386 68,991 Wisconsin 74,152 127,346 182,795 199,913 234,979 Wyoming 7,148 12,111 22,459 25,576 33,825 Selig Center for Economic Growth 19

Table 7 Black Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 316,327 600,607 951,492 1,070,926 1,333,396 Alabama 8,139 15,857 25,607 28,300 34,879 Alaska 330 504 867 1,023 1,273 Arizona 1,191 2,861 6,484 7,845 11,319 Arkansas 2,673 5,249 8,645 9,696 12,113 California 28,111 44,904 68,786 76,749 90,368 Colorado 1,636 3,544 5,465 6,272 7,892 Connecticut 3,669 6,379 10,734 11,926 14,903 Delaware 1,280 2,787 4,712 5,319 6,741 District of Columbia 5,636 6,893 10,865 11,563 13,698 Florida 16,069 35,585 65,876 75,264 97,241 Georgia 16,102 39,344 66,103 75527 94,794 Hawaii 358 518 841 1,154 1,408 Idaho 35 97 212 279 422 Illinois 17,943 32,544 43,729 46,427 53,365 Indiana 4,465 9,016 12,636 14,301 17,601 Iowa 466 949 1,748 2,168 3,119 Kansas 1,460 2,653 4,065 4,656 5,818 Kentucky 2,414 4,727 7,073 8,071 10,090 Louisiana 9,621 18,458 30,843 34,420 43,040 Maine 60 121 242 304 511 Maryland 16,266 32,413 56,717 64,199 81,738 Massachusetts 3,974 7,519 12,907 14,753 19,189 Michigan 13,899 25,235 29,063 31,740 35,329 Minnesota 998 2,912 5,430 6,511 9,316 Mississippi 5,988 12,761 19,927 22,343 27,683 Missouri 5,664 10,786 15,430 17,027 20,647 Montana 21 49 68 98 144 Nebraska 583 1,141 1,827 2,126 2,812 Nevada 878 2,759 5,693 6,528 8,870 New Hampshire 103 207 434 536 768 New Jersey 13,859 24,442 36,828 40,521 48,260 New Mexico 305 609 1,260 1,520 2,040 New York 38,918 60,639 91,987 100,985 123,595 North Carolina 13,770 28,084 44,368 50,312 62,809 North Dakota 34 65 165 259 494 Ohio 12,326 22,302 29,600 33,171 39,757 Oklahoma 2,080 3961 6,077 7,047 9,066 Oregon 458 992 1,656 1,936 2,475 Pennsylvania 12,274 21,475 32,180 36,202 45,414 Rhode Island 451 862 1,631 1,866 2,444 South Carolina 8,471 16,510 24,633 27,319 32,994 South Dakota 34 82 213 298 529 Tennessee 7,184 15,394 23,831 26,937 33,380 Texas 18,938 41,941 77,662 91,720 122,533 Utah 122 355 561 681 1,025 Vermont 19 49 126 164 267 Virginia 12,556 24,604 40,992 45,988 57,552 Washington 1,874 4,152 6,681 7,865 10,400 West Virginia 513 857 1,354 1,561 1,952 Wisconsin 2,066 4,378 6,526 7,277 9,076 Wyoming 40 81 132 175 247 Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, June 2013s. 20

Table 8 American Indian Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 19,557 40,217 83,193 96,112 123,287 Alabama 166 386 805 904 1,156 Alaska 904 1,492 2,402 2,664 3,267 Arizona 1,128 2,520 5,051 5,673 6,871 Arkansas 132 311 621 734 956 California 3,533 6,717 15,753 18,396 23,283 Colorado 317 893 1,704 1,954 2,461 Connecticut 105 224 472 532 680 Delaware 33 57 138 159 209 District of Columbia 26 54 182 217 301 Florida 484 1,144 2,418 2,799 3,554 Georgia 169 483 1,167 1,361 1,789 Hawaii 80 86 192 260 342 Idaho 119 249 475 540 667 Illinois 311 712 1,931 2,207 2,937 Indiana 141 324 584 669 834 Iowa 58 146 246 295 390 Kansas 234 429 745 859 1,081 Kentucky 49 153 280 326 409 Louisiana 168 421 896 1,025 1,344 Maine 55 108 177 199 244 Maryland 202 428 1,007 1,158 1,571 Massachusetts 161 327 793 917 1,213 Michigan 616 1,081 1,557 1,745 2,002 Minnesota 409 861 1,255 1,410 1,726 Mississippi 58 172 354 410 532 Missouri 232 460 838 952 1,147 Montana 317 604 1,021 1,156 1,445 Nebraska 86 185 375 440 579 Nevada 237 514 997 1,104 1,318 New Hampshire 28 64 116 134 159 New Jersey 251 517 1,197 1,374 1,862 New Mexico 798 1,678 3,424 3,851 4,784 New York 804 1,572 4,516 5,251 7,237 North Carolina 769 1,621 2,734 3,054 3,809 North Dakota 159 342 663 886 1,290 Ohio 246 457 733 842 1,006 Oklahoma 2,225 3,933 7,503 8,706 11,283 Oregon 418 728 1,259 1,439 1,776 Pennsylvania 190 379 905 1,053 1,445 Rhode Island 43 72 154 174 226 South Carolina 99 262 590 673 875 South Dakota 282 579 1,057 1,241 1,629 Tennessee 122 361 671 764 993 Texas 878 2,648 6,738 8,181 11,233 Utah 156 373 716 830 1,033 Vermont 15 42 69 79 94 Virginia 232 505 1,128 1,294 1,747 Washington 897 1,574 2,893 3,313 4,145 West Virginia 16 63 96 109 133 Wisconsin 333 764 1,240 1,381 1,674 Wyoming 68 144 353 415 547 Selig Center for Economic Growth 21

Table 9 Asian Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 115,366 274,564 599,263 712,805 961,532 Alabama 291 806 2,095 2,529 3,736 Alaska 296 567 1,284 1,543 2,218 Arizona 743 2,449 7,036 8,652 12,744 Arkansas 148 432 1,292 1,641 2,539 California 43,196 94,865 196,121 230,179 294,593 Colorado 763 2,536 5,325 6,342 8,372 Connecticut 1,061 2,821 6,558 7,736 10,827 Delaware 176 546 1,324 1,601 2,252 District of Columbia 225 501 1,601 1,974 2,779 Florida 2,355 6,926 17,826 21,592 30,661 Georgia 1,112 4,312 10,762 13,154 18,624 Hawaii 12,199 15,633 24,649 27,422 34,707 Idaho 112 316 595 708 982 Illinois 5,103 12,550 24,612 28,066 36,356 Indiana 696 1,658 3,714 4,568 6,450 Iowa 269 870 1,726 2,166 3,057 Kansas 404 1,094 2,403 2,911 4,008 Kentucky 292 926 2,120 2,597 3,700 Louisiana 478 1,188 2,864 3,422 4,706 Maine 81 173 387 470 635 Maryland 2,542 6,032 14,668 17,6846 24,676 Massachusetts 2,113 6,350 15,078 18,112 24,646 Michigan 1,849 5,184 9,294 11,028 13,752 Minnesota 769 2,778 6,591 8,085 11,048 Mississippi 130 430 891 1,079 1,485 Missouri 631 1,718 3,926 4,696 6,528 Montana 40 91 165 200 273 Nebraska 138 498 1,076 1,328 1,869 Nevada 553 2,451 7,114 8,529 12,431 New Hampshire 148 446 1,141 1,388 1,975 New Jersey 5,596 16,181 36,272 42,993 58,180 New Mexico 183 529 1,214 1,450 2,017 New York 12,241 27,266 56,569 65,967 89,634 North Carolina 704 2,903 7,577 9,427 13,688 North Dakota 40 112 230 329 587 Ohio 1,860 4,078 8,137 9,807 13,049 Oklahoma 425 977 2,440 3,037 4,326 Oregon 898 2,538 4,996 5,951 7,796 Pennsylvania 2,262 5,784 13,946 16,966 23,894 Rhode Island 207 453 903 1,045 1,351 South Carolina 309 958 2,264 2,773 3,899 South Dakota 29 93 257 343 539 Tennessee 471 1,541 3,809 4,668 6,565 Texas 4,562 15,379 40,481 50,688 74,751 Utah 338 935 2,104 2,560 3,537 Vermont 35 90 181 219 307 Virginia 2,577 7,002 19,080 23,367 33,761 Washington 2,960 8,520 19,843 24,155 33,457 West Virginia 200 339 639 770 1,020 Wisconsin 527 1,667 3,841 4,583 6,091 Wyoming 29 78 237 303 454 22

Table 10 Multiracial Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 59,389 132,119 161,325 236,757 Alabama 520 1,146 1,377 2,034 Alaska 469 981 1,167 1,699 Arizona 841 2,323 2,893 4,458 Arkansas 390 850 1,048 1,548 California 12,135 26,467 32,077 44,916 Colorado 1,092 2,447 3,015 4,357 Connecticut 671 1,397 1,643 2,383 Delaware 124 320 390 600 District of Columbia 190 717 916 1,470 Florida 2,630 6,554 8,038 12,094 Georgia 1,171 2,765 3,466 5,349 Hawaii 3,932 7,989 9,262 12,557 Idaho 210 521 652 959 Illinois 1,862 3,917 4,631 6,636 Indiana 735 1,464 1,789 2,627 Iowa 251 531 683 1,074 Kansas 513 1,195 1,484 2,210 Kentucky 442 776 929 1,405 Louisiana 515 1,130 1,386 2,164 Maine 153 270 322 476 Maryland 1,214 3,102 3,826 5,953 Massachusetts 1,186 2,551 3,104 4,527 Michigan 1,850 2,888 3,413 4,499 Minnesota 812 1,681 2,062 3,034 Mississippi 233 455 563 863 Missouri 959 1,849 2,198 3,137 Montana 154 396 496 741 Nebraska 198 483 616 961 Nevada 708 1,706 2,039 2,976 New Hampshire 182 392 472 686 New Jersey 1,643 3,561 4,309 6,188 New Mexico 319 840 1,045 1,569 New York 4,131 9,426 11,366 16,733 North Carolina 952 2,446 3,080 5,016 North Dakota 72 153 222 392 Ohio 1,658 3,029 3,662 5,225 Oklahoma 2,006 3,969 4,831 6,978 Oregon 1,039 2,174 2,648 3,700 Pennsylvania 1,376 3,170 3,922 6,100 Rhode Island 186 494 601 892 South Carolina 409 897 1,113 1,768 South Dakota 101 234 303 484 Tennessee 773 1,616 1,974 3,000 Texas 3,054 8,581 11,204 17,651 Utah 319 752 954 1,483 Vermont 90 177 210 306 Virginia 1,589 4,215 5,230 8,156 Washington 2,430 5,393 6,624 9,678 West Virginia 183 351 420 635 Wisconsin 620 1,182 1,411 2,044 Wyoming 98 196 239 367 Selig Center for Economic Growth 23

Table 11 Hispanic Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 210,101 491,081 1,004,120 1,188,845 1,607,904 Alabama 276 1,094 3,195 4,019 6,678 Alaska 230 459 1,068 1,330 1,882 Arizona 5,387 14,713 32,052 37,572 49,992 Arkansas 164 977 2,967 3,789 6,096 California 68,525 139,319 261,345 304,302 385,098 Colorado 3,936 11,078 19,546 22,734 29,565 Connecticut 2,312 4,861 10,828 12,695 17,191 Delaware 182 539 1,361 1,663 2,437 District of Columbia 472 896 2,420 2,934 3,936 Florida 19,746 47,635 104,003 122,100 168,419 Georgia 1,325 6,270 13,791 16,845 24,570 Hawaii 950 1,334 2,971 3,631 5,062 Idaho 394 1,111 2,708 3,281 4,631 Illinois 8,830 22,525 39,956 45,144 57,572 Indiana 1,045 3,224 6,530 7,970 11,451 Iowa 310 1,090 2,622 3,394 5,213 Kansas 876 2,513 5,351 6,520 9,282 Kentucky 228 855 2,175 2,749 4,362 Louisiana 1,195 2,023 5,325 6,601 10,243 Maine 77 161 303 374 550 Maryland 1,784 4,174 11,452 14,307 22,439 Massachusetts 2,533 5,999 12,815 15,275 20,832 Michigan 2,153 5,092 7,802 9,086 11,344 Minnesota 506 2,084 4,505 5,519 8,003 Mississippi 156 608 1,623 2,058 3,253 Missouri 726 1,886 4,303 5,246 7,586 Montana 85 226 515 649 940 Nebraska 337 1,275 2,903 3,636 5,445 Nevada 1,333 5,779 13,043 15,177 20,728 New Hampshire 145 363 818 1,001 1,436 New Jersey 8,935 19,285 37,501 43,678 57,396 New Mexico 4,933 9,945 19,920 22,851 29,828 New York 23,757 43,324 79,624 90,908 118,189 North Carolina 836 4,963 12,074 14,954 22,866 North Dakota 32 121 285 445 771 Ohio 1,550 3,460 6,897 8,418 11,708 Oklahoma 717 2,155 5,725 7,356 11,533 Oregon 917 3,212 7,093 8,631 11,924 Pennsylvania 2,110 5,395 13,462 16,755 24,892 Rhode Island 399 990 2,268 2,706 3,681 South Carolina 371 1,353 3,873 4,911 8,018 South Dakota 43 151 421 576 957 Tennessee 394 1,845 5,218 6,655 10,725 Texas 32,779 86,938 185,619 224,328 309,337 Utah 739 2,583 5,904 7,221 10,534 Vermont 46 103 250 314 460 Virginia 2,167 5,801 15,936 19,807 30,094 Washington 2,022 5,968 14,151 17,527 25,504 West Virginia 93 203 474 604 904 Wisconsin 778 2,607 5,844 7,044 10,032 Wyoming 263 514 1,281 1,553 2,313 24

Table 12 Non-Hispanic Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 4,029,843 6,832,608 10,110,756 11,228,976 13,585,676 Alabama 56,192 93,983 145,567 159,023 193,054 Alaska 10,801 16,546 27,617 31,114 39,227 Arizona 49,626 103,805 167,956 187,865 236,232 Arkansas 30,303 52,679 84,223 93,959 116,543 California 489,144 801,110 1,128,309 1,250,838 1,481,206 Colorado 52,304 113,819 172,050 193,592 234,548 Connecticut 72,794 110,582 159,911 171,436 201,257 Delaware 12,046 20,243 30,471 33,541 39,978 District of Columbia 13,087 18,234 36,012 41,111 55,172 Florida 207,003 359,836 562,737 620,109 757,390 Georgia 99,128 196,239 291,770 325,259 391,172 Hawaii 20,095 29,556 48,271 54,908 70,464 Idaho 13,645 26,926 43,086 48,298 59,837 Illinois 199,394 324,202 446,391 475,749 549,134 Indiana 84,161 142,875 194,639 216,505 253,530 Iowa 42,323 69,585 103,038 119,409 147,202 Kansas 38,629 64,378 94,615 106,308 128,962 Kentucky 49,806 87,110 126,760 141,489 170,721 Louisiana 56,587 92,150 150,768 166,973 207,617 Maine 18,672 29,505 44,153 48,981 58,410 Maryland 91,427 151,062 237,894 263,984 321,730 Massachusetts 115,204 189,890 280,546 308,053 365,534 Michigan 150,255 246,631 301,676 330,878 366,876 Minnesota 74,662 134,981 197,572 221,771 267,128 Mississippi 30,632 54,909 83,524 92,576 112,550 Missouri 78,731 134,540 195,164 214,621 255,294 Montana 10,872 18,545 30,688 34,901 44,096 Nebraska 24,963 41,677 63,058 71,673 87,871 Nevada 20,104 48,473 75,770 82,420 100,647 New Hampshire 19,896 35,948 52,175 57,061 67,315 New Jersey 155,353 253,311 355,883 385,993 451,583 New Mexico 15,324 26,836 43,195 47,806 59,681 New York 343,336 500,462 745,426 813,185 989,912 North Carolina 100,087 190,987 289,159 324,582 399,268 North Dakota 9,138 14,705 25,940 34,478 49,226 Ohio 175,978 277,875 368,921 409,861 474,860 Oklahoma 43,901 72,876 117,306 134,818 170,762 Oregon 44,015 80,969 116,886 130,858 156,090 Pennsylvania 201,335 314,015 449,281 496,095 590,795 Rhode Island 17,159 25,635 37,887 41,133 48,174 South Carolina 48,800 87,829 133,929 149,637 183,434 South Dakota 10,221 17,896 29,759 34,981 45,606 Tennessee 73,042 135,093 203,934 228,071 277,307 Texas 230,963 440,199 705,850 813,803 1,054,276 Utah 21,994 45,567 75,795 86,894 110,784 Vermont 8,724 14,854 22,566 25,070 30,459 Virginia 108,089 184,456 300,065 334,648 415,207 Washington 83,529 159,257 247,009 280,337 348,770 West Virginia 23,046 35,603 53,716 59,642 71,826 Wisconsin 76,301 132,168 189,742 207,522 243,832 Wyoming 7,022 11,998 22,096 25,155 33,126 Selig Center for Economic Growth 25

Table 13 Percentage Change in Buying Power by Race, 1990-2000 American Area Total White Black Indian Asian United States 72.7 67.6 89.9 105.6 138.0 Alabama 68.4 61.9 94.8 132.5 176.8 Alaska 54.2 47.1 52.4 65.1 91.6 Arizona 115.4 111.4 140.2 123.3 229.5 Arkansas 76.1 71.8 96.3 136.3 191.1 California 68.6 61.9 59.7 90.1 119.6 Colorado 122.1 118.3 116.7 181.5 232.3 Connecticut 53.7 49.9 73.9 113.7 165.9 Delaware 70.0 60.8 117.7 71.5 209.3 District of Columbia 41.1 49.8 22.3 111.5 123.0 Florida 79.7 73.8 121.5 136.5 194.1 Georgia 101.6 89.2 144.3 186.7 287.8 Hawaii 46.8 27.5 44.6 6.4 28.1 Idaho 99.7 97.2 178.2 108.1 182.7 Illinois 66.5 61.8 81.4 128.7 145.9 Indiana 71.5 68.2 101.9 129.1 138.2 Iowa 65.8 63.6 103.6 150.6 223.6 Kansas 69.3 66.3 81.7 83.4 171.0 Kentucky 75.8 72.8 95.8 211.2 216.7 Louisiana 63.0 54.9 91.9 150.6 148.6 Maine 58.2 56.9 100.1 96.2 113.8 Maryland 66.5 55.2 99.3 111.9 137.3 Massachusetts 66.4 61.9 89.2 103.4 200.6 Michigan 65.2 60.5 81.6 75.5 180.3 Minnesota 82.3 77.7 191.9 110.6 261.2 Mississippi 80.3 70.3 113.1 194.9 230.9 Missouri 71.7 68.0 90.4 98.5 172.0 Montana 71.3 69.0 132.6 90.4 128.2 Nebraska 69.8 67.1 95.6 114.2 259.6 Nevada 153.1 141.9 214.4 116.5 343.1 New Hampshire 81.2 79.2 100.2 131.6 201.2 New Jersey 65.9 59.0 76.4 106.1 189.1 New Mexico 81.6 77.4 99.6 110.2 188.6 New York 48.1 42.9 55.8 95.7 122.7 North Carolina 94.2 89.5 103.9 111.0 312.4 North Dakota 61.7 59.3 90.3 114.9 183.3 Ohio 58.5 55.0 80.9 85.3 119.2 Oklahoma 68.2 60.8 90.4 76.8 129.9 Oregon 87.3 82.8 116.5 74.4 182.6 Pennsylvania 57.0 53.9 75.0 99.4 155.7 Rhode Island 51.6 48.6 91.1 68.2 119.4 South Carolina 81.4 76.3 94.9 165.3 209.8 South Dakota 75.8 73.3 140.0 105.1 225.5 Tennessee 86.5 81.0 114.3 196.9 227.3 Texas 99.9 93.9 121.5 201.6 237.1 Utah 111.8 108.7 191.8 139.2 176.7 Vermont 70.6 68.8 153.2 182.0 157.1 Virginia 72.6 65.0 96.0 117.5 171.6 Washington 93.1 86.1 121.5 75.4 187.8 West Virginia 54.7 53.3 66.9 293.0 69.6 Wisconsin 74.9 71.7 111.9 129.5 216.0 Wyoming 71.8 69.4 102.2 112.7 168.3 26

Table 14 Percentage Change in Buying Power by Race, 2000-2010 American Area Total White Black Indian Asian United States 51.8 47.3 58.4 106.9 118.3 Alabama 56.5 53.7 61.5 108.4 159.8 Alaska 68.7 65.7 72.2 61.0 126.5 Arizona 68.8 63.1 126.7 100.5 187.3 Arkansas 62.5 60.3 64.7 99.7 199.3 California 47.8 38.5 53.2 134.5 106.7 Colorado 53.4 51.2 54.2 90.8 110.0 Connecticut 47.9 43.9 68.3 110.5 132.5 Delaware 53.2 46.7 69.1 143.5 142.6 District of Columbia 100.9 118.1 57.6 237.1 219.7 Florida 63.6 58.9 85.1 111.4 157.4 Georgia 50.9 43.0 68.0 141.5 149.6 Hawaii 65.9 63.9 62.3 124.4 57.7 Idaho 63.3 61.9 118.5 91.1 88.4 Illinois 40.3 37.8 34.4 171.3 96.1 Indiana 37.7 36.0 40.1 80.2 124.0 Iowa 49.5 48.1 84.3 68.8 98.5 Kansas 49.4 47.2 53.2 73.8 119.7 Kentucky 46.6 45.2 49.7 82.6 128.9 Louisiana 65.7 63.6 67.1 112.6 141.2 Maine 49.9 49.0 100.7 63.3 124.5 Maryland 60.6 51.0 75.0 135.0 143.2 Massachusetts 49.8 45.2 71.7 142.8 137.4 Michigan 22.9 22.1 15.2 44.0 79.3 Minnesota 47.4 44.3 86.4 45.8 137.3 Mississippi 53.4 51.5 56.2 106.2 107.1 Missouri 46.2 44.8 43.0 82.2 128.6 Montana 66.2 65.3 38.0 68.9 81.5 Nebraska 53.6 52.0 60.1 103.2 116.3 Nevada 63.7 53.3 106.4 94.1 190.3 New Hampshire 45.9 43.8 109.9 80.6 155.9 New Jersey 44.3 37.3 50.7 131.3 124.2 New Mexico 71.6 67.6 106.9 104.1 129.6 New York 51.7 47.2 51.7 187.3 107.5 North Carolina 53.7 50.3 58.0 68.6 161.0 North Dakota 76.9 75.7 152.7 94.1 105.0 Ohio 33.6 32.2 32.7 60.6 99.5 Oklahoma 64.0 60.6 53.4 90.8 149.7 Oregon 47.3 44.4 66.9 72.9 96.9 Pennsylvania 44.9 42.1 49.8 139.2 141.1 Rhode Island 50.8 47.6 89.1 114.5 99.2 South Carolina 54.5 54.0 49.2 125.5 136.4 South Dakota 67.2 65.3 158.3 82.7 176.1 Tennessee 52.7 50.8 54.8 85.9 147.2 Texas 69.1 63.3 85.2 154.4 163.2 Utah 69.7 68.0 57.9 91.7 125.0 Vermont 52.6 51.6 156.8 64.1 101.6 Virginia 66.1 60.1 66.6 123.2 172.5 Washington 58.1 52.4 60.9 83.8 132.9 West Virginia 51.3 50.6 58.0 52.4 88.7 Wisconsin 45.1 43.5 49.1 62.4 130.5 Wyoming 86.8 85.4 63.1 146.1 204.1 Selig Center for Economic Growth 27

Table 15 Percentage Change in Buying Power by Race, 2000-2013 American Area Total White Black Indian Asian Multiracial United States 11.7 11.0 12.6 15.5 18.9 22.1 Alabama 9.6 9.1 10.5 12.3 20.7 20.2 Alaska 13.1 12.5 17.9 10.9 20.2 18.9 Arizona 12.7 11.9 21.0 12.3 23.0 24.6 Arkansas 12.1 11.7 12.2 18.2 27.1 23.2 California 11.9 10.6 11.6 16.8 17.4 21.2 Colorado 12.9 12.5 14.8 14.7 19.1 23.2 Connecticut 7.8 7.1 11.1 12.7 18.0 17.7 Delaware 10.6 9.5 12.9 14.9 20.9 21.9 District of Columbia 14.6 17.2 6.4 19.1 23.3 27.8 Florida 11.3 10.5 14.3 15.7 21.1 22.6 Georgia 12.0 10.6 14.3 16.7 22.2 25.3 Hawaii 14.2 16.3 37.2 35.6 11.3 15.9 Idaho 12.6 12.3 31.5 13.7 19.1 25.2 Illinois 7.1 6.6 6.2 14.3 14.0 18.2 Indiana 11.6 11.1 13.2 14.7 23.0 22.2 Iowa 16.2 15.9 24.0 20.0 25.5 28.6 Kansas 12.9 12.4 14.5 15.3 21.1 24.1 Kentucky 11.9 11.5 14.1 16.7 22.5 19.7 Louisiana 11.2 10.8 11.6 14.4 19.5 22.7 Maine 11.0 10.8 25.4 12.6 21.3 19.5 Maryland 11.6 10.1 13.2 15.0 20.6 23.3 Massachusetts 10.2 9.3 14.3 15.5 20.1 21.7 Michigan 9.9 9.5 9.2 12.1 18.7 18.2 Minnesota 12.5 11.8 19.9 12.3 22.7 22.7 Mississippi 11.1 10.6 12.1 15.8 21.1 23.9 Missouri 10.2 9.9 10.3 13.6 19.6 18.9 Montana 13.9 13.7 45.3 13.3 21.4 25.1 Nebraska 14.2 13.8 16.4 17.3 23.4 27.6 Nevada 9.9 8.3 14.7 10.7 19.9 19.5 New Hampshire 9.6 9.1 23.5 15.3 21.7 20.4 New Jersey 9.2 7.9 10.0 14.8 18.5 21.0 New Mexico 11.9 11.4 20.6 12.5 19.4 24.4 New York 9.6 8.7 9.8 16.3 16.6 20.6 North Carolina 12.7 12.1 13.4 11.7 24.4 25.9 North Dakota 33.2 32.8 56.7 33.6 42.8 44.9 Ohio 11.3 10.9 12.1 14.8 20.5 20.9 Oklahoma 15.6 15.1 16.0 16.0 24.5 21.7 Oregon 12.5 12.0 16.9 14.3 19.1 21.8 Pennsylvania 10.8 10.2 12.5 16.4 21.7 23.7 Rhode Island 9.2 8.6 14.4 13.0 15.8 21.7 South Carolina 12.2 12.1 10.9 14.1 22.5 24.0 South Dakota 17.8 17.4 40.1 17.4 33.6 29.3 Tennessee 12.2 11.8 13.0 14.0 22.6 22.1 Texas 16.5 15.6 18.1 21.4 25.2 30.6 Utah 15.2 14.9 21.4 16.0 21.7 26.9 Vermont 11.3 11.0 30.0 14.3 21.0 19.0 Virginia 12.2 11.2 12.2 14.8 22.5 24.1 Washington 14.1 13.1 17.7 14.5 21.7 22.8 West Virginia 11.2 10.9 15.3 13.7 20.4 19.6 Wisconsin 9.7 9.4 11.5 11.4 19.3 19.3 Wyoming 14.3 13.9 32.2 17.4 27.8 22.4 28

Table 16 Percentage Change in Buying Power by Race, 2013-2018 American Area Total White Black Indian Asian Multiracial United States 22.4 20.8 24.5 28.3 34.9 46.8 Alabama 22.5 21.5 23.2 27.9 47.8 47.7 Alaska 26.7 25.3 24.5 22.6 43.8 45.6 Arizona 27.0 25.2 44.3 21.1 47.3 54.1 Arkansas 25.5 24.6 24.9 30.3 54.7 47.7 California 20.0 18.0 17.7 26.6 28.0 40.0 Colorado 22.1 21.3 25.8 26.0 32.0 44.5 Connecticut 18.6 16.9 25.0 27.8 39.9 45.0 Delaware 20.5 17.6 26.7 31.2 40.7 53.7 District of Columbia 34.2 39.1 18.5 38.6 40.7 60.4 Florida 24.7 23.3 29.2 27.0 42.0 50.5 Georgia 21.5 18.7 25.5 31.4 41.6 54.4 Hawaii 29.0 29.7 22.0 31.4 26.6 35.6 Idaho 25.0 24.4 51.0 23.4 38.6 47.1 Illinois 16.5 15.4 14.9 33.1 29.5 43.3 Indiana 18.0 16.9 23.1 24.5 41.2 46.9 Iowa 24.1 23.2 43.8 31.9 41.2 57.2 Kansas 22.5 21.6 25.0 25.8 37.7 49.0 Kentucky 21.4 20.5 25.0 25.4 42.5 51.2 Louisiana 25.5 25.0 25.0 31.1 37.5 56.1 Maine 19.5 18.8 68.4 22.6 35.1 47.6 Maryland 23.7 20.3 27.3 35.7 39.5 55.6 Massachusetts 19.5 17.6 30.1 32.3 36.1 45.8 Michigan 11.3 10.5 11.3 14.7 24.7 31.8 Minnesota 21.0 19.5 43.1 22.4 36.6 47.2 Mississippi 22.4 21.4 23.9 29.7 37.6 53.3 Missouri 19.6 18.7 21.3 20.5 39.0 42.7 Montana 26.7 26.3 46.4 25.0 36.6 49.4 Nebraska 23.9 23.0 32.2 31.5 40.7 55.8 Nevada 24.4 20.6 35.9 19.4 45.7 46.0 New Hampshire 18.4 17.3 43.5 18.6 42.2 45.4 New Jersey 18.5 15.9 19.1 35.5 35.3 43.6 New Mexico 26.7 26.0 34.2 24.2 39.1 50.1 New York 22.6 20.9 22.4 37.8 35.9 47.2 North Carolina 24.3 23.1 24.8 24.7 45.2 62.9 North Dakota 43.2 42.2 90.9 45.6 78.2 76.8 Ohio 16.3 15.3 19.9 19.5 33.1 42.7 Oklahoma 28.2 27.1 28.6 29.6 42.5 44.4 Oregon 20.4 19.4 27.8 23.5 31.0 39.8 Pennsylvania 20.1 18.5 25.4 37.2 40.8 55.5 Rhode Island 18.3 16.9 31.0 30.2 29.3 48.4 South Carolina 23.9 23.8 20.8 29.9 40.6 58.9 South Dakota 31.0 30.0 77.3 31.3 57.2 60.1 Tennessee 22.7 21.8 23.9 30.0 40.6 52.0 Texas 31.4 29.8 33.6 37.3 47.5 57.5 Utah 28.9 28.2 50.6 24.5 38.2 55.4 Vermont 21.8 21.2 63.3 18.8 40.1 45.5 Virginia 25.6 23.5 25.1 35.0 44.5 55.9 Washington 25.7 23.7 32.2 25.1 38.5 46.1 West Virginia 20.7 20.2 25.0 21.5 32.4 51.3 Wisconsin 18.3 17.5 24.7 21.2 32.9 44.9 Wyoming 32.7 32.3 41.2 31.8 49.7 53.1 Selig Center for Economic Growth 29

Table 17 White Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 89.4 86.7 84.1 83.6 82.5 Alabama 84.8 81.5 80.1 79.7 79.1 Alaska 86.1 82.2 80.7 80.3 79.4 Arizona 94.4 92.7 89.6 88.9 87.6 Arkansas 90.3 88.1 86.9 86.6 86.0 California 86.6 83.1 77.9 77.0 75.7 Colorado 95.2 93.5 92.2 91.9 91.3 Connecticut 93.6 91.3 88.8 88.1 86.8 Delaware 87.8 83.1 79.6 78.8 76.9 District of Columbia 56.6 60.1 65.2 66.7 69.1 Florida 91.7 88.6 86.1 85.5 84.5 Georgia 82.7 77.6 73.6 72.7 71.0 Hawaii 40.0 34.7 34.3 34.9 35.1 Idaho 98.1 96.9 96.1 95.8 95.3 Illinois 88.8 86.3 84.7 84.4 83.6 Indiana 93.8 92.0 90.9 90.5 89.6 Iowa 98.1 96.9 96.0 95.7 95.0 Kansas 94.7 93.0 91.6 91.2 90.5 Kentucky 94.5 92.9 92.1 91.7 91.1 Louisiana 82.2 78.1 77.1 76.8 76.5 Maine 99.0 98.1 97.6 97.4 96.8 Maryland 79.6 74.2 69.7 68.8 66.9 Massachusetts 94.7 92.1 89.3 88.6 87.2 Michigan 89.3 86.8 86.2 85.9 85.3 Minnesota 97.1 94.6 92.6 92.1 90.9 Mississippi 79.9 75.5 74.6 74.2 73.6 Missouri 91.8 89.8 88.9 88.7 88.0 Montana 96.5 95.2 94.7 94.5 94.2 Nebraska 96.8 95.3 94.3 94.0 93.3 Nevada 92.2 88.1 82.5 81.4 78.9 New Hampshire 98.6 97.5 96.1 95.6 94.8 New Jersey 88.0 84.3 80.2 79.2 77.5 New Mexico 93.6 91.5 89.3 88.9 88.4 New York 85.8 82.8 80.3 79.7 78.6 North Carolina 84.9 82.9 81.0 80.6 79.8 North Dakota 97.5 96.0 95.4 95.1 94.5 Ohio 91.9 89.9 89.0 88.6 87.9 Oklahoma 89.4 85.5 83.8 83.4 82.6 Oregon 96.1 93.7 91.9 91.4 90.6 Pennsylvania 92.8 90.9 89.2 88.7 87.5 Rhode Island 96.0 94.1 92.1 91.6 90.5 South Carolina 81.9 79.7 79.4 79.4 79.3 South Dakota 96.6 95.3 94.2 93.9 93.2 Tennessee 89.4 86.8 85.7 85.4 84.7 Texas 90.8 88.0 85.0 84.4 83.4 Utah 97.3 95.9 94.9 94.7 94.2 Vermont 99.2 98.2 97.6 97.4 96.8 Virginia 86.1 82.3 79.3 78.6 77.3 Washington 93.3 89.9 86.7 85.9 84.6 West Virginia 96.8 96.0 95.5 95.3 94.9 Wisconsin 96.2 94.5 93.5 93.2 92.6 Wyoming 98.1 96.8 96.1 95.8 95.4 30

Table 18 Black Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 7.5 8.2 8.6 8.6 8.8 Alabama 14.4 16.7 17.2 17.4 17.5 Alaska 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.1 Arizona 2.2 2.4 3.2 3.5 4.0 Arkansas 8.8 9.8 9.9 9.9 9.9 California 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.8 Colorado 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 Connecticut 4.9 5.5 6.3 6.5 6.8 Delaware 10.5 13.4 14.8 15.1 15.9 District of Columbia 41.6 36.0 28.3 26.3 23.2 Florida 7.1 8.7 9.9 10.1 10.5 Georgia 16.0 19.4 21.6 22.1 22.8 Hawaii 1.7 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.9 Idaho 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 Illinois 8.6 9.4 9.0 8.9 8.8 Indiana 5.2 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.6 Iowa 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.8 2.0 Kansas 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 Kentucky 4.8 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.8 Louisiana 16.7 19.6 19.8 19.8 19.8 Maine 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 Maryland 17.5 20.9 22.7 23.1 23.7 Massachusetts 3.4 3.8 4.4 4.6 5.0 Michigan 9.1 10.0 9.4 9.3 9.3 Minnesota 1.3 2.1 2.7 2.9 3.4 Mississippi 19.5 23.0 23.4 23.6 23.9 Missouri 7.1 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.9 Montana 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 Nebraska 2.3 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.0 Nevada 4.1 5.1 6.4 6.7 7.3 New Hampshire 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 New Jersey 8.4 9.0 9.4 9.4 9.5 New Mexico 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.3 New York 10.6 11.2 11.1 11.2 11.2 North Carolina 13.6 14.3 14.7 14.8 14.9 North Dakota 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.0 Ohio 6.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.2 Oklahoma 4.7 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.0 Oregon 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Pennsylvania 6.0 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.4 Rhode Island 2.6 3.2 4.1 4.3 4.7 South Carolina 17.2 18.5 17.9 17.7 17.2 South Dakota 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 Tennessee 9.8 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.6 Texas 7.2 8.0 8.7 8.8 9.0 Utah 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 Vermont 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 Virginia 11.4 12.9 13.0 13.0 12.9 Washington 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.8 West Virginia 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Wisconsin 2.7 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.6 Wyoming 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 Selig Center for Economic Growth 31

Table 19 American Indian Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 Alabama 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 Alaska 8.2 8.8 8.4 8.2 7.9 Arizona 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.4 Arkansas 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 California 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.2 Colorado 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 Connecticut 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 Delaware 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 District of Columbia 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 Florida 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 Georgia 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 Hawaii 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 Idaho 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 Illinois 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 Indiana 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 Iowa 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 Kansas 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 Kentucky 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Louisiana 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 Maine 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Maryland 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 Massachusetts 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 Michigan 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 Minnesota 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Mississippi 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 Missouri 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 Montana 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 Nebraska 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 Nevada 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 New Hampshire 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 New Jersey 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 New Mexico 3.9 4.6 5.4 5.5 5.3 New York 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 North Carolina 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 North Dakota 1.7 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.6 Ohio 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Oklahoma 5.0 5.2 6.1 6.1 6.2 Oregon 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 Pennsylvania 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 Rhode Island 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 South Carolina 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 South Dakota 2.7 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 Tennessee 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Texas 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 Utah 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 Vermont 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Virginia 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 Washington 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 West Virginia 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Wisconsin 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 Wyoming 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.5 32

Table 20 Asian Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 2.7 3.7 5.4 5.7 6.3 Alabama 0.5 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.9 Alaska 2.7 3.3 4.5 4.8 5.4 Arizona 1.4 2.1 3.5 3.8 4.5 Arkansas 0.5 0.8 1.5 1.7 2.1 California 7.7 10.1 14.1 14.8 15.8 Colorado 1.4 2.0 2.8 2.9 3.2 Connecticut 1.4 2.4 3.8 4.2 5.0 Delaware 1.4 2.6 4.2 4.5 5.3 District of Columbia 1.7 2.6 4.2 4.5 4.7 Florida 1.0 1.7 2.7 2.9 3.3 Georgia 1.1 2.1 3.5 3.8 4.5 Hawaii 58.0 50.6 48.1 46.8 46.0 Idaho 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 Illinois 2.5 3.6 5.1 5.4 6.0 Indiana 0.8 1.1 1.8 2.0 2.4 Iowa 0.6 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.0 Kansas 1.0 1.6 2.4 2.6 2.9 Kentucky 0.6 1.1 1.6 1.8 2.1 Louisiana 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.0 2.2 Maine 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 Maryland 2.7 3.9 5.9 6.4 7.2 Massachusetts 1.8 3.2 5.1 5.6 6.4 Michigan 1.2 2.1 3.0 3.2 3.6 Minnesota 1.0 2.0 3.3 3.6 4.0 Mississippi 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 Missouri 0.8 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.5 Montana 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 Nebraska 0.5 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.0 Nevada 2.6 4.5 8.0 8.7 10.2 New Hampshire 0.7 1.2 2.2 2.4 2.9 New Jersey 3.4 5.9 9.2 10.0 11.4 New Mexico 0.9 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.3 New York 3.3 5.0 6.9 7.3 8.1 North Carolina 0.7 1.5 2.5 2.8 3.2 North Dakota 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.2 Ohio 1.0 1.4 2.2 2.3 2.7 Oklahoma 1.0 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.4 Oregon 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.3 4.6 Pennsylvania 1.1 1.8 3.0 3.3 3.9 Rhode Island 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.6 South Carolina 0.6 1.1 1.6 1.8 2.0 South Dakota 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.2 Tennessee 0.6 1.1 1.8 2.0 2.3 Texas 1.7 2.9 4.5 4.9 5.5 Utah 1.5 1.9 2.6 2.7 2.9 Vermont 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 Virginia 2.3 3.7 6.0 6.6 7.6 Washington 3.5 5.2 7.6 8.1 8.9 West Virginia 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.4 Wisconsin 0.7 1.2 2.0 2.1 2.4 Wyoming 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.3 Selig Center for Economic Growth 33

Table 21 Multiracial Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.6 Alabama 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.0 Alaska 2.8 3.4 3.6 4.1 Arizona 0.7 1.2 1.3 1.6 Arkansas 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.3 California 1.3 1.9 2.1 2.4 Colorado 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.6 Connecticut 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 Delaware 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.4 District of Columbia 1.0 1.9 2.1 2.5 Florida 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.3 Georgia 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.3 Hawaii 12.7 15.6 15.8 16.6 Idaho 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.5 Illinois 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.1 Indiana 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 Iowa 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Kansas 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.6 Kentucky 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 Louisiana 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 Maine 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Maryland 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.7 Massachusetts 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2 Michigan 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 Minnesota 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 Mississippi 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Missouri 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 Montana 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.6 Nebraska 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 Nevada 1.3 1.9 2.1 2.5 New Hampshire 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 New Jersey 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2 New Mexico 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.8 New York 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.5 North Carolina 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.2 North Dakota 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 Ohio 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 Oklahoma 2.7 3.2 3.4 3.8 Oregon 1.2 1.8 1.9 2.2 Pennsylvania 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 Rhode Island 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.7 South Carolina 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9 South Dakota 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 Tennessee 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 Texas 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.3 Utah 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 Vermont 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 Virginia 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.8 Washington 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.6 West Virginia 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 Wisconsin 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Wyoming 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 34

Table 22 Hispanic Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 5.0 6.7 9.0 9.6 10.6 Alabama 0.5 1.2 2.1 2.5 3.3 Alaska 2.1 2.7 3.7 4.1 4.6 Arizona 9.8 12.4 16.0 16.7 17.5 Arkansas 0.5 1.8 3.4 3.9 5.0 California 12.3 14.8 18.8 19.6 20.6 Colorado 7.0 8.9 10.2 10.5 11.2 Connecticut 3.1 4.2 6.3 6.9 7.9 Delaware 1.5 2.6 4.3 4.7 5.7 District of Columbia 3.5 4.7 6.3 6.7 6.7 Florida 8.7 11.7 15.6 16.5 18.2 Georgia 1.3 3.1 4.5 4.9 5.9 Hawaii 4.5 4.3 5.8 6.2 6.7 Idaho 2.8 4.0 5.9 6.4 7.2 Illinois 4.2 6.5 8.2 8.7 9.5 Indiana 1.2 2.2 3.2 3.6 4.3 Iowa 0.7 1.5 2.5 2.8 3.4 Kansas 2.2 3.8 5.4 5.8 6.7 Kentucky 0.5 1.0 1.7 1.9 2.5 Louisiana 2.1 2.1 3.4 3.8 4.7 Maine 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 Maryland 1.9 2.7 4.6 5.1 6.5 Massachusetts 2.2 3.1 4.4 4.7 5.4 Michigan 1.4 2.0 2.5 2.7 3.0 Minnesota 0.7 1.5 2.2 2.4 2.9 Mississippi 0.5 1.1 1.9 2.2 2.8 Missouri 0.9 1.4 2.2 2.4 2.9 Montana 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.8 2.1 Nebraska 1.3 3.0 4.4 4.8 5.8 Nevada 6.2 10.7 14.7 15.6 17.1 New Hampshire 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.7 2.1 New Jersey 5.4 7.1 9.5 10.2 11.3 New Mexico 24.4 27.0 31.6 32.3 33.3 New York 6.5 8.0 9.7 10.1 10.7 North Carolina 0.8 2.5 4.0 4.4 5.4 North Dakota 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.5 Ohio 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.0 2.4 Oklahoma 1.6 2.9 4.7 5.2 6.3 Oregon 2.0 3.8 5.7 6.2 7.1 Pennsylvania 1.0 1.7 2.9 3.3 4.0 Rhode Island 2.3 3.7 5.6 6.2 7.1 South Carolina 0.8 1.5 2.8 3.2 4.2 South Dakota 0.4 0.8 1.4 1.6 2.1 Tennessee 0.5 1.3 2.5 2.8 3.7 Texas 12.4 16.5 20.8 21.6 22.7 Utah 3.3 5.4 7.2 7.7 8.7 Vermont 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.5 Virginia 2.0 3.0 5.0 5.6 6.8 Washington 2.4 3.6 5.4 5.9 6.8 West Virginia 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2 Wisconsin 1.0 1.9 3.0 3.3 4.0 Wyoming 3.6 4.1 5.5 5.8 6.5 Selig Center for Economic Growth 35

Table 23 Non-Hispanic Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 95.0 93.3 91.0 90.4 89.4 Alabama 99.5 98.8 97.9 97.5 96.7 Alaska 97.9 97.3 96.3 95.9 95.4 Arizona 90.2 87.6 84.0 83.3 82.5 Arkansas 99.5 98.2 96.6 96.1 95.0 California 87.7 85.2 81.2 80.4 79.4 Colorado 93.0 91.1 89.8 89.5 88.8 Connecticut 96.9 95.8 93.7 93.1 92.1 Delaware 98.5 97.4 95.7 95.3 94.3 District of Columbia 96.5 95.3 93.7 93.3 93.3 Florida 91.3 88.3 84.4 83.5 81.8 Georgia 98.7 96.9 95.5 95.1 94.1 Hawaii 95.5 95.7 94.2 93.8 93.3 Idaho 97.2 96.0 94.1 93.6 92.8 Illinois 95.8 93.5 91.8 91.3 90.5 Indiana 98.8 97.8 96.8 96.4 95.7 Iowa 99.3 98.5 97.5 97.2 96.6 Kansas 97.8 96.2 94.6 94.2 93.3 Kentucky 99.5 99.0 98.3 98.1 97.5 Louisiana 97.9 97.9 96.6 96.2 95.3 Maine 99.6 99.5 99.3 99.2 99.1 Maryland 98.1 97.3 95.4 94.9 93.5 Massachusetts 97.8 96.9 95.6 95.3 94.6 Michigan 98.6 98.0 97.5 97.3 97.0 Minnesota 99.3 98.5 97.8 97.6 97.1 Mississippi 99.5 98.9 98.1 97.8 97.2 Missouri 99.1 98.6 97.8 97.6 97.1 Montana 99.2 98.8 98.3 98.2 97.9 Nebraska 98.7 97.0 95.6 95.2 94.2 Nevada 93.8 89.3 85.3 84.4 82.9 New Hampshire 99.3 99.0 98.5 98.3 97.9 New Jersey 94.6 92.9 90.5 89.8 88.7 New Mexico 75.6 73.0 68.4 67.7 66.7 New York 93.5 92.0 90.3 89.9 89.3 North Carolina 99.2 97.5 96.0 95.6 94.6 North Dakota 99.6 99.2 98.9 98.7 98.5 Ohio 99.1 98.8 98.2 98.0 97.6 Oklahoma 98.4 97.1 95.3 94.8 93.7 Oregon 98.0 96.2 94.3 93.8 92.9 Pennsylvania 99.0 98.3 97.1 96.7 96.0 Rhode Island 97.7 96.3 94.4 93.8 92.9 South Carolina 99.2 98.5 97.2 96.8 95.8 South Dakota 99.6 99.2 98.6 98.4 97.9 Tennessee 99.5 98.7 97.5 97.2 96.3 Texas 87.6 83.5 79.2 78.4 77.3 Utah 96.7 94.6 92.8 92.3 91.3 Vermont 99.5 99.3 98.9 98.8 98.5 Virginia 98.0 97.0 95.0 94.4 93.2 Washington 97.6 96.4 94.6 94.1 93.2 West Virginia 99.6 99.4 99.1 99.0 98.8 Wisconsin 99.0 98.1 97.0 96.7 96.0 Wyoming 96.4 95.9 94.5 94.2 93.5 36

Table 24 Percentage Change in Total, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Buying Power for and the States, 1990-2000 Area Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic United States 72.7 133.7 69.6 Alabama 68.4 295.8 67.3 Alaska 54.2 100.0 53.2 Arizona 115.4 173.1 109.2 Arkansas 76.1 496.8 73.8 California 68.6 103.3 63.8 Colorado 122.1 181.5 117.6 Connecticut 53.7 110.2 51.9 Delaware 70.0 196.6 68.1 District of Columbia 41.1 89.7 39.3 Florida 79.7 141.2 73.8 Georgia 101.6 373.1 98.0 Hawaii 46.8 40.4 47.1 Idaho 99.7 181.8 97.3 Illinois 66.5 155.1 62.6 Indiana 71.5 208.5 69.8 Iowa 65.8 251.3 64.4 Kansas 69.3 186.8 66.7 Kentucky 75.8 274.9 74.9 Louisiana 63.0 69.4 62.8 Maine 58.2 108.9 58.0 Maryland 66.5 133.9 65.2 Massachusetts 66.4 136.8 64.8 Michigan 65.2 136.5 64.1 Minnesota 82.3 311.6 80.8 Mississippi 80.3 290.3 79.3 Missouri 71.7 159.9 70.9 Montana 71.3 165.0 70.6 Nebraska 69.8 278.8 67.0 Nevada 153.1 333.4 141.1 New Hampshire 81.2 150.2 80.7 New Jersey 65.9 115.8 63.1 New Mexico 81.6 101.6 75.1 New York 48.1 82.4 45.8 North Carolina 94.2 493.6 90.8 North Dakota 61.7 273.3 60.9 Ohio 58.5 123.2 57.9 Oklahoma 68.2 200.8 66.0 Oregon 87.3 250.2 84.0 Pennsylvania 57.0 155.7 56.0 Rhode Island 51.6 148.3 49.4 South Carolina 81.4 264.4 80.0 South Dakota 75.8 246.8 75.1 Tennessee 86.5 368.0 85.0 Texas 99.9 165.2 90.6 Utah 111.8 249.4 107.2 Vermont 70.6 125.8 70.3 Virginia 72.6 167.7 70.7 Washington 93.1 195.1 90.7 West Virginia 54.7 119.1 54.5 Wisconsin 74.9 235.3 73.2 Wyoming 71.8 95.8 70.9 Selig Center for Economic Growth 37

Table 25 Percentage Change in Total, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Buying Power for and the States, 2000-2010 Area Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic United States 51.8 104.5 48.0 Alabama 56.5 192.1 54.9 Alaska 68.7 132.6 66.9 Arizona 68.8 117.8 61.8 Arkansas 62.5 203.8 59.9 California 47.8 87.6 40.8 Colorado 53.4 76.4 51.2 Connecticut 47.9 122.7 44.6 Delaware 53.2 152.6 50.5 District of Columbia 100.9 170.2 97.5 Florida 63.6 118.3 56.4 Georgia 50.9 120.0 48.7 Hawaii 65.9 122.8 63.3 Idaho 63.3 143.8 60.0 Illinois 40.3 77.4 37.7 Indiana 37.7 102.5 36.2 Iowa 49.5 140.5 48.1 Kansas 49.4 112.9 47.0 Kentucky 46.6 154.5 45.5 Louisiana 65.7 163.2 63.6 Maine 49.9 88.8 49.6 Maryland 60.6 174.4 57.5 Massachusetts 49.8 113.6 47.7 Michigan 22.9 53.2 22.3 Minnesota 47.4 116.2 46.4 Mississippi 53.4 167.0 52.1 Missouri 46.2 128.2 45.1 Montana 66.2 127.4 65.5 Nebraska 53.6 127.6 51.3 Nevada 63.7 125.7 56.3 New Hampshire 45.9 125.0 45.1 New Jersey 44.3 94.5 40.5 New Mexico 71.6 100.3 61.0 New York 51.7 83.8 48.9 North Carolina 53.7 143.3 51.4 North Dakota 76.9 136.1 76.4 Ohio 33.6 99.3 32.8 Oklahoma 64.0 165.7 61.0 Oregon 47.3 120.9 44.4 Pennsylvania 44.9 149.5 43.1 Rhode Island 50.8 129.1 47.8 South Carolina 54.5 186.2 52.5 South Dakota 67.2 179.5 66.3 Tennessee 52.7 182.8 51.0 Texas 69.1 113.5 60.3 Utah 69.7 128.6 66.3 Vermont 52.6 142.2 51.9 Virginia 66.1 174.7 62.7 Washington 58.1 137.1 55.1 West Virginia 51.3 134.0 50.9 Wisconsin 45.1 124.2 43.6 Wyoming 86.8 149.1 84.2 38

Table 26 Percentage Change in Total, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Buying Power for and the States, 2010-2013 Area Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic United States 11.7 18.4 11.1 Alabama 9.6 25.8 9.2 Alaska 13.1 24.5 12.7 Arizona 12.7 17.2 11.9 Arkansas 12.1 27.7 11.6 California 11.9 16.4 10.9 Colorado 12.9 16.3 12.5 Connecticut 7.8 17.2 7.2 Delaware 10.6 22.2 10.1 District of Columbia 14.6 21.3 14.2 Florida 11.3 17.4 10.2 Georgia 12.0 22.1 11.5 Hawaii 14.2 22.2 13.7 Idaho 12.6 21.1 12.1 Illinois 7.1 13.0 6.6 Indiana 11.6 22.0 11.2 Iowa 16.2 29.4 15.9 Kansas 12.9 21.8 12.4 Kentucky 11.9 26.4 11.6 Louisiana 11.2 24.0 10.7 Maine 11.0 23.2 10.9 Maryland 11.6 24.9 11.0 Massachusetts 10.2 19.2 9.8 Michigan 9.9 16.5 9.7 Minnesota 12.5 22.5 12.2 Mississippi 11.1 26.7 10.8 Missouri 10.2 21.9 10.0 Montana 13.9 26.0 13.7 Nebraska 14.2 25.2 13.7 Nevada 9.9 16.4 8.8 New Hampshire 9.6 22.4 9.4 New Jersey 9.2 16.5 8.5 New Mexico 11.9 14.7 10.7 New York 9.6 14.2 9.1 North Carolina 12.7 23.9 12.3 North Dakota 33.2 56.2 32.9 Ohio 11.3 22.1 11.1 Oklahoma 15.6 28.5 14.9 Oregon 12.5 21.7 12.0 Pennsylvania 10.8 24.5 10.4 Rhode Island 9.2 19.3 8.6 South Carolina 12.2 26.8 11.7 South Dakota 17.8 36.7 17.5 Tennessee 12.2 27.5 11.8 Texas 16.5 20.9 15.3 Utah 15.2 22.3 14.6 Vermont 11.3 25.5 11.1 Virginia 12.2 24.3 11.5 Washington 14.1 23.9 13.5 West Virginia 11.2 27.4 11.0 Wisconsin 9.7 20.5 9.4 Wyoming 14.3 21.3 13.8 Selig Center for Economic Growth 39

Table 27 Percentage Change in Total, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Buying Power for and the States, 2013-2018 Area Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic United States 22.4 35.2 21.0 Alabama 22.5 66.2 21.4 Alaska 26.7 41.5 26.1 Arizona 27.0 33.1 25.7 Arkansas 25.5 60.9 24.0 California 20.0 26.6 18.4 Colorado 22.1 30.1 21.2 Connecticut 18.6 35.4 17.4 Delaware 20.5 46.5 19.2 District of Columbia 34.2 34.1 34.2 Florida 24.7 37.9 22.1 Georgia 21.5 45.9 20.3 Hawaii 29.0 39.4 28.3 Idaho 25.0 41.2 23.9 Illinois 16.5 27.5 15.4 Indiana 18.0 43.7 17.1 Iowa 24.1 53.6 23.3 Kansas 22.5 42.4 21.3 Kentucky 21.4 58.7 20.7 Louisiana 25.5 55.2 24.3 Maine 19.5 47.1 19.3 Maryland 23.7 56.8 21.9 Massachusetts 19.5 36.4 18.7 Michigan 11.3 24.8 10.9 Minnesota 21.0 45.0 20.5 Mississippi 22.4 58.1 21.6 Missouri 19.6 44.6 19.0 Montana 26.7 44.9 26.3 Nebraska 23.9 49.7 22.6 Nevada 24.4 36.6 22.1 New Hampshire 18.4 43.4 18.0 New Jersey 18.5 31.4 17.0 New Mexico 26.7 30.5 24.8 New York 22.6 30.0 21.7 North Carolina 24.3 52.9 23.0 North Dakota 43.2 73.3 42.8 Ohio 16.3 39.1 15.9 Oklahoma 28.2 56.8 26.7 Oregon 20.4 38.2 19.3 Pennsylvania 20.1 48.6 19.1 Rhode Island 18.3 36.0 17.1 South Carolina 23.9 63.3 22.6 South Dakota 31.0 66.1 30.4 Tennessee 22.7 61.2 21.6 Texas 31.4 37.9 29.5 Utah 28.9 45.9 27.5 Vermont 21.8 46.4 21.5 Virginia 25.6 51.9 24.1 Washington 25.7 45.5 24.4 West Virginia 20.7 49.6 20.4 Wisconsin 18.3 42.4 17.5 Wyoming 32.7 48.9 31.7 40

Table 28 Total Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 249,622,814 282,162,411 309,330,219 316,903,303 331,204,447 Alabama 4,050,055 4,452,173 4,785,401 4,865,450 5,029,774 Alaska 553,290 627,963 714,146 738,767 782,000 Arizona 3,684,097 5,160,586 6,413,158 6,737,442 7,434,533 Arkansas 2,356,586 2,678,588 2,921,588 2,984,314 3,106,325 California 29,959,515 33,987,977 37,338,198 38,299,238 39,911,302 Colorado 3,307,618 4,326,921 5,047,692 5,257,580 5,631,204 Connecticut 3,291,967 3,411,777 3,575,498 3,612,868 3,701,387 Delaware 669,567 786,373 899,792 929,886 991,679 District of Columbia 605,321 572,046 604,912 626,810 652,904 Florida 13,033,307 16,047,515 18,838,613 19,615,338 21,104,520 Georgia 6,512,602 8,227,303 9,712,157 10,115,166 10,926,597 Hawaii 1,113,491 1,213,519 1,363,359 1,400,758 1,468,631 Idaho 1,012,384 1,299,430 1,571,102 1,639,617 1,785,988 Illinois 11,453,316 12,434,161 12,841,980 12,944,629 13,149,864 Indiana 5,557,798 6,091,866 6,490,622 6,593,882 6,798,862 Iowa 2,781,018 2,929,067 3,050,202 3,086,380 3,152,010 Kansas 2,481,349 2,693,681 2,859,143 2,902,285 2,984,700 Kentucky 3,694,048 4,049,021 4,347,223 4,426,605 4,577,335 Louisiana 4,221,532 4,471,885 4,545,343 4,588,548 4,626,021 Maine 1,231,719 1,277,072 1,327,379 1,338,505 1,367,317 Maryland 4,799,770 5,311,034 5,785,681 5,920,995 6,172,759 Massachusetts 6,022,639 6,361,104 6,555,466 6,626,901 6,739,202 Michigan 9,311,319 9,952,450 9,877,143 9,863,984 9,840,989 Minnesota 4,389,857 4,933,692 5,310,658 5,420,212 5,626,294 Mississippi 2,578,897 2,848,353 2,970,072 3,001,101 3,060,190 Missouri 5,128,880 5,607,285 5,995,715 6,084,116 6,276,882 Montana 800,204 903,773 990,958 1,014,357 1,056,576 Nebraska 1,581,660 1,713,820 1,830,141 1,864,626 1,923,083 Nevada 1,220,695 2,018,741 2,704,283 2,870,312 3,284,399 New Hampshire 1,112,384 1,239,882 1,316,807 1,333,356 1,374,130 New Jersey 7,762,963 8,430,621 8,799,593 8,892,070 9,090,563 New Mexico 1,521,574 1,821,204 2,065,913 2,127,094 2,245,202 New York 18,020,784 19,001,780 19,395,206 19,535,776 19,740,617 North Carolina 6,664,016 8,081,614 9,560,234 9,951,831 10,748,104 North Dakota 637,685 642,023 674,629 690,170 707,402 Ohio 10,864,162 11,363,543 11,537,968 11,579,945 11,679,474 Oklahoma 3,148,825 3,454,365 3,760,184 3,843,540 3,979,980 Oregon 2,860,375 3,429,708 3,838,332 3,949,056 4,152,581 Pennsylvania 11,903,299 12,284,173 12,717,722 12,829,625 13,072,062 Rhode Island 1,005,995 1,050,268 1,052,528 1,052,259 1,056,581 South Carolina 3,501,155 4,024,223 4,637,106 4,800,526 5,123,280 South Dakota 697,101 755,844 816,598 835,405 866,141 Tennessee 4,894,492 5,703,719 6,357,436 6,529,671 6,862,279 Texas 17,056,755 20,944,499 25,253,466 26,541,284 28,865,932 Utah 1,731,223 2,244,502 2,775,479 2,926,203 3,220,576 Vermont 564,798 609,618 625,909 629,822 639,275 Virginia 6,216,884 7,105,817 8,023,953 8,276,957 8,762,943 Washington 4,903,043 5,910,512 6,742,950 6,990,554 7,419,701 West Virginia 1,792,548 1,807,021 1,854,368 1,864,432 1,888,557 Wisconsin 4,904,562 5,373,999 5,691,659 5,771,417 5,928,713 Wyoming 453,690 494,300 564,554 581,641 617,027 Selig Center for Economic Growth 41

Table 29 White Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 209,366,661 228,530,479 242,256,518 246,154,763 253,138,144 Alabama 2,987,764 3,196,875 3,363,900 3,399,143 3,477,962 Alaska 423,276 446,506 486,043 497,924 517,310 Arizona 3,293,186 4,542,461 5,435,296 5,661,226 6,137,778 Arkansas 1,956,611 2,186,443 2,345,859 2,384,218 2,460,960 California 24,354,238 26,421,365 27,681,921 28,118,092 28,714,179 Colorado 3,077,815 3,924,356 4,464,169 4,622,348 4,898,536 Connecticut 2,949,149 2,936,355 2,950,534 2,949,296 2,955,697 Delaware 543,973 602,544 646,794 659,016 680,379 District of Columbia 191,834 197,141 252,393 274,248 306,540 Florida 11,042,189 13,084,373 14,833,745 15,300,988 16,190,448 Georgia 4,659,378 5,556,989 6,156,430 6,313,767 6,611,790 Hawaii 377,435 311,643 347,819 365,010 383,512 Idaho 985,151 1,244,029 1,478,956 1,535,557 1,659,974 Illinois 9,422,280 9,926,774 10,033,202 10,061,582 10,109,986 Indiana 5,072,268 5,435,770 5,641,646 5,693,810 5,789,878 Iowa 2,700,752 2,793,299 2,841,794 2,856,538 2,878,751 Kansas 2,282,199 2,417,833 2,504,595 2,526,237 2,566,643 Kentucky 3,407,136 3,672,766 3,869,984 3,919,030 4,012,392 Louisiana 2,859,186 2,894,096 2,907,353 2,920,583 2,926,595 Maine 1,214,008 1,242,070 1,268,631 1,272,585 1,284,761 Maryland 3,439,866 3,498,455 3,545,813 3,570,014 3,591,682 Massachusetts 5,533,629 5,610,140 5,528,476 5,524,226 5,487,897 Michigan 7,844,171 8,143,698 7,937,896 7,888,669 7,798,338 Minnesota 4,163,468 4,484,113 4,627,393 4,671,926 4,738,532 Mississippi 1,640,316 1,762,713 1,789,777 1,792,835 1,805,171 Missouri 4,516,213 4,811,076 5,041,491 5,091,122 5,199,460 Montana 746,412 825,459 892,544 909,634 942,200 Nebraska 1,499,293 1,587,253 1,651,960 1,672,687 1,703,041 Nevada 1,077,497 1,697,938 2,108,387 2,200,128 2,425,528 New Hampshire 1,093,515 1,199,618 1,248,327 1,256,352 1,279,062 New Jersey 6,386,168 6,593,966 6,547,895 6,531,416 6,510,842 New Mexico 1,336,983 1,555,012 1,726,673 1,768,643 1,854,023 New York 14,159,914 14,162,802 13,902,374 13,863,986 13,748,691 North Carolina 5,058,613 6,019,940 6,912,155 7,142,030 7,600,635 North Dakota 605,655 596,394 610,733 620,600 627,271 Ohio 9,588,185 9,752,216 9,660,815 9,637,539 9,596,788 Oklahoma 2,619,987 2,721,397 2,855,286 2,897,969 2,961,297 Oregon 2,700,987 3,132,686 3,407,174 3,481,059 3,615,206 Pennsylvania 10,636,478 10,670,718 10,671,010 10,673,093 10,673,224 Rhode Island 939,017 943,392 909,810 901,247 886,669 South Carolina 2,423,347 2,745,477 3,170,284 3,282,714 3,502,429 South Dakota 640,530 674,595 708,528 719,967 736,048 Tennessee 4,069,981 4,635,849 5,062,867 5,171,648 5,380,923 Texas 14,596,281 17,525,167 20,474,158 21,359,490 22,909,161 Utah 1,659,462 2,109,989 2,556,491 2,680,124 2,922,164 Vermont 558,134 592,031 598,524 599,309 602,258 Virginia 4,864,381 5,291,975 5,737,041 5,857,399 6,074,252 Washington 4,441,089 5,089,730 5,546,062 5,685,561 5,909,640 West Virginia 1,727,452 1,721,633 1,747,120 1,749,798 1,761,408 Wisconsin 4,561,903 4,871,484 5,038,578 5,079,281 5,156,967 Wyoming 437,906 469,875 529,812 543,101 573,268 42

Table 30 Black Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 30,648,345 35,814,706 40,353,468 41,665,907 44,111,217 Alabama 1,024,198 1,161,454 1,262,803 1,290,568 1,338,985 Alaska 22,665 22,843 24,539 26,214 27,054 Arizona 115,796 170,022 281,702 317,212 396,391 Arkansas 375,370 421,693 455,458 463,986 479,989 California 2,322,371 2,384,908 2,489,825 2,523,846 2,572,123 Colorado 136,626 174,461 216,389 230,069 252,969 Connecticut 283,440 335,609 392,736 407,181 436,368 Delaware 114,248 154,406 196,802 207,390 230,790 District of Columbia 400,254 349,214 312,157 306,989 292,214 Florida 1,794,796 2,439,447 3,084,430 3,274,467 3,631,049 Georgia 1,763,068 2,384,774 3,003,001 3,170,895 3,509,862 Hawaii 27,844 22,938 22,342 27,316 27,002 Idaho 3,330 5,929 10,978 13,539 17,772 Illinois 1,711,998 1,904,071 1,906,312 1,906,125 1,907,111 Indiana 435,339 518,311 605,242 627,503 671,850 Iowa 48,262 63,677 92,018 100,337 118,023 Kansas 144,681 157,776 174,068 179,301 187,229 Kentucky 264,471 299,914 343,693 358,176 380,324 Louisiana 1,302,816 1,459,999 1,468,824 1,483,577 1,487,516 Maine 5,111 7,231 16,265 19,394 27,753 Maryland 1,203,347 1,504,746 1,736,185 1,793,784 1,910,433 Massachusetts 328,341 408,355 505,919 531,839 584,482 Michigan 1,302,647 1,429,866 1,416,832 1,414,797 1,409,108 Minnesota 96,863 181,181 281,488 309,448 375,838 Mississippi 918,137 1,037,743 1,104,879 1,124,196 1,155,648 Missouri 551,614 637,132 701,817 716,044 747,184 Montana 2,200 2,797 4,237 5,812 6,980 Nebraska 57,861 70,299 86,280 90,326 98,856 Nevada 81,467 141,698 231,485 255,128 316,826 New Hampshire 7,350 9,980 16,397 18,837 23,451 New Jersey 1,080,360 1,214,799 1,283,966 1,301,923 1,334,045 New Mexico 31,537 38,255 49,177 54,191 60,532 New York 3,075,556 3,352,839 3,384,498 3,406,387 3,420,503 North Carolina 1,471,373 1,761,665 2,095,614 2,187,104 2,360,883 North Dakota 3,366 4,167 8,319 10,279 13,951 Ohio 1,163,105 1,321,574 1,429,304 1,452,850 1,503,842 Oklahoma 236,142 264,137 285,317 294,073 304,229 Oregon 47,386 58,647 74,613 79,682 88,600 Pennsylvania 1,110,238 1,261,602 1,435,785 1,476,922 1,563,473 Rhode Island 43,674 60,320 75,203 78,554 86,570 South Carolina 1,046,915 1,194,520 1,307,306 1,336,137 1,390,276 South Dakota 3,090 4,985 10,578 13,162 18,354 Tennessee 782,830 941,527 1,071,133 1,107,785 1,172,517 Texas 2,055,356 2,461,903 3,081,413 3,265,371 3,604,796 Utah 12,085 19,465 34,058 39,383 50,415 Vermont 1,890 3,251 6,463 7,696 10,426 Virginia 1,174,876 1,416,671 1,585,142 1,631,825 1,714,588 Washington 154,374 199,718 253,575 273,356 303,681 West Virginia 56,068 57,767 64,114 67,045 70,193 Wisconsin 248,027 310,480 367,623 381,569 411,044 Wyoming 3,586 3,940 5,164 6,318 7,118 Selig Center for Economic Growth 43

Table 31 American Indian Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 2,058,726 2,684,491 3,754,693 3,930,784 4,240,553 Alabama 16,224 23,262 32,995 34,300 36,940 Alaska 87,214 98,931 106,948 108,201 109,991 Arizona 215,940 268,184 336,358 346,146 363,122 Arkansas 12,356 18,311 26,245 28,437 30,694 California 290,666 407,152 625,072 660,507 723,537 Colorado 31,030 50,135 78,711 83,827 92,270 Connecticut 6,996 10,891 16,781 17,733 19,441 Delaware 2,064 3,071 5,947 6,416 7,391 District of Columbia 1,547 1,974 3,271 3,550 3,953 Florida 37,187 59,690 89,479 96,597 105,274 Georgia 12,817 24,509 48,842 53,163 61,626 Hawaii 5,407 3,684 4,955 5,983 6,371 Idaho 14,568 18,599 25,898 27,217 29,196 Illinois 23,384 37,313 74,149 79,683 92,310 Indiana 12,202 16,850 24,577 25,754 27,903 Iowa 6,921 9,540 13,621 14,474 15,610 Kansas 22,457 26,173 33,198 34,471 36,249 Kentucky 4,907 9,008 12,128 12,873 13,710 Louisiana 18,276 26,224 33,161 34,308 36,054 Maine 5,950 7,226 8,768 9,015 9,391 Maryland 13,149 17,161 31,028 33,087 37,549 Massachusetts 12,952 17,822 30,091 31,854 35,617 Michigan 57,434 60,595 68,528 69,588 71,416 Minnesota 50,315 56,350 67,536 69,466 72,173 Mississippi 7,898 11,964 16,887 17,748 19,094 Missouri 19,470 25,897 30,715 31,727 32,890 Montana 47,757 56,528 63,600 64,710 66,337 Nebraska 12,211 15,767 23,500 24,687 26,871 Nevada 21,280 28,597 43,048 45,724 49,876 New Hampshire 2,082 3,088 3,534 3,710 3,817 New Jersey 15,899 24,509 50,137 54,279 63,280 New Mexico 138,011 178,825 209,232 213,307 220,492 New York 66,723 103,311 183,816 194,515 219,980 North Carolina 80,627 103,736 148,142 154,111 166,214 North Dakota 25,507 31,455 37,091 38,057 39,404 Ohio 20,327 25,652 29,785 30,653 31,634 Oklahoma 258,246 276,836 336,611 343,699 358,187 Oregon 40,743 47,926 67,061 70,434 75,634 Pennsylvania 14,940 20,164 39,937 42,858 49,614 Rhode Island 4,207 5,994 9,196 9,565 10,476 South Carolina 8,182 14,589 24,776 26,112 29,234 South Dakota 50,595 62,763 73,062 74,231 76,648 Tennessee 9,587 16,125 26,345 27,964 31,047 Texas 71,086 140,047 252,981 276,955 314,245 Utah 25,315 31,370 40,976 43,126 45,635 Vermont 1,588 2,490 2,322 2,357 2,323 Virginia 14,835 23,233 41,745 44,780 50,750 Washington 87,942 97,315 123,150 127,392 133,894 West Virginia 1,944 3,672 3,985 4,114 4,186 Wisconsin 40,255 48,554 60,270 62,244 65,153 Wyoming 9,506 11,429 14,502 15,075 15,853 44

Table 32 Asian Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 7,549,082 11,173,178 15,922,304 17,190,730 19,760,118 Alabama 21,869 34,152 60,878 68,075 84,684 Alaska 20,135 29,497 46,944 51,702 61,606 Arizona 59,175 108,016 205,729 233,143 297,431 Arkansas 12,249 23,086 44,462 51,210 65,608 California 2,992,240 3,994,168 5,242,504 5,550,403 6,148,463 Colorado 62,147 105,800 154,588 168,122 193,943 Connecticut 52,382 89,128 144,568 159,201 191,068 Delaware 9,282 17,257 30,187 33,927 41,903 District of Columbia 11,686 16,317 22,616 25,082 28,363 Florida 159,135 293,663 496,014 556,032 677,675 Georgia 77,339 186,698 336,073 378,159 472,178 Hawaii 702,805 629,428 672,795 674,972 692,064 Idaho 9,335 14,030 23,002 25,759 31,041 Illinois 295,654 447,626 615,751 657,319 741,167 Indiana 37,989 64,124 110,568 123,572 151,791 Iowa 25,083 39,178 57,369 62,894 72,614 Kansas 32,012 50,459 73,236 79,105 91,024 Kentucky 17,534 32,496 53,869 59,937 72,531 Louisiana 41,254 58,019 75,268 80,469 88,747 Maine 6,650 9,841 14,209 15,506 17,807 Maryland 143,408 221,533 333,876 365,144 426,195 Massachusetts 147,717 253,669 367,349 399,055 458,790 Michigan 107,067 186,058 248,932 266,257 297,088 Minnesota 79,211 149,713 221,905 242,471 281,231 Mississippi 12,546 19,999 28,434 31,271 35,703 Missouri 41,583 67,319 108,254 118,632 141,914 Montana 3,835 5,371 7,259 8,006 8,967 Nebraska 12,295 23,828 35,719 39,253 45,723 Nevada 40,451 104,907 223,710 255,890 340,829 New Hampshire 9,437 16,967 29,619 33,050 40,789 New Jersey 280,536 505,611 756,982 822,826 957,994 New Mexico 15,043 23,453 34,565 37,850 43,806 New York 718,591 1,132,653 1,511,815 1,610,841 1,795,755 North Carolina 53,403 124,685 227,697 258,815 324,937 North Dakota 3,157 3,985 7,460 8,524 10,803 Ohio 92,545 140,369 203,033 219,367 252,091 Oklahoma 34,450 51,250 73,524 79,697 91,302 Oregon 71,259 113,888 161,058 174,231 198,521 Pennsylvania 141,643 232,527 367,543 402,879 478,807 Rhode Island 19,097 26,757 33,475 35,206 38,301 South Carolina 22,711 39,475 65,661 73,789 89,410 South Dakota 2,886 4,779 8,382 9,688 11,978 Tennessee 32,094 61,548 100,040 110,946 133,259 Texas 334,032 615,076 1,038,564 1,160,780 1,414,548 Utah 34,361 55,409 84,951 93,836 110,239 Vermont 3,186 5,611 8,351 9,207 10,695 Virginia 162,792 276,219 460,819 513,085 622,403 Washington 219,638 360,114 538,502 588,013 684,297 West Virginia 7,084 10,156 13,357 14,578 16,161 Wisconsin 54,377 94,007 135,617 147,036 168,802 Wyoming 2,692 3,259 5,221 5,922 7,075 Selig Center for Economic Growth 45

Table 33 Multiracial Population Statistics for the and States, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 3,959,557 7,043,236 7,961,120 9,954,414 Alabama 36,430 64,825 73,364 91,203 Alaska 30,186 49,672 54,725 66,039 Arizona 71,903 154,073 179,715 239,811 Arkansas 29,055 49,564 56,462 69,074 California 780,384 1,298,876 1,446,391 1,753,000 Colorado 72,169 133,835 153,215 193,487 Connecticut 39,794 70,879 79,457 98,813 Delaware 9,095 20,062 23,137 31,217 District of Columbia 7,400 14,475 16,942 21,834 Florida 170,342 334,945 387,253 500,074 Georgia 74,333 167,811 199,183 271,142 Hawaii 245,826 315,448 327,477 359,682 Idaho 16,843 32,268 37,545 48,005 Illinois 118,377 212,566 239,920 299,290 Indiana 56,811 108,589 123,243 157,440 Iowa 23,373 45,400 52,137 67,013 Kansas 41,440 74,046 83,170 103,556 Kentucky 34,837 67,549 76,589 98,376 Louisiana 33,547 60,737 69,611 87,109 Maine 10,704 19,506 22,005 27,604 Maryland 69,139 138,779 158,967 206,900 Massachusetts 71,118 123,631 139,928 172,416 Michigan 132,233 204,955 224,673 265,038 Minnesota 62,335 112,336 126,901 158,520 Mississippi 15,934 30,095 35,052 44,575 Missouri 65,861 113,438 126,591 155,434 Montana 13,618 23,318 26,195 32,092 Nebraska 16,673 32,682 37,673 48,591 Nevada 45,601 97,653 113,442 151,340 New Hampshire 10,229 18,930 21,407 27,012 New Jersey 91,736 160,613 181,626 224,401 New Mexico 25,659 46,266 53,104 66,349 New York 250,175 412,703 460,048 555,688 North Carolina 71,588 176,626 209,772 295,436 North Dakota 6,022 11,026 12,710 15,973 Ohio 123,732 215,031 239,538 295,119 Oklahoma 140,745 209,446 228,102 264,965 Oregon 76,561 128,426 143,652 174,619 Pennsylvania 99,162 203,447 233,873 306,944 Rhode Island 13,805 24,844 27,686 34,566 South Carolina 30,162 69,079 81,774 111,931 South Dakota 8,722 16,048 18,357 23,113 Tennessee 48,670 97,051 111,328 144,533 Texas 202,306 406,350 478,688 623,183 Utah 28,269 59,003 69,734 92,123 Vermont 6,235 10,249 11,253 13,574 Virginia 97,719 199,206 229,868 300,951 Washington 163,635 281,661 316,232 388,190 West Virginia 13,793 25,792 28,898 36,609 Wisconsin 49,474 89,571 101,287 126,746 Wyoming 5,797 9,855 11,224 13,713 46

Table 34 Hispanic Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 22,572,838 35,661,885 50,790,485 55,010,588 63,342,454 Alabama 24,107 77,016 186,703 221,728 310,175 Alaska 17,228 25,963 39,594 44,880 52,619 Arizona 697,660 1,309,389 1,907,866 2,063,070 2,377,416 Arkansas 19,208 87,804 187,306 218,786 291,448 California 7,779,607 11,054,553 14,083,086 14,892,252 16,312,216 Colorado 429,571 745,292 1,046,656 1,126,752 1,280,460 Connecticut 214,806 323,852 481,607 524,761 609,410 Delaware 16,031 37,834 73,672 84,228 108,364 District of Columbia 32,878 45,266 55,266 60,534 65,251 Florida 1,597,237 2,717,081 4,251,095 4,659,745 5,516,535 Georgia 109,286 441,576 859,549 986,545 1,269,066 Hawaii 81,378 87,989 121,504 132,714 149,861 Idaho 52,914 103,038 177,143 197,605 242,459 Illinois 911,704 1,544,165 2,038,087 2,168,412 2,407,112 Indiana 98,601 217,326 392,238 441,478 551,793 Iowa 31,923 83,414 152,578 173,112 217,474 Kansas 93,332 190,633 302,200 332,221 395,268 Kentucky 21,180 60,730 133,649 156,146 210,495 Louisiana 92,013 108,997 194,385 220,703 274,601 Maine 6,597 9,421 17,019 19,637 24,552 Maryland 126,350 231,155 473,760 547,007 717,628 Massachusetts 289,315 433,611 631,691 688,578 793,444 Michigan 202,246 327,050 438,914 468,201 523,022 Minnesota 53,704 145,301 251,815 281,750 346,759 Mississippi 14,801 40,032 82,010 95,447 125,197 Missouri 60,949 119,859 213,790 241,359 300,319 Montana 11,520 18,191 28,771 32,686 38,855 Nebraska 36,465 95,505 168,574 190,156 235,667 Nevada 127,751 400,260 719,737 805,564 1,005,440 New Hampshire 11,286 20,697 36,912 42,082 52,359 New Jersey 754,012 1,128,903 1,563,908 1,681,227 1,900,748 New Mexico 584,566 769,988 959,411 1,005,779 1,092,499 New York 2,230,090 2,894,316 3,436,617 3,586,543 3,825,651 North Carolina 77,118 385,209 805,794 930,790 1,230,679 North Dakota 4,174 7,834 13,613 16,651 20,514 Ohio 139,402 219,498 356,816 395,045 474,518 Oklahoma 85,463 181,095 334,416 381,386 480,857 Oregon 114,212 278,259 452,737 501,593 602,703 Pennsylvania 233,727 398,374 724,736 821,453 1,029,824 Rhode Island 46,250 91,654 131,268 142,206 162,810 South Carolina 30,367 96,470 237,190 281,572 396,028 South Dakota 4,617 10,995 22,297 26,732 34,929 Tennessee 32,411 125,572 291,907 344,459 474,184 Texas 4,380,366 6,739,868 9,532,865 10,316,586 11,755,573 Utah 85,534 204,356 361,583 406,483 504,233 Vermont 3,512 5,556 9,288 10,555 12,813 Virginia 160,703 334,268 636,559 728,316 929,093 Washington 217,833 446,953 761,069 855,092 1,045,371 West Virginia 7,775 12,347 22,419 26,154 32,765 Wisconsin 93,534 195,371 338,216 378,362 465,469 Wyoming 25,524 31,999 50,599 55,464 65,927 Selig Center for Economic Growth 47

Table 35 Non-Hispanic Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area 1990 2000 2010 2013 2018 United States 227,049,976 246,500,526 258,539,734 261,892,715 267,861,993 Alabama 4,025,948 4,375,157 4,598,698 4,643,722 4,719,599 Alaska 536,062 602,000 674,552 693,887 729,381 Arizona 2,986,437 3,851,197 4,505,292 4,674,372 5,057,117 Arkansas 2,337,378 2,590,784 2,734,282 2,765,528 2,814,877 California 22,179,908 22,933,424 23,255,112 23,406,987 23,599,085 Colorado 2,878,047 3,581,629 4,001,036 4,130,828 4,350,744 Connecticut 3,077,161 3,087,925 3,093,891 3,088,107 3,091,977 Delaware 653,536 748,539 826,120 845,658 883,316 District of Columbia 572,443 526,780 549,646 566,276 587,653 Florida 11,436,070 13,330,434 14,587,518 14,955,592 15,587,985 Georgia 6,403,316 7,785,727 8,852,608 9,128,621 9,657,531 Hawaii 1,032,113 1,125,530 1,241,855 1,268,044 1,318,770 Idaho 959,470 1,196,392 1,393,959 1,442,012 1,543,529 Illinois 10,541,612 10,889,996 10,803,893 10,776,217 10,742,752 Indiana 5,459,197 5,874,540 6,098,384 6,152,404 6,247,070 Iowa 2,749,095 2,845,653 2,897,624 2,913,267 2,934,536 Kansas 2,388,017 2,503,048 2,556,943 2,570,064 2,589,432 Kentucky 3,672,868 3,988,291 4,213,574 4,270,458 4,366,839 Louisiana 4,129,519 4,362,888 4,350,958 4,367,844 4,351,421 Maine 1,225,122 1,267,651 1,310,360 1,318,868 1,342,765 Maryland 4,673,420 5,079,879 5,311,921 5,373,988 5,455,131 Massachusetts 5,733,324 5,927,493 5,923,775 5,938,323 5,945,758 Michigan 9,109,073 9,625,400 9,438,229 9,395,783 9,317,967 Minnesota 4,336,153 4,788,391 5,058,843 5,138,462 5,279,534 Mississippi 2,564,096 2,808,321 2,888,062 2,905,654 2,934,992 Missouri 5,067,931 5,487,426 5,781,925 5,842,756 5,976,563 Montana 788,684 885,582 962,187 981,670 1,017,721 Nebraska 1,545,195 1,618,315 1,661,567 1,674,470 1,687,416 Nevada 1,092,944 1,618,481 1,984,546 2,064,748 2,278,960 New Hampshire 1,101,098 1,219,185 1,279,895 1,291,274 1,321,771 New Jersey 7,008,951 7,301,718 7,235,685 7,210,842 7,189,815 New Mexico 937,008 1,051,216 1,106,502 1,121,315 1,152,704 New York 15,790,694 16,107,464 15,958,589 15,949,233 15,914,966 North Carolina 6,586,898 7,696,405 8,754,440 9,021,041 9,517,425 North Dakota 633,511 634,189 661,016 673,518 686,888 Ohio 10,724,760 11,144,045 11,181,152 11,184,901 11,204,956 Oklahoma 3,063,362 3,273,270 3,425,768 3,462,154 3,499,123 Oregon 2,746,163 3,151,449 3,385,595 3,447,464 3,549,878 Pennsylvania 11,669,572 11,885,799 11,992,986 12,008,172 12,042,238 Rhode Island 959,745 958,614 921,260 910,052 893,771 South Carolina 3,470,788 3,927,753 4,399,916 4,518,955 4,727,252 South Dakota 692,484 744,849 794,301 808,672 831,212 Tennessee 4,862,081 5,578,147 6,065,529 6,185,213 6,388,094 Texas 12,676,389 14,204,631 15,720,601 16,224,698 17,110,359 Utah 1,645,689 2,040,146 2,413,896 2,519,720 2,716,343 Vermont 561,286 604,062 616,621 619,267 626,462 Virginia 6,056,181 6,771,549 7,387,394 7,548,641 7,833,850 Washington 4,685,210 5,463,559 5,981,881 6,135,461 6,374,330 West Virginia 1,784,773 1,794,674 1,831,949 1,838,278 1,855,793 Wisconsin 4,811,028 5,178,628 5,353,443 5,393,055 5,463,244 Wyoming 428,166 462,301 513,955 526,176 551,100 48

Table 36 The Nation s Largest Consumer Markets in 2013 (billions of dollars) Rank Total Buying Power 1 California 1,555.0 2 Texas 1,038.0 3 New York 904.0 4 Florida 742.0 5 Illinois 521.0 6 Pennsylvania 513.0 7 New Jersey 430.0 8 Ohio 418.0 9 Virginia 354.0 10 Georgia 342.0 White Black American Indian Rank Buying Power Buying Power Buying Power 1 California 1,197.7 New York 101.0 California 18.4 2 Texas 876.3 Texas 91.7 Oklahoma 8.7 3 New York 720.5 California 76.7 Texas 8.2 4 Florida 634.5 Georgia 75.5 Arizona 5.7 5 Pennsylvania 454.7 Florida 75.3 New York 5.3 6 Illinois 439.6 Maryland 64.2 New Mexico 3.9 7 Ohio 370.8 North Carolina 50.3 Washington 3.3 8 New Jersey 340.5 Illinois 46.4 North Carolina 3.1 9 Michigan 292.0 Virginia 46.0 Florida 2.8 10 Massachusetts 286.4 New Jersey 40.5 Alaska 2.7 Asian Multiracial Hispanic Rank Buying Power Buying Power Buying Power 1 California 230.2 California 32.1 California 304.3 2 New York 66.0 New York 11.4 Texas 224.3 3 Texas 50.7 Texas 11.2 Florida 122.1 4 New Jersey 43.0 Hawaii 9.3 New York 90.9 5 Illinois 28.1 Florida 8.0 Illinois 45.1 6 Hawaii 27.4 Washington 6.6 New Jersey 43.7 7 Washington 24.2 Virginia 5.2 Arizona 37.6 8 Virginia 23.4 Oklahoma 4.8 New Mexico 22.9 9 Florida 21.6 Illinois 4.6 Colorado 22.7 10 Massachusetts 18.1 New Jersey 4.3 Virginia 19.8 Selig Center for Economic Growth 49

Table 37 The Nation s Fast-Growing Consumer Markets in 2010-2013 (percent) Percentage Change Percentage Change Percentage Change in in in Rank Total Buying Power White Buying Power Black Buying Power 1 North Dakota 33.2 North Dakota 32.8 North Dakota 56.7 2 South Dakota 17.8 South Dakota 17.4 Montana 45.3 3 Texas 16.5 District of Columbia 17.2 South Dakota 40.1 4 Iowa 16.2 Hawaii 16.3 Hawaii 37.2 5 Oklahoma 15.6 Iowa 15.9 Wyoming 32.2 6 Utah 15.2 Texas 15.6 Idaho 31.5 7 District of Columbia 14.6 Oklahoma 15.1 Vermont 30.0 8 Wyoming 14.3 Utah 14.9 Maine 25.4 9 Hawaii 14.2 Wyoming 13.9 Iowa 24.0 10 Nebraska 14.2 Nebraska 13.8 New Hampshire 23.5 Percentage Change Percentage Change Percentage Change in in in Rank American Indian Buying Power Asian Buying Power Hispanic Buying Power 1 Hawaii 35.6 North Dakota 42.8 North Dakota 56.2 2 North Dakota 33.6 South Dakota 33.6 South Dakota 36.7 3 Texas 21.4 Wyoming 27.8 Iowa 29.4 4 Iowa 20.0 Arkansas 27.1 Oklahoma 28.5 5 District of Columbia 19.1 Iowa 25.5 Arkansas 27.7 6 Arkansas 18.2 Texas 25.2 Tennessee 27.5 7 Wyoming 17.4 Oklahoma 24.5 West Virginia 27.4 8 South Dakota 17.4 North Carolina 24.4 South Carolina 26.8 9 Nebraska 17.3 Nebraska 23.4 Mississippi 26.7 10 California 16.8 District of Columbia 23.3 Kentucky 26.4 50

Table 38 The Nation s Most Concentrated Consumer Markets in 2013 (percent) White Black American Indian Share of Share of Share of Rank Total Buying Power Total Buying Power Total Buying Power 1 Maine 97.4 District of Columbia 26.3 Alaska 8.2 2 Vermont 97.4 Mississippi 23.6 Oklahoma 6.1 3 Idaho 95.8 Maryland 23.1 New Mexico 5.5 4 Wyoming 95.8 Georgia 22.1 South Dakota 3.5 5 Iowa 95.7 Louisiana 19.8 Montana 3.3 6 New Hampshire 95.6 South Carolina 17.7 North Dakota 2.5 7 West Virginia 95.3 Alabama 17.4 Arizona 2.5 8 North Dakota 95.1 Delaware 15.1 Wyoming 1.6 9 Utah 94.7 North Carolina 14.8 California 1.2 10 Montana 94.5 Virginia 13.0 Nevada 1.1 Asian Multiracial Hispanic Share of Share of Share of Rank Total Buying Power Total Buying Power Total Buying Power 1 Hawaii 46.8 Hawaii 15.8 New Mexico 32.3 2 California 14.8 Alaska 3.6 Texas 21.6 3 New Jersey 10.0 Oklahoma 3.4 California 19.6 4 Nevada 8.7 Washington 2.2 Arizona 16.7 5 Washington 8.1 Nevada 2.1 Florida 16.5 6 New York 7.3 District of Columbia 2.1 Nevada 15.6 7 Virginia 6.6 California 2.1 Colorado 10.5 8 Maryland 6.4 Oregon 1.9 New Jersey 10.2 9 Massachusetts 5.6 New Mexico 1.5 New York 10.1 10 Illinois 5.4 Virginia 1.5 Illinois 8.7 Selig Center for Economic Growth 51

Table 39 States Ranked by the Dollar Value of Buying Power, by Race and Hispanic Origin, in 2013 American Area Total White Black Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic Alabama 25 26 15 28 33 30 32 Alaska 49 48 42 10 38 31 44 Arizona 18 18 27 4 17 19 7 Arkansas 32 33 24 34 36 33 33 California 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 Colorado 21 20 32 12 21 18 9 Connecticut 23 23 22 38 20 26 18 Delaware 47 47 33 48 37 46 42 District of Columbia 43 46 23 45 35 37 38 Florida 4 4 5 9 9 5 3 Georgia 10 14 4 18 13 14 12 Hawaii 39 51 41 44 6 4 35 Idaho 41 40 47 37 45 39 37 Illinois 5 6 8 11 5 9 5 Indiana 19 16 21 36 26 25 22 Iowa 30 30 35 43 34 38 36 Kansas 31 31 34 30 29 27 28 Kentucky 27 25 25 42 31 36 39 Louisiana 24 24 12 25 27 29 27 Maine 42 41 45 46 46 47 50 Maryland 15 22 6 21 11 12 17 Massachusetts 13 10 20 27 10 16 14 Michigan 11 9 14 13 14 15 19 Minnesota 17 15 31 15 19 22 29 Mississippi 34 36 18 41 42 42 41 Missouri 20 21 19 26 23 21 30 Montana 46 43 51 22 51 43 46 Nebraska 36 35 36 39 41 40 34 Nevada 33 34 30 23 18 23 15 New Hampshire 40 39 44 49 40 44 45 New Jersey 7 8 10 17 4 10 6 New Mexico 37 37 40 6 39 34 8 New York 3 3 1 5 2 2 4 North Carolina 12 12 7 8 16 17 16 North Dakota 48 45 48 29 48 50 49 Ohio 8 7 13 31 15 13 21 Oklahoma 28 29 29 2 28 8 23 Oregon 29 27 37 14 22 20 20 Pennsylvania 6 5 11 24 12 11 13 Rhode Island 44 42 38 47 43 41 40 South Carolina 26 28 16 35 30 32 31 South Dakota 45 44 46 20 47 48 48 Tennessee 16 17 17 33 24 24 26 Texas 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 Utah 35 32 43 32 32 35 24 Vermont 51 50 50 51 50 51 51 Virginia 9 11 9 19 8 7 10 Washington 14 13 26 7 7 6 11 West Virginia 38 38 39 50 44 45 47 Wisconsin 22 19 28 16 25 28 25 Wyoming 50 49 49 40 49 49 43 52

Table 40 States Ranked by Percentage Change in Buying Power, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2010-2013 American Area Total White Black Indian Asian Hispanic Alabama 45 44 45 46 30 12 Alaska 13 13 16 50 34 16 Arizona 17 20 12 45 12 43 Arkansas 24 23 37 6 4 5 California 27 33 41 10 47 46 Colorado 14 14 22 28 42 48 Connecticut 50 50 43 41 46 42 Delaware 39 41 34 23 29 27 District of Columbia 7 3 50 5 10 34 Florida 31 36 28 18 26 41 Georgia 25 34 27 12 18 28 Hawaii 9 4 4 1 51 26 Idaho 18 16 6 36 43 36 Illinois 51 51 51 32 50 51 Indiana 30 27 32 27 11 30 Iowa 4 5 9 4 5 3 Kansas 15 15 24 21 25 32 Kentucky 28 24 29 11 15 10 Louisiana 34 32 40 30 38 19 Maine 37 31 8 42 24 22 Maryland 29 38 31 22 31 15 Massachusetts 41 43 26 19 35 40 Michigan 43 40 49 47 44 45 Minnesota 20 21 14 44 13 23 Mississippi 36 35 38 17 27 9 Missouri 40 39 46 38 37 31 Montana 12 11 2 39 23 11 Nebraska 10 10 19 9 9 14 Nevada 42 48 23 51 36 47 New Hampshire 47 45 10 20 21 24 New Jersey 48 49 47 26 45 44 New Mexico 26 25 13 43 39 49 New York 46 46 48 14 48 50 North Carolina 16 18 30 48 8 21 North Dakota 1 1 1 2 1 1 Ohio 32 29 39 24 32 29 Oklahoma 5 7 20 15 7 4 Oregon 19 19 18 33 41 33 Pennsylvania 38 37 35 13 22 17 Rhode Island 49 47 25 40 49 39 South Carolina 23 17 44 34 17 8 South Dakota 2 2 3 8 2 2 Tennessee 21 22 33 35 14 6 Texas 3 6 15 3 6 37 Utah 6 8 11 16 20 25 Vermont 33 28 7 31 28 13 Virginia 22 26 36 25 16 18 Washington 11 12 17 29 19 20 West Virginia 35 30 21 37 33 7 Wisconsin 44 42 42 49 40 38 Wyoming 8 9 5 7 3 35 Selig Center for Economic Growth 53

Table 41 States Ranked by Market Share, by Race and Hispanic Origin, in 2013 American Area White Black Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic Alabama 40 7 25 42 36 39 Alaska 38 33 1 12 2 29 Arizona 21 31 7 18 16 4 Arkansas 28 14 19 41 22 30 California 45 27 9 2 7 3 Colorado 15 34 14 22 12 7 Connecticut 27 23 44 16 32 12 Delaware 43 8 28 13 19 26 District of Columbia 50 1 27 14 6 13 Florida 31 13 38 23 20 5 Georgia 48 4 36 17 24 24 Hawaii 51 40 29 1 1 15 Idaho 3 50 12 43 17 14 Illinois 34 17 33 10 33 10 Indiana 20 24 43 34 42 32 Iowa 5 41 46 39 51 37 Kansas 19 30 18 26 15 20 Kentucky 16 25 48 37 48 44 Louisiana 46 5 22 36 41 31 Maine 1 49 35 48 47 51 Maryland 49 3 34 8 13 23 Massachusetts 26 28 45 9 28 27 Michigan 30 16 26 21 25 38 Minnesota 14 35 21 19 29 40 Mississippi 47 2 31 45 50 42 Missouri 23 20 32 31 27 41 Montana 10 51 5 51 11 45 Nebraska 11 36 23 40 39 25 Nevada 36 22 10 4 5 6 New Hampshire 6 43 47 27 40 46 New Jersey 42 15 41 3 26 8 New Mexico 22 39 3 33 9 1 New York 39 12 24 6 18 9 North Carolina 37 9 15 24 30 28 North Dakota 8 45 6 49 49 48 Ohio 25 19 50 29 34 43 Oklahoma 35 26 2 32 3 22 Oregon 18 42 13 15 8 16 Pennsylvania 24 21 49 20 43 34 Rhode Island 17 29 37 28 14 17 South Carolina 41 6 30 38 44 35 South Dakota 12 44 4 47 35 47 Tennessee 32 11 40 35 37 36 Texas 33 18 17 11 21 2 Utah 9 46 16 25 23 11 Vermont 2 48 42 50 38 49 Virginia 44 10 39 7 10 21 Washington 29 37 11 5 4 18 West Virginia 7 38 51 44 45 50 Wisconsin 13 32 20 30 46 33 Wyoming 4 47 8 46 31 19 54

Table 42 Average Annual Spending and Item Share for All Consumers, Third Quarter 2011-Second Quarter 2012 Average Spending Per Consumer Unit Share of Total Item (dollars) (percent) TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENDITURES 50,631 100.0 FOOD AT HOME FOOD AWAY FROM HOME ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services Water and other public services Household operations Housekeeping supplies Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances & misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment APPAREL & SERVICES Men and boys Women and girls Children under 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases (net outlay) Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Finance charges Maintenance, repairs Insurance Rental, leases, licenses, other Public transportation HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radios, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS & SERVICES READING EDUCATION TOBACCO PRODUCTS & SMOKING SUPPLIES MISCELLANEOUS CASH CONTRIBUTIONS PERSONAL INSURANCE & PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security 3,905 7.7 2,628 5.2 467 0.9 16,940 33.5 9,919 19.6 3,681 7.3 377 0.7 1,399 2.8 147 0.3 1,233 2.4 523 1.0 1,150 2.3 602 1.2 1,589 3.1 116 0.2 393 0.8 19 0.0 193 0.4 93 0.2 775 1.5 1,730 3.4 411 0.8 701 1.4 66 0.1 327 0.6 225 0.4 8,505 16.8 2,839 5.6 1,448 2.9 1,327 2.6 63 0.1 2,706 5.3 2,429 4.8 229 0.5 818 1.6 943 1.9 438 0.9 532 1.1 3,466 6.8 2,004 4.0 832 1.6 496 1.0 135 0.3 2,573 5.1 610 1.2 975 1.9 659 1.3 328 0.6 618 1.2 114 0.2 1,129 2.2 336 0.7 825 1.6 1,829 3.6 5,565 11.0 358 0.7 5,207 10.3 Source: Shares were calculated by the Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data obtained from the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, third quarter 2011-second quarter 2012, released March 2013. Selig Center for Economic Growth 55

Table 43 Average Annual Spending and Item Share for Black and Non-Black Consumers, Third Quarter 2011-Second Quarter 2012 Black Consumers Non-Black Consumers Average Average Difference in Spending Per Spending Per Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total (percentage Item (dollars) (percent) (dollars) (percent) points) TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOOD AT HOME FOOD AWAY FROM HOME ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services Water and other public services Household operations Housekeeping supplies Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances & misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment APPAREL & SERVICES Men and boys Women and girls Children under 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases (net outlay) Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Finance charges Maintenance, repairs Insurance Rental, leases, licenses, other Public transportation HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radios, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS & SERVICES READING EDUCATION TOBACCO PRODUCTS & SMOKING SUPPLIES MISCELLANEOUS CASH CONTRIBUTIONS PERSONAL INSURANCE & PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security 37,826 100.0 52,468 100.0 0.0 2,950 7.8 4,042 7.7 0.1 1,679 4.4 2,764 5.3-0.8 204 0.5 505 1.0-0.4 14,343 37.9 17,312 33.0 4.9 8,295 21.9 10,152 19.3 2.6 3,596 9.5 3,693 7.0 2.5 378 1.0 377 0.7 0.3 1,452 3.8 1,391 2.7 1.2 67 0.2 159 0.3-0.1 1,225 3.2 1,235 2.4 0.9 474 1.3 531 1.0 0.2 827 2.2 1,197 2.3-0.1 454 1.2 623 1.2 0.0 1,172 3.1 1,648 3.1-0.0 69 0.2 122 0.2-0.1 360 1.0 398 0.8 0.2 8 0.0 20 0.0-0.0 133 0.4 201 0.4-0.0 47 0.1 99 0.2-0.1 555 1.5 807 1.5-0.1 1,636 4.3 1,744 3.3 1.0 361 1.0 418 0.8 0.2 588 1.6 718 1.4 0.2 60 0.2 66 0.1 0.0 432 1.1 312 0.6 0.5 192 0.5 230 0.4 0.1 6,335 16.7 8,817 16.8-0.1 1,917 5.1 2,971 5.7-0.6 862 2.3 1,532 2.9-0.6 1,006 2.7 1,373 2.6 0.0 49 0.1 65 0.1 0.0 2,230 5.9 2,775 5.3 0.6 1,912 5.1 2,503 4.8 0.3 202 0.5 233 0.4 0.1 582 1.5 852 1.6-0.1 848 2.2 957 1.8 0.4 281 0.7 461 0.9-0.1 276 0.7 568 1.1-0.4 1,991 5.3 3,678 7.0-1.7 1,344 3.6 2,098 4.0-0.4 314 0.8 906 1.7-0.9 279 0.7 527 1.0-0.3 55 0.1 147 0.3-0.1 1,531 4.0 2,722 5.2-1.1 230 0.6 665 1.3-0.7 980 2.6 975 1.9 0.7 225 0.6 721 1.4-0.8 96 0.3 361 0.7-0.4 546 1.4 628 1.2 0.2 45 0.1 124 0.2-0.1 509 1.3 1,218 2.3-1.0 260 0.7 347 0.7 0.0 570 1.5 861 1.6-0.1 1,365 3.6 1,896 3.6 0.0 3,861 10.2 5,810 11.1-0.9 316 0.8 364 0.7 0.1 3,545 9.4 5,446 10.4-1.0 Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, third quarter 2011-second quarter 2012. 56

Table 44 Average Annual Spending and Item Share for Asian and All Consumers, Third Quarter 2011-Second Quarter 2012 Asian Consumers All Consumers Average Average Difference in Spending Per Spending Per Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total (percentage Item (dollars) (percent) (dollars) (percent) points) TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOOD AT HOME FOOD AWAY FROM HOME ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services Water and other public services Household operations Housekeeping supplies Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances & misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment APPAREL & SERVICES Men and boys Women and girls Children under 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases (net outlay) Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Finance charges Maintenance, repairs Insurance Rental, leases, licenses, other Public transportation HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radios, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS & SERVICES READING EDUCATION TOBACCO PRODUCTS & SMOKING SUPPLIES MISCELLANEOUS CASH CONTRIBUTIONS PERSONAL INSURANCE & PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security 61,098 100.0 50,631 100.0 0.0 4,764 7.8 3,905 7.7 0.1 3,752 6.1 2,628 5.2 1.0 316 0.5 467 0.9-0.4 21,121 34.6 16,940 33.5 1.1 14,282 23.4 9,919 19.6 3.8 3,377 5.5 3,681 7.3-1.7 428 0.7 377 0.7-0.0 1,076 1.8 1,399 2.8-1.0 60 0.1 147 0.3-0.2 1,252 2.0 1,233 2.4-0.4 561 0.9 523 1.0-0.1 1,536 2.5 1,150 2.3 0.2 461 0.8 602 1.2-0.4 1,464 2.4 1,589 3.1-0.7 95 0.2 116 0.2-0.1 420 0.7 393 0.8-0.1 9 0.0 19 0.0-0.0 180 0.3 193 0.4-0.1 95 0.2 93 0.2-0.0 665 1.1 775 1.5-0.4 2,552 4.2 1,730 3.4 0.8 622 1.0 411 0.8 0.2 1,012 1.7 701 1.4 0.3 71 0.1 66 0.1-0.0 473 0.8 327 0.6 0.1 375 0.6 225 0.4 0.2 9,968 16.3 8,505 16.8-0.5 3,506 5.7 2,839 5.6 0.1 2,448 4.0 1,448 2.9 1.1 1,051 1.7 1,327 2.6-0.9 7 0.0 63 0.1-0.1 2,523 4.1 2,706 5.3-1.2 2,610 4.3 2,429 4.8-0.5 213 0.3 229 0.5-0.1 812 1.3 818 1.6-0.3 1,013 1.7 943 1.9-0.2 572 0.9 438 0.9 0.1 1,329 2.2 532 1.1 1.1 3,278 5.4 3,466 6.8-1.5 2,044 3.3 2,004 4.0-0.6 800 1.3 832 1.6-0.3 334 0.5 496 1.0-0.4 100 0.2 135 0.3-0.1 2,174 3.6 2,573 5.1-1.5 844 1.4 610 1.2 0.2 770 1.3 975 1.9-0.7 240 0.4 659 1.3-0.9 320 0.5 328 0.6-0.1 579 0.9 618 1.2-0.3 91 0.1 114 0.2-0.1 2,381 3.9 1,129 2.2 1.7 163 0.3 336 0.7-0.4 647 1.1 825 1.6-0.6 1,331 2.2 1,829 3.6-1.4 7,981 13.1 5,565 11.0 2.1 403 0.7 358 0.7-0.0 7,578 12.4 5,207 10.3 2.1 Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, third quarter 2011-second quarter 2012. Selig Center for Economic Growth 57

Table 45 Average Annual Spending and Item Share for Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Consumers, Third Quarter 2011-Second Quarter 2012 Hispanic Consumers Non-Hispanic Consumers Average Average Difference in Spending Per Spending Per Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total (percentage Item (dollars) (percent) (dollars) (percent) points) TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOOD AT HOME FOOD AWAY FROM HOME ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services Water and other public services Household operations Housekeeping supplies Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances & misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment APPAREL & SERVICES Men and boys Women and girls Children under 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases (net outlay) Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Finance charges Maintenance, repairs Insurance Rental, leases, licenses, other Public transportation HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radios, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS & SERVICES READING EDUCATION TOBACCO PRODUCTS & SMOKING SUPPLIES MISCELLANEOUS CASH CONTRIBUTIONS PERSONAL INSURANCE & PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security 42,443 100.0 51,820 100.0 0.0 4,056 9.6 3,884 7.5 2.1 2,589 6.1 2,634 5.1 1.0 334 0.8 485 0.9-0.1 15,450 36.4 17,155 33.1 3.3 9,634 22.7 9,960 19.2 3.5 3,425 8.1 3,718 7.2 0.9 316 0.7 386 0.7-0.0 1,257 3.0 1,420 2.7 0.2 43 0.1 162 0.3-0.2 1,297 3.1 1,224 2.4 0.7 512 1.2 525 1.0 0.2 734 1.7 1,211 2.3-0.6 547 1.3 609 1.2 0.1 1,110 2.6 1,657 3.2-0.6 100 0.2 118 0.2 0.0 292 0.7 408 0.8-0.1 5 0.0 20 0.0-0.0 132 0.3 202 0.4-0.1 71 0.2 96 0.2-0.0 508 1.2 813 1.6-0.4 2,180 5.1 1,668 3.2 1.9 553 1.3 391 0.8 0.5 783 1.8 690 1.3 0.5 99 0.2 61 0.1 0.1 483 1.1 306 0.6 0.5 261 0.6 220 0.4 0.2 7,710 18.2 8,621 16.6 1.5 2,340 5.5 2,911 5.6-0.1 963 2.3 1,519 2.9-0.7 1,354 3.2 1,323 2.6 0.6 23 0.1 69 0.1-0.1 2,748 6.5 2,700 5.2 1.3 2,200 5.2 2,462 4.8 0.4 200 0.5 233 0.4 0.0 657 1.5 842 1.6-0.1 953 2.2 942 1.8 0.4 391 0.9 445 0.9 0.1 421 1.0 548 1.1-0.1 1,845 4.3 3,702 7.1-2.8 1,005 2.4 2,149 4.1-1.8 498 1.2 881 1.7-0.5 258 0.6 530 1.0-0.4 83 0.2 143 0.3-0.1 1,710 4.0 2,696 5.2-1.2 326 0.8 651 1.3-0.5 803 1.9 1,001 1.9-0.0 419 1.0 692 1.3-0.3 161 0.4 352 0.7-0.3 557 1.3 627 1.2 0.1 43 0.1 125 0.2-0.1 562 1.3 1,211 2.3-1.0 150 0.4 363 0.7-0.3 559 1.3 863 1.7-0.3 764 1.8 1,984 3.8-2.0 3,937 9.3 5,802 11.2-1.9 115 0.3 393 0.8-0.5 3,822 9.0 5,409 10.4-1.4 Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, third quarter 2011-second quarter 2012. 58

Buying Power by Race and Hispanic Origin, United States, 2013 (billions of dollars) Buying Power by Race and Hispanic Origin, United States, 1990-2018, Selected Years (trillions of dollars) Selig Center for Economic Growth 59

Projected Change in Buying Power, by Race and Hispanic Origin, United States, 2010-2013 Projected Change in Buying Power, by Race and Hispanic Origin, United States, 2013-2018 60

Total Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) Selig Center for Economic Growth 61

White Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) 62

Black Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollats) Selig Center for Economic Growth 63

American Indian Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) 64

Asian Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) Selig Center for Economic Growth 65

Multiracial Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) 66

Hispanic Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) Selig Center for Economic Growth 67

68

Part 2 MULTICULTURAL ECONOMY State Statistics

ALABAMA Alabama Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Alabama State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 163,041,468 25 White 10,376,652,411 129,932,358 26 Black 1,070,926,059 28,300,006 15 American Indian 96,112,351 903,574 28 Asian 712,805,021 2,528,504 33 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,377,025 30 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 4,018,675 32 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 159,022,793 25 Alabama Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Alabama State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 148,762,222 25 White 9,348,810,060 119,109,343 25 Black 951,491,757 25,607,388 15 American Indian 83,193,037 804,647 27 Asian 599,262,629 2,095,005 33 Multiracial 132,118,517 1,145,840 29 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 3,195,389 32 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 145,566,833 25 70

Alabama Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank ALABAMA Alabama Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 9.6 45 White 11.0 9.1 44 Black 12.6 10.5 45 American Indian 15.5 12.3 46 Asian 18.9 20.7 30 Multiracial 22.1 20.2 39 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 25.8 12 Non Hispanic 11.1 9.2 45 Alabama Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Alabama Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 80.1 79.7 Black 8.6 8.6 17.2 17.4 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.6 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.4 1.6 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.8 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 2.1 2.5 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 97.9 97.5 Selig Center for Economic Growth 71

ALASKA Alaska Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Alaska State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 32,444,465 49 White 10,376,652,411 26,048,443 48 Black 1,070,926,059 1,022,595 42 American Indian 96,112,351 2,663,928 10 Asian 712,805,021 1,542,885 38 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,166,614 31 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 1,330,425 44 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 31,114,040 49 Alaska Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Alaska State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 28,684,947 48 White 9,348,810,060 23,149,990 48 Black 951,491,757 867,020 41 American Indian 83,193,037 2,402,460 10 Asian 599,262,629 1,284,000 38 Multiracial 132,118,517 981,477 31 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 1,068,370 44 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 27,616,577 48 72

Alaska Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Alaska Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 13.1 13 White 11.0 12.5 13 Black 12.6 17.9 16 American Indian 15.5 10.9 50 Asian 18.9 20.2 34 Multiracial 22.1 18.9 47 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 24.5 16 Non Hispanic 11.1 12.7 13 ALASKA Alaska Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Alaska Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 80.7 80.3 Black 8.6 8.6 3.0 3.2 American Indian 0.7 0.8 8.4 8.2 Asian 5.4 5.7 4.5 4.8 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 3.4 3.6 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 3.7 4.1 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 96.3 95.9 Selig Center for Economic Growth 73

ARIZONA Arizona Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Arizona State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 225,437,447 18 White 10,376,652,411 200,374,681 18 Black 1,070,926,059 7,844,809 27 American Indian 96,112,351 5,672,999 4 Asian 712,805,021 8,651,513 17 Multiracial 161,324,789 2,893,445 19 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 37,572,403 7 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 187,865,044 22 Arizona Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Arizona State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 200,007,855 19 White 9,348,810,060 179,114,351 19 Black 951,491,757 6,483,784 28 American Indian 83,193,037 5,051,276 4 Asian 599,262,629 7,035,919 18 Multiracial 132,118,517 2,322,525 19 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 32,051,723 7 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 167,956,132 22 74

Arizona Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Arizona Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.7 17 White 11.0 11.9 20 Black 12.6 21.0 12 American Indian 15.5 12.3 45 Asian 18.9 23.0 12 Multiracial 22.1 24.6 12 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 17.2 43 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.9 20 ARIZONA Arizona Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Arizona Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 89.6 88.9 Black 8.6 8.6 3.2 3.5 American Indian 0.7 0.8 2.5 2.5 Asian 5.4 5.7 3.5 3.8 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 16.0 16.7 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 84.0 83.3 Selig Center for Economic Growth 75

ARKANSAS Arkansas Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Arkansas State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 97,748,107 32 White 10,376,652,411 84,628,993 33 Black 1,070,926,059 9,696,319 24 American Indian 96,112,351 733,795 34 Asian 712,805,021 1,641,406 36 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,047,593 33 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 3,789,461 33 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 93,958,646 32 Arkansas Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Arkansas State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 87,189,521 33 White 9,348,810,060 75,782,077 33 Black 951,491,757 8,644,778 24 American Indian 83,193,037 620,669 34 Asian 599,262,629 1,291,920 37 Multiracial 132,118,517 850,077 33 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,966,783 34 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 84,222,738 32 76

Arkansas Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Arkansas Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.1 24 White 11.0 11.7 23 Black 12.6 12.2 37 American Indian 15.5 18.2 6 Asian 18.9 27.1 4 Multiracial 22.1 23.2 20 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 27.7 5 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.6 24 Arkansas Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Akansas Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 ARKANSAS Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 86.9 86.6 Black 8.6 8.6 9.9 9.9 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.5 1.7 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.1 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 3.4 3.9 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 96.6 96.1 Selig Center for Economic Growth 77

CALIFORNIA California Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race California State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 1,555,139,729 1 White 10,376,652,411 1,197,738,898 1 Black 1,070,926,059 76,748,854 3 American Indian 96,112,351 18,396,427 1 Asian 712,805,021 230,178,963 1 Multiracial 161,324,789 32,076,588 1 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 304,302,154 1 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 1,250,837,575 1 California Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race California State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 1,389,653,925 1 White 9,348,810,060 1,082,526,315 1 Black 951,491,757 68,786,306 3 American Indian 83,193,037 15,752,945 1 Asian 599,262,629 196,121,311 1 Multiracial 132,118,517 26,467,048 1 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 261,344,625 1 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 1,128,309,300 1 78

California Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank California Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.9 27 White 11.0 10.6 33 Black 12.6 11.6 41 American Indian 15.5 16.8 10 Asian 18.9 17.4 47 Multiracial 22.1 21.2 34 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 16.4 46 Non Hispanic 11.1 10.9 33 California Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) California Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 77.9 77.0 Black 8.6 8.6 4.9 4.9 American Indian 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.2 Asian 5.4 5.7 14.1 14.8 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.9 2.1 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 18.8 19.6 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 81.2 80.4 CALIFORNIA Selig Center for Economic Growth 79

COLORADO Colorado Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Colorado State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 216,325,597 21 White 10,376,652,411 198,743,629 20 Black 1,070,926,059 6,271,537 32 American Indian 96,112,351 1,953,652 12 Asian 712,805,021 6,342,005 21 Multiracial 161,324,789 3,014,774 18 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 22,733,668 9 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 193,591,929 21 Colorado Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Colorado State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 191,595,632 22 White 9,348,810,060 176,654,723 21 Black 951,491,757 5,465,273 31 American Indian 83,193,037 1,703,513 12 Asian 599,262,629 5,325,273 21 Multiracial 132,118,517 2,446,850 17 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 19,545,524 9 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 172,050,108 21 80

Colorado Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank COLORADO Colorado Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.9 14 White 11.0 12.5 14 Black 12.6 14.8 22 American Indian 15.5 14.7 28 Asian 18.9 19.1 42 Multiracial 22.1 23.2 21 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 16.3 48 Non Hispanic 11.1 12.5 14 Colorado Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Colorado Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 92.2 91.9 Black 8.6 8.6 2.9 2.9 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.8 2.9 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 10.2 10.5 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 89.8 89.5 Selig Center for Economic Growth 81

CONNECTICUT Connecticut Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Connecticut State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 184,130,520 23 White 10,376,652,411 162,292,832 23 Black 1,070,926,059 11,925,525 22 American Indian 96,112,351 532,254 38 Asian 712,805,021 7,736,447 20 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,643,461 26 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 12,694,812 18 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 171,435,708 23 Connecticut Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Connecticut State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 170,739,115 23 White 9,348,810,060 151,577,756 23 Black 951,491,757 10,734,075 23 American Indian 83,193,037 472,448 38 Asian 599,262,629 6,558,165 20 Multiracial 132,118,517 1,396,671 26 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 10,828,275 18 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 159,910,840 23 82

Connecticut Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Connecticut Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 7.8 50 White 11.0 7.1 50 Black 12.6 11.1 43 American Indian 15.5 12.7 41 Asian 18.9 18.0 46 Multiracial 22.1 17.7 50 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 17.2 42 Non Hispanic 11.1 7.2 50 CONNECTICUT Connecticut Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Connecticut Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 88.8 88.1 Black 8.6 8.6 6.3 6.5 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.3 Asian 5.4 5.7 3.8 4.2 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.9 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 6.3 6.9 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 93.7 93.1 Selig Center for Economic Growth 83

DELAWARE Delaware Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Delaware State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 35,204,838 47 White 10,376,652,411 27,735,586 47 Black 1,070,926,059 5,318,528 33 American Indian 96,112,351 159,144 48 Asian 712,805,021 1,601,176 37 Multiracial 161,324,789 390,404 46 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 1,663,378 42 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 33,541,460 48 Delaware Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Delaware State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 31,832,848 45 White 9,348,810,060 25,338,035 45 Black 951,491,757 4,712,010 33 American Indian 83,193,037 138,461 48 Asian 599,262,629 1,324,191 36 Multiracial 132,118,517 320,150 46 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 1,361,359 42 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 30,471,489 46 84

Delaware Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Delaware Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 10.6 39 White 11.0 9.5 41 Black 12.6 12.9 34 American Indian 15.5 14.9 23 Asian 18.9 20.9 29 Multiracial 22.1 21.9 29 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 22.2 27 Non Hispanic 11.1 10.1 39 DELAWARE Delaware Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Delaware Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 79.6 78.8 Black 8.6 8.6 14.8 15.1 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.5 Asian 5.4 5.7 4.2 4.5 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.1 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 4.3 4.7 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 95.7 95.3 Selig Center for Economic Growth 85

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA District of Columbia Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race District of Columbia State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 44,045,439 43 White 10,376,652,411 29,374,170 46 Black 1,070,926,059 11,563,326 23 American Indian 96,112,351 217,048 45 Asian 712,805,021 1,974,408 35 Multiracial 161,324,789 916,486 37 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 2,933,956 38 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 41,111,482 44 District of Columbia Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race District of Columbia State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 38,431,471 44 White 9,348,810,060 25,065,824 46 Black 951,491,757 10,864,797 22 American Indian 83,193,037 182,195 45 Asian 599,262,629 1,601,435 35 Multiracial 132,118,517 717,221 37 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,419,562 38 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 36,011,909 44 Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, June 20132. 86

District of Columbia Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank District of Columbia Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 14.6 7 White 11.0 17.2 3 Black 12.6 6.4 50 American Indian 15.5 19.1 5 Asian 18.9 23.3 10 Multiracial 22.1 27.8 5 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 21.3 34 Non Hispanic 11.1 14.2 7 District of Columbia Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) District of Columbia Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 65.2 66.7 Black 8.6 8.6 28.3 26.3 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 Asian 5.4 5.7 4.2 4.5 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.9 2.1 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 6.3 6.7 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 93.7 93.3 Selig Center for Economic Growth 87

FLORIDA Florida Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Florida State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 742,209,554 4 White 10,376,652,411 634,515,669 4 Black 1,070,926,059 75,264,275 5 American Indian 96,112,351 2,799,271 9 Asian 712,805,021 21,592,175 9 Multiracial 161,324,789 8,038,164 5 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 122,100,482 3 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 620,109,072 4 Florida Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Florida State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 666,739,664 4 White 9,348,810,060 574,065,216 4 Black 951,491,757 65,875,830 5 American Indian 83,193,037 2,418,443 9 Asian 599,262,629 17,826,172 9 Multiracial 132,118,517 6,554,003 5 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 104,002,669 3 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 562,736,995 4 88

Florida Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Florida Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.3 31 White 11.0 10.5 36 Black 12.6 14.3 28 American Indian 15.5 15.7 18 Asian 18.9 21.1 26 Multiracial 22.1 22.6 25 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 17.4 41 Non Hispanic 11.1 10.2 38 Florida Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Florida Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 86.1 85.5 Black 8.6 8.6 9.9 10.1 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.7 2.9 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.1 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 15.6 16.5 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 84.4 83.5 FLORIDA Selig Center for Economic Growth 89

GEORGIA Georgia Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Georgia State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 342,104,412 10 White 10,376,652,411 248,596,309 14 Black 1,070,926,059 75,527,248 4 American Indian 96,112,351 1,361,134 18 Asian 712,805,021 13,154,112 13 Multiracial 161,324,789 3,465,608 14 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 16,845,149 12 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 325,259,263 11 Georgia Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Georgia State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 305,560,915 11 White 9,348,810,060 224,763,878 14 Black 951,491,757 66,103,305 4 American Indian 83,193,037 1,166,849 18 Asian 599,262,629 10,762,052 13 Multiracial 132,118,517 2,764,831 15 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 13,790,908 12 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 291,770,007 11 90

Georgia Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank GEORGIA Georgia Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.0 25 White 11.0 10.6 34 Black 12.6 14.3 27 American Indian 15.5 16.7 12 Asian 18.9 22.2 18 Multiracial 22.1 25.3 9 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 22.1 28 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.5 26 Georgia Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Georgia Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 73.6 72.7 Black 8.6 8.6 21.6 22.1 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 3.5 3.8 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.0 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 4.5 4.9 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 95.5 95.1 Selig Center for Economic Growth 91

HAWAII Hawaii Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Hawaii State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 58,538,973 39 White 10,376,652,411 20,441,395 51 Black 1,070,926,059 1,153,524 41 American Indian 96,112,351 260,359 44 Asian 712,805,021 27,421,989 6 Multiracial 161,324,789 9,261,706 4 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 3,631,444 35 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 54,907,529 39 Hawaii Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Hawaii State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 51,242,625 40 White 9,348,810,060 17,572,963 51 Black 951,491,757 840,512 42 American Indian 83,193,037 192,050 44 Asian 599,262,629 24,648,580 5 Multiracial 132,118,517 7,988,520 4 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,971,389 33 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 48,271,236 39 92

Hawaii Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Hawaii Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 14.2 9 White 11.0 16.3 4 Black 12.6 37.2 4 American Indian 15.5 35.6 1 Asian 18.9 11.3 51 Multiracial 22.1 15.9 51 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 22.2 26 Non Hispanic 11.1 13.7 9 HAWAII Hawaii Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Hawaii Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 34.3 34.9 Black 8.6 8.6 1.6 2.0 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 48.1 46.8 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 15.6 15.8 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 5.8 6.2 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 94.2 93.8 Selig Center for Economic Growth 93

IDAHO Idaho Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Idaho State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 51,578,538 41 White 10,376,652,411 49,398,752 40 Black 1,070,926,059 279,327 47 American Indian 96,112,351 540,294 37 Asian 712,805,021 708,395 45 Multiracial 161,324,789 651,770 39 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 3,280,744 37 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 48,297,795 41 Idaho Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Idaho State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 45,794,153 41 White 9,348,810,060 43,991,150 40 Black 951,491,757 212,439 47 American Indian 83,193,037 474,994 37 Asian 599,262,629 594,918 45 Multiracial 132,118,517 520,652 39 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,708,411 36 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 43,085,742 42 94

Idaho Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Idaho Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.6 18 White 11.0 12.3 16 Black 12.6 31.5 6 American Indian 15.5 13.7 36 Asian 18.9 19.1 43 Multiracial 22.1 25.2 10 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 21.1 36 Non Hispanic 11.1 12.1 18 IDAHO Idaho Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Idaho Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 96.1 95.8 Black 8.6 8.6 0.5 0.5 American Indian 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.3 1.4 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 5.9 6.4 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 94.1 93.6 Selig Center for Economic Growth 95

ILLINOIS Illinois Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Illinois State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 520,893,475 5 White 10,376,652,411 439,562,934 6 Black 1,070,926,059 46,427,288 8 American Indian 96,112,351 2,206,603 11 Asian 712,805,021 28,065,861 5 Multiracial 161,324,789 4,630,789 9 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 45,144,467 5 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 475,749,008 6 Illinois Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Illinois State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 486,346,752 5 White 9,348,810,060 412,158,048 6 Black 951,491,757 43,729,475 8 American Indian 83,193,037 1,930,560 11 Asian 599,262,629 24,611,769 6 Multiracial 132,118,517 3,916,900 9 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 39,956,109 5 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 446,390,643 6 96

Illinois Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Illinois Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 7.1 51 White 11.0 6.6 51 Black 12.6 6.2 51 American Indian 15.5 14.3 32 Asian 18.9 14.0 50 Multiracial 22.1 18.2 48 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 13.0 51 Non Hispanic 11.1 6.6 51 Illinois Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Illinois Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 ILLINOIS Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 84.7 84.4 Black 8.6 8.6 9.0 8.9 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 5.1 5.4 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.9 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 8.2 8.7 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 91.8 91.3 Selig Center for Economic Growth 97

INDIANA Indiana Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Indiana State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 224,474,641 19 White 10,376,652,411 203,147,857 16 Black 1,070,926,059 14,300,962 21 American Indian 96,112,351 669,432 36 Asian 712,805,021 4,567,540 26 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,788,851 25 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 7,969,780 22 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 216,504,861 18 Indiana Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Indiana State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 201,168,997 18 White 9,348,810,060 182,771,384 17 Black 951,491,757 12,635,553 21 American Indian 83,193,037 583,501 36 Asian 599,262,629 3,714,227 26 Multiracial 132,118,517 1,464,332 25 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 6,530,097 22 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 194,638,900 19 98

Indiana Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Indiana Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.6 30 White 11.0 11.1 27 Black 12.6 13.2 32 American Indian 15.5 14.7 27 Asian 18.9 23.0 11 Multiracial 22.1 22.2 27 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 22.0 30 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.2 27 Indiana Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Indiana Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 90.9 90.5 Black 8.6 8.6 6.3 6.4 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.3 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.8 2.0 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 3.2 3.6 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 96.8 96.4 INDIANA Selig Center for Economic Growth 99

IOWA Iowa Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Iowa State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 122,803,009 30 White 10,376,652,411 117,490,259 30 Black 1,070,926,059 2,168,283 35 American Indian 96,112,351 295,497 43 Asian 712,805,021 2,165,646 34 Multiracial 161,324,789 683,325 38 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 3,393,740 36 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 119,409,270 30 Iowa Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Iowa State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 105,659,287 30 White 9,348,810,060 101,407,301 30 Black 951,491,757 1,748,211 36 American Indian 83,193,037 246,339 43 Asian 599,262,629 1,726,117 34 Multiracial 132,118,517 531,320 38 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,621,764 37 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 103,037,523 30 100

Iowa Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank IOWA Iowa Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 16.2 4 White 11.0 15.9 5 Black 12.6 24.0 9 American Indian 15.5 20.0 4 Asian 18.9 25.5 5 Multiracial 22.1 28.6 4 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 29.4 3 Non Hispanic 11.1 15.9 3 Iowa Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Iowa Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 96.0 95.7 Black 8.6 8.6 1.7 1.8 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.2 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.6 1.8 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.5 0.6 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 2.5 2.8 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 97.5 97.2 Selig Center for Economic Growth 101

KANSAS Kansas Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Kansas State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 112,827,511 31 White 10,376,652,411 102,918,517 31 Black 1,070,926,059 4,655,858 34 American Indian 96,112,351 859,128 30 Asian 712,805,021 2,910,505 29 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,483,503 27 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 6,519,542 28 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 106,307,969 31 Kansas Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Kansas State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 99,966,540 31 White 9,348,810,060 91,558,503 31 Black 951,491,757 4,065,043 34 American Indian 83,193,037 745,125 29 Asian 599,262,629 2,402,623 29 Multiracial 132,118,517 1,195,247 27 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,351,441 26 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 94,615,099 31 102

Kansas Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Kansas Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.9 15 White 11.0 12.4 15 Black 12.6 14.5 24 American Indian 15.5 15.3 21 Asian 18.9 21.1 25 Multiracial 22.1 24.1 14 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 21.8 32 Non Hispanic 11.1 12.4 15 KANSAS Kansas Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Kansas Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 91.6 91.2 Black 8.6 8.6 4.1 4.1 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.4 2.6 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 5.4 5.8 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 94.6 94.2 Selig Center for Economic Growth 103

KENTUCKY Kentucky Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Kentucky State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 144,238,104 27 White 10,376,652,411 132,314,287 25 Black 1,070,926,059 8,071,320 25 American Indian 96,112,351 326,156 42 Asian 712,805,021 2,597,237 31 Multiracial 161,324,789 929,104 36 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 2,748,768 39 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 141,489,336 27 Kentucky Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Kentucky State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 128,935,275 27 White 9,348,810,060 118,685,975 26 Black 951,491,757 7,073,397 25 American Indian 83,193,037 279,570 42 Asian 599,262,629 2,120,060 31 Multiracial 132,118,517 776,273 35 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,174,994 40 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 126,760,281 27 104

Kentucky Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Kentucky Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.9 28 White 11.0 11.5 24 Black 12.6 14.1 29 American Indian 15.5 16.7 11 Asian 18.9 22.5 15 Multiracial 22.1 19.7 40 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 26.4 10 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.6 23 KENTUCKY Kentucky Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Kentucky Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 92.1 91.7 Black 8.6 8.6 5.5 5.6 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.2 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.6 1.8 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.6 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 1.7 1.9 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 98.3 98.1 Selig Center for Economic Growth 105

LOUISIANA Louisiana Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Louisiana State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 173,573,601 24 White 10,376,652,411 133,320,076 24 Black 1,070,926,059 34,420,170 12 American Indian 96,112,351 1,025,246 25 Asian 712,805,021 3,421,749 27 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,386,359 29 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 6,601,004 27 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 166,972,597 24 Louisiana Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Louisiana State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 156,092,776 24 White 9,348,810,060 120,359,472 24 Black 951,491,757 30,843,265 12 American Indian 83,193,037 895,832 25 Asian 599,262,629 2,864,318 27 Multiracial 132,118,517 1,129,889 30 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,324,644 27 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 150,768,132 24 106

Louisiana Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Louisiana Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.2 34 White 11.0 10.8 32 Black 12.6 11.6 40 American Indian 15.5 14.4 30 Asian 18.9 19.5 38 Multiracial 22.1 22.7 23 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 24.0 19 Non Hispanic 11.1 10.7 35 Louisiana Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Louisiana Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 LOUISIANA Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 77.1 76.8 Black 8.6 8.6 19.8 19.8 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.8 2.0 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 3.4 3.8 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 96.6 96.2 Selig Center for Economic Growth 107

MAINE Maine Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Maine State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 49,354,500 42 White 10,376,652,411 48,059,744 41 Black 1,070,926,059 303,666 45 American Indian 96,112,351 198,897 46 Asian 712,805,021 469,889 46 Multiracial 161,324,789 322,303 47 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 373,866 50 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 48,980,634 40 Maine Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Maine State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 44,456,210 42 White 9,348,810,060 43,380,420 41 Black 951,491,757 242,212 45 American Indian 83,193,037 176,578 46 Asian 599,262,629 387,396 46 Multiracial 132,118,517 269,604 47 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 303,346 49 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 44,152,864 40 108

Maine Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Maine Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.0 37 White 11.0 10.8 31 Black 12.6 25.4 8 American Indian 15.5 12.6 42 Asian 18.9 21.3 24 Multiracial 22.1 19.5 42 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 23.2 22 Non Hispanic 11.1 10.9 32 Maine Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Maine Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 97.6 97.4 Black 8.6 8.6 0.5 0.6 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 0.9 1.0 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.7 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 0.7 0.8 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 99.3 99.2 MAINE Selig Center for Economic Growth 109

MARYLAND Maryland Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Maryland State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 278,290,970 15 White 10,376,652,411 191,423,956 22 Black 1,070,926,059 64,198,567 6 American Indian 96,112,351 1,158,233 21 Asian 712,805,021 17,684,332 11 Multiracial 161,324,789 3,825,882 12 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 14,307,083 17 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 263,983,886 15 Maryland Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Maryland State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 249,346,354 15 White 9,348,810,060 173,852,007 22 Black 951,491,757 56,716,764 6 American Indian 83,193,037 1,006,809 22 Asian 599,262,629 14,668,369 11 Multiracial 132,118,517 3,102,404 12 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 11,452,306 17 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 237,894,048 15 110

Maryland Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank MARYLAND Maryland Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.6 29 White 11.0 10.1 38 Black 12.6 13.2 31 American Indian 15.5 15.0 22 Asian 18.9 20.6 31 Multiracial 22.1 23.3 19 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 24.9 15 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.0 31 Maryland Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Maryland Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 69.7 68.8 Black 8.6 8.6 22.7 23.1 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 5.9 6.4 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 4.6 5.1 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 95.4 94.9 Selig Center for Economic Growth 111

MASSACHUSETTS Massachusetts Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Massachusetts State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 323,328,668 13 White 10,376,652,411 286,442,356 10 Black 1,070,926,059 14,752,906 20 American Indian 96,112,351 916,707 27 Asian 712,805,021 18,112,464 10 Multiracial 161,324,789 3,104,235 16 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 15,275,209 14 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 308,053,460 13 Massachusetts Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Massachusetts State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 293,361,409 13 White 9,348,810,060 262,031,631 10 Black 951,491,757 12,906,862 20 American Indian 83,193,037 793,494 28 Asian 599,262,629 15,078,372 10 Multiracial 132,118,517 2,551,050 16 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 12,815,077 15 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 280,546,332 13 112

Massachusetts Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Massachusetts Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 10.2 41 White 11.0 9.3 43 Black 12.6 14.3 26 American Indian 15.5 15.5 19 Asian 18.9 20.1 35 Multiracial 22.1 21.7 33 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 19.2 40 Non Hispanic 11.1 9.8 41 MASSACHUSETTS Massachusetts Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Massachusetts Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 89.3 88.6 Black 8.6 8.6 4.4 4.6 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.3 Asian 5.4 5.7 5.1 5.6 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.0 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 4.4 4.7 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 95.6 95.3 Selig Center for Economic Growth 113

MICHIGAN Michigan Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Michigan State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 339,964,713 11 White 10,376,652,411 292,038,234 9 Black 1,070,926,059 31,740,017 14 American Indian 96,112,351 1,745,435 13 Asian 712,805,021 11,028,113 14 Multiracial 161,324,789 3,412,915 15 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 9,086,398 19 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 330,878,315 10 Michigan Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Michigan State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 309,478,020 10 White 9,348,810,060 266,676,343 9 Black 951,491,757 29,062,581 14 American Indian 83,193,037 1,557,312 13 Asian 599,262,629 9,294,026 14 Multiracial 132,118,517 2,887,758 14 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 7,802,247 19 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 301,675,773 9 114

Michigan Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Michigan Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 9.9 43 White 11.0 9.5 40 Black 12.6 9.2 49 American Indian 15.5 12.1 47 Asian 18.9 18.7 44 Multiracial 22.1 18.2 49 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 16.5 45 Non Hispanic 11.1 9.7 42 MICHIGAN Michigan Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Michigan Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 86.2 85.9 Black 8.6 8.6 9.4 9.3 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 Asian 5.4 5.7 3.0 3.2 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.0 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 2.5 2.7 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 97.5 97.3 Selig Center for Economic Growth 115

MINNESOTA Minnesota Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Minnesota State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 227,290,578 17 White 10,376,652,411 209,222,578 15 Black 1,070,926,059 6,510,724 31 American Indian 96,112,351 1,410,283 15 Asian 712,805,021 8,085,162 19 Multiracial 161,324,789 2,061,830 22 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 5,519,393 29 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 221,771,186 17 Minnesota Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Minnesota State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 202,076,920 17 White 9,348,810,060 187,119,235 15 Black 951,491,757 5,430,023 32 American Indian 83,193,037 1,255,355 15 Asian 599,262,629 6,591,455 19 Multiracial 132,118,517 1,680,852 23 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 4,505,407 29 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 197,571,513 17 116

Minnesota Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Minnesota Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.5 20 White 11.0 11.8 21 Black 12.6 19.9 14 American Indian 15.5 12.3 44 Asian 18.9 22.7 13 Multiracial 22.1 22.7 24 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 22.5 23 Non Hispanic 11.1 12.2 17 Minnesota Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Minnesota Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 MINNESOTA Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 92.6 92.1 Black 8.6 8.6 2.7 2.9 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 Asian 5.4 5.7 3.3 3.6 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.9 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 2.2 2.4 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 97.8 97.6 Selig Center for Economic Growth 117

MISSISSIPPI Mississippi Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Mississippi State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 94,633,928 34 White 10,376,652,411 70,238,274 36 Black 1,070,926,059 22,343,123 18 American Indian 96,112,351 410,013 41 Asian 712,805,021 1,079,289 42 Multiracial 161,324,789 563,228 42 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 2,057,613 41 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 92,576,315 33 Mississippi Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Mississippi State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 85,147,829 34 White 9,348,810,060 63,520,518 35 Black 951,491,757 19,927,446 18 American Indian 83,193,037 354,153 40 Asian 599,262,629 891,193 43 Multiracial 132,118,517 454,518 42 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 1,623,402 41 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 83,524,427 33 118

Mississippi Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Mississippi Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.1 36 White 11.0 10.6 35 Black 12.6 12.1 38 American Indian 15.5 15.8 17 Asian 18.9 21.1 27 Multiracial 22.1 23.9 17 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 26.7 9 Non Hispanic 11.1 10.8 34 Mississippi Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Mississippi Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 74.6 74.2 Black 8.6 8.6 23.4 23.6 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.0 1.1 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.5 0.6 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 1.9 2.2 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 98.1 97.8 MISSISSIPPI Selig Center for Economic Growth 119

MISSOURI Missouri Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Missouri State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 219,867,441 20 White 10,376,652,411 194,994,027 21 Black 1,070,926,059 17,026,661 19 American Indian 96,112,351 952,192 26 Asian 712,805,021 4,696,141 23 Multiracial 161,324,789 2,198,420 21 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 5,246,256 30 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 214,621,185 19 Missouri Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Missouri State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 199,467,263 20 White 9,348,810,060 177,423,946 20 Black 951,491,757 15,429,963 19 American Indian 83,193,037 838,140 26 Asian 599,262,629 3,926,474 23 Multiracial 132,118,517 1,848,740 21 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 4,303,080 30 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 195,164,183 18 120

Missouri Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank MISSOURI Missouri Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 10.2 40 White 11.0 9.9 39 Black 12.6 10.3 46 American Indian 15.5 13.6 38 Asian 18.9 19.6 37 Multiracial 22.1 18.9 46 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 21.9 31 Non Hispanic 11.1 10.0 40 Missouri Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Missouri Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 88.9 88.7 Black 8.6 8.6 7.7 7.7 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.0 2.1 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.0 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 2.2 2.4 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 97.8 97.6 Selig Center for Economic Growth 121

MONTANA Montana Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Montana State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 35,549,520 46 White 10,376,652,411 33,599,052 43 Black 1,070,926,059 98,195 51 American Indian 96,112,351 1,156,328 22 Asian 712,805,021 200,145 51 Multiracial 161,324,789 495,800 43 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 648,677 46 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 34,900,844 46 Montana Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Montana State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 31,203,026 46 White 9,348,810,060 29,553,729 43 Black 951,491,757 67,589 51 American Indian 83,193,037 1,020,663 21 Asian 599,262,629 164,802 51 Multiracial 132,118,517 396,243 43 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 515,005 46 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 30,688,021 45 122

Montana Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Montana Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 13.9 12 White 11.0 13.7 11 Black 12.6 45.3 2 American Indian 15.5 13.3 39 Asian 18.9 21.4 23 Multiracial 22.1 25.1 11 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 26.0 11 Non Hispanic 11.1 13.7 10 MONTANA Montana Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Montana Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 94.7 94.5 Black 8.6 8.6 0.2 0.3 American Indian 0.7 0.8 3.3 3.3 Asian 5.4 5.7 0.5 0.6 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 1.7 1.8 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 98.3 98.2 Selig Center for Economic Growth 123

NEBRASKA Nebraska Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Nebraska State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 75,309,273 36 White 10,376,652,411 70,798,469 35 Black 1,070,926,059 2,126,247 36 American Indian 96,112,351 440,094 39 Asian 712,805,021 1,327,970 41 Multiracial 161,324,789 616,492 40 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 3,636,219 34 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 71,673,053 36 Nebraska Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Nebraska State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 65,961,171 36 White 9,348,810,060 62,199,209 36 Black 951,491,757 1,827,173 35 American Indian 83,193,037 375,220 39 Asian 599,262,629 1,076,245 41 Multiracial 132,118,517 483,325 41 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,903,341 35 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 63,057,830 36 124

Nebraska Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Nebraska Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 14.2 10 White 11.0 13.8 10 Black 12.6 16.4 19 American Indian 15.5 17.3 9 Asian 18.9 23.4 9 Multiracial 22.1 27.6 6 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 25.2 14 Non Hispanic 11.1 13.7 11 NEBRASKA Nebraska Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Nebraska Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 94.3 94.0 Black 8.6 8.6 2.8 2.8 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.6 1.8 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 4.4 4.8 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 95.6 95.2 Selig Center for Economic Growth 125

NEVADA Nevada Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Nevada State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 97,597,680 33 White 10,376,652,411 79,397,641 34 Black 1,070,926,059 6,527,856 30 American Indian 96,112,351 1,104,060 23 Asian 712,805,021 8,529,450 18 Multiracial 161,324,789 2,038,673 23 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 15,177,478 15 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 82,420,202 35 Nevada Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Nevada State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 88,812,909 32 White 9,348,810,060 73,302,393 34 Black 951,491,757 5,693,043 30 American Indian 83,193,037 997,034 23 Asian 599,262,629 7,113,958 17 Multiracial 132,118,517 1,706,481 22 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 13,042,572 14 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 75,770,337 35 126

Nevada Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Nevada Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 9.9 42 White 11.0 8.3 48 Black 12.6 14.7 23 American Indian 15.5 10.7 51 Asian 18.9 19.9 36 Multiracial 22.1 19.5 43 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 16.4 47 Non Hispanic 11.1 8.8 47 Nevada Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Nevada Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 NEVADA Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 82.5 81.4 Black 8.6 8.6 6.4 6.7 American Indian 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.1 Asian 5.4 5.7 8.0 8.7 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.9 2.1 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 14.7 15.6 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 85.3 84.4 Selig Center for Economic Growth 127

NEW HAMPSHIRE New Hampshire Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race New Hampshire State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 58,062,798 40 White 10,376,652,411 55,533,501 39 Black 1,070,926,059 535,556 44 American Indian 96,112,351 133,690 49 Asian 712,805,021 1,388,432 40 Multiracial 161,324,789 471,619 44 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 1,001,367 45 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 57,061,431 38 New Hampshire Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race New Hampshire State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 52,992,968 39 White 9,348,810,060 50,910,718 39 Black 951,491,757 433,511 44 American Indian 83,193,037 115,946 49 Asian 599,262,629 1,141,234 40 Multiracial 132,118,517 391,560 44 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 817,781 45 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 52,175,187 38 128

New Hampshire Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank New Hampshire Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 9.6 47 White 11.0 9.1 45 Black 12.6 23.5 10 American Indian 15.5 15.3 20 Asian 18.9 21.7 21 Multiracial 22.1 20.4 38 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 22.4 24 Non Hispanic 11.1 9.4 44 New Hampshire Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) New Hampshire Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 96.1 95.6 Black 8.6 8.6 0.8 0.9 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.2 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.2 2.4 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 1.5 1.7 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 98.5 98.3 NEW HAMPSHIRE Selig Center for Economic Growth 129

NEW JERSEY New Jersey Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race New Jersey State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 429,670,775 7 White 10,376,652,411 340,474,503 8 Black 1,070,926,059 40,520,729 10 American Indian 96,112,351 1,374,069 17 Asian 712,805,021 42,992,541 4 Multiracial 161,324,789 4,308,932 10 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 43,677,915 6 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 385,992,860 8 New Jersey Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race New Jersey State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 393,384,125 7 White 9,348,810,060 315,526,313 8 Black 951,491,757 36,827,645 10 American Indian 83,193,037 1,197,067 17 Asian 599,262,629 36,271,731 4 Multiracial 132,118,517 3,561,369 10 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 37,501,355 6 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 355,882,770 8 130

New Jersey Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank NEW JERSEY New Jersey Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 9.2 48 White 11.0 7.9 49 Black 12.6 10.0 47 American Indian 15.5 14.8 26 Asian 18.9 18.5 45 Multiracial 22.1 21.0 35 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 16.5 44 Non Hispanic 11.1 8.5 49 New Jersey Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) New Jersey Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 80.2 79.2 Black 8.6 8.6 9.4 9.4 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.3 Asian 5.4 5.7 9.2 10.0 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.0 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 9.5 10.2 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 90.5 89.8 Selig Center for Economic Growth 131

NEW MEXICO New Mexico Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race New Mexico State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 70,656,825 37 White 10,376,652,411 62,790,575 37 Black 1,070,926,059 1,519,670 40 American Indian 96,112,351 3,851,151 6 Asian 712,805,021 1,450,439 39 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,044,989 34 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 22,850,975 8 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 47,805,851 42 New Mexico Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race New Mexico State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 63,115,459 37 White 9,348,810,060 56,376,691 37 Black 951,491,757 1,260,170 40 American Indian 83,193,037 3,424,180 6 Asian 599,262,629 1,214,273 39 Multiracial 132,118,517 840,145 34 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 19,920,176 8 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 43,195,283 41 132

New Mexico Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank New Mexico Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.9 26 White 11.0 11.4 25 Black 12.6 20.6 13 American Indian 15.5 12.5 43 Asian 18.9 19.4 39 Multiracial 22.1 24.4 13 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 14.7 49 Non Hispanic 11.1 10.7 36 NEW MEXICO New Mexico Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) New Mexico Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 89.3 88.9 Black 8.6 8.6 2.0 2.2 American Indian 0.7 0.8 5.4 5.5 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.9 2.1 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 31.6 32.3 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 68.4 67.7 Selig Center for Economic Growth 133

NEW YORK New York Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race New York State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 904,092,493 3 White 10,376,652,411 720,524,074 3 Black 1,070,926,059 100,984,817 1 American Indian 96,112,351 5,250,528 5 Asian 712,805,021 65,967,343 2 Multiracial 161,324,789 11,365,731 2 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 90,907,501 4 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 813,184,992 3 New York Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race New York State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 825,049,776 3 White 9,348,810,060 662,551,689 3 Black 951,491,757 91,987,118 1 American Indian 83,193,037 4,516,359 5 Asian 599,262,629 56,569,042 2 Multiracial 132,118,517 9,425,568 2 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 79,623,648 4 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 745,426,128 2 134

New York Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank New York Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 9.6 46 White 11.0 8.7 46 Black 12.6 9.8 48 American Indian 15.5 16.3 14 Asian 18.9 16.6 48 Multiracial 22.1 20.6 37 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 14.2 50 Non Hispanic 11.1 9.1 46 NEW YORK New York Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) New York Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 80.3 79.7 Black 8.6 8.6 11.1 11.2 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.6 Asian 5.4 5.7 6.9 7.3 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 9.7 10.1 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 90.3 89.9 Selig Center for Economic Growth 135

NORTH CAROLINA North Carolina Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race North Carolina State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 339,536,093 12 White 10,376,652,411 273,662,994 12 Black 1,070,926,059 50,312,087 7 American Indian 96,112,351 3,053,840 8 Asian 712,805,021 9,427,361 16 Multiracial 161,324,789 3,079,811 17 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 14,953,750 16 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 324,582,343 12 North Carolina Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race North Carolina State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 301,232,315 12 White 9,348,810,060 244,108,057 12 Black 951,491,757 44,367,626 7 American Indian 83,193,037 2,733,732 8 Asian 599,262,629 7,577,385 16 Multiracial 132,118,517 2,445,516 18 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 12,073,795 16 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 289,158,520 12 136

North Carolina Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank North Carolina Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.7 16 White 11.0 12.1 18 Black 12.6 13.4 30 American Indian 15.5 11.7 48 Asian 18.9 24.4 8 Multiracial 22.1 25.9 8 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 23.9 21 Non Hispanic 11.1 12.3 16 North Carolina Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) North Carolina Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 NORTH CAROLINA Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 81.0 80.6 Black 8.6 8.6 14.7 14.8 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.5 2.8 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.9 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 4.0 4.4 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 96.0 95.6 Selig Center for Economic Growth 137

NORTH DAKOTA North Dakota Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race North Dakota State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 34,922,867 48 White 10,376,652,411 33,227,155 45 Black 1,070,926,059 258,829 48 American Indian 96,112,351 885,795 29 Asian 712,805,021 329,069 48 Multiracial 161,324,789 222,019 50 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 445,126 49 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 34,477,741 47 North Dakota Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race North Dakota State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 26,224,707 49 White 9,348,810,060 25,012,737 47 Black 951,491,757 165,185 48 American Indian 83,193,037 663,134 33 Asian 599,262,629 230,426 49 Multiracial 132,118,517 153,226 51 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 284,940 50 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 25,939,767 49 138

North Dakota Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank North Dakota Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 33.2 1 White 11.0 32.8 1 Black 12.6 56.7 1 American Indian 15.5 33.6 2 Asian 18.9 42.8 1 Multiracial 22.1 44.9 1 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 56.2 1 Non Hispanic 11.1 32.9 1 North Dakota Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) North Dakota Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 95.4 95.1 Black 8.6 8.6 0.6 0.7 American Indian 0.7 0.8 2.5 2.5 Asian 5.4 5.7 0.9 0.9 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.6 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 1.1 1.3 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 98.9 98.7 NORTH DAKOTA Selig Center for Economic Growth 139

OHIO Ohio Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Ohio State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 418,279,098 8 White 10,376,652,411 370,797,043 7 Black 1,070,926,059 33,171,172 13 American Indian 96,112,351 841,724 31 Asian 712,805,021 9,806,820 15 Multiracial 161,324,789 3,662,340 13 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 8,418,188 21 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 409,860,910 7 Ohio Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Ohio State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 375,818,274 8 White 9,348,810,060 334,319,537 7 Black 951,491,757 29,600,017 13 American Indian 83,193,037 733,052 30 Asian 599,262,629 8,137,050 15 Multiracial 132,118,517 3,028,618 13 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 6,897,242 21 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 368,921,032 7 140

Ohio Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank OHIO Ohio Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.3 32 White 11.0 10.9 29 Black 12.6 12.1 39 American Indian 15.5 14.8 24 Asian 18.9 20.5 32 Multiracial 22.1 20.9 36 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 22.1 29 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.1 28 Ohio Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Ohio Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 89.0 88.6 Black 8.6 8.6 7.9 7.9 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.2 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.2 2.3 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.9 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 1.8 2.0 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 98.2 98.0 Selig Center for Economic Growth 141

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Oklahoma State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 142,174,524 28 White 10,376,652,411 118,553,789 29 Black 1,070,926,059 7,047,036 29 American Indian 96,112,351 8,706,280 2 Asian 712,805,021 3,036,578 28 Multiracial 161,324,789 4,830,840 8 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 7,356,032 23 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 134,818,492 28 Oklahoma Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Oklahoma State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 123,031,494 29 White 9,348,810,060 103,042,912 29 Black 951,491,757 6,076,856 29 American Indian 83,193,037 7,503,451 2 Asian 599,262,629 2,439,715 28 Multiracial 132,118,517 3,968,559 8 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,725,425 25 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 117,306,069 28 142

Oklahoma Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Oklahoma Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 15.6 5 White 11.0 15.1 7 Black 12.6 16.0 20 American Indian 15.5 16.0 15 Asian 18.9 24.5 7 Multiracial 22.1 21.7 32 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 28.5 4 Non Hispanic 11.1 14.9 5 OKLAHOMA Oklahoma Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Oklahoma Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 83.8 83.4 Black 8.6 8.6 4.9 5.0 American Indian 0.7 0.8 6.1 6.1 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.0 2.1 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 3.2 3.4 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 4.7 5.2 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 95.3 94.8 Selig Center for Economic Growth 143

OREGON Oregon Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Oregon State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 139,489,523 29 White 10,376,652,411 127,516,460 27 Black 1,070,926,059 1,935,737 37 American Indian 96,112,351 1,438,749 14 Asian 712,805,021 5,950,914 22 Multiracial 161,324,789 2,647,663 20 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 8,631,164 20 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 130,858,359 29 Oregon Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Oregon State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 123,979,258 28 White 9,348,810,060 113,894,519 27 Black 951,491,757 1,656,006 37 American Indian 83,193,037 1,259,056 14 Asian 599,262,629 4,996,069 22 Multiracial 132,118,517 2,173,607 20 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 7,093,347 20 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 116,885,911 29 144

Oregon Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Oregon Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.5 19 White 11.0 12.0 19 Black 12.6 16.9 18 American Indian 15.5 14.3 33 Asian 18.9 19.1 41 Multiracial 22.1 21.8 30 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 21.7 33 Non Hispanic 11.1 12.0 19 OREGON Oregon Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Oregon Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 91.9 91.4 Black 8.6 8.6 1.3 1.4 American Indian 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 Asian 5.4 5.7 4.0 4.3 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.9 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 5.7 6.2 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 94.3 93.8 Selig Center for Economic Growth 145

PENNSYLVANIA Pennsylvania Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Pennsylvania State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 512,850,252 6 White 10,376,652,411 454,706,388 5 Black 1,070,926,059 36,202,245 11 American Indian 96,112,351 1,053,451 24 Asian 712,805,021 16,966,050 12 Multiracial 161,324,789 3,922,119 11 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 16,755,470 13 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 496,094,782 5 Pennsylvania Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Pennsylvania State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 462,742,614 6 White 9,348,810,060 412,541,540 5 Black 951,491,757 32,180,082 11 American Indian 83,193,037 905,377 24 Asian 599,262,629 13,945,904 12 Multiracial 132,118,517 3,169,711 11 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 13,461,666 13 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 449,280,948 5 146

Pennsylvania Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Pennsylvania Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 10.8 38 White 11.0 10.2 37 Black 12.6 12.5 35 American Indian 15.5 16.4 13 Asian 18.9 21.7 22 Multiracial 22.1 23.7 18 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 24.5 17 Non Hispanic 11.1 10.4 37 Pennsylvania Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Pennsylvania Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 PENNSYLVANIA Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 89.2 88.7 Black 8.6 8.6 7.0 7.1 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.2 Asian 5.4 5.7 3.0 3.3 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 2.9 3.3 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 97.1 96.7 Selig Center for Economic Growth 147

RHODE ISLAND Rhode Island Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Rhode Island State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 43,838,895 44 White 10,376,652,411 40,152,780 42 Black 1,070,926,059 1,865,964 38 American Indian 96,112,351 174,003 47 Asian 712,805,021 1,044,692 43 Multiracial 161,324,789 601,455 41 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 2,705,754 40 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 41,133,142 43 Rhode Island Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Rhode Island State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 40,155,664 43 White 9,348,810,060 36,974,209 42 Black 951,491,757 1,630,895 38 American Indian 83,193,037 153,982 47 Asian 599,262,629 902,503 42 Multiracial 132,118,517 494,076 40 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,268,197 39 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 37,887,467 43 148

Rhode Island Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Rhode Island Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 9.2 49 White 11.0 8.6 47 Black 12.6 14.4 25 American Indian 15.5 13.0 40 Asian 18.9 15.8 49 Multiracial 22.1 21.7 31 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 19.3 39 Non Hispanic 11.1 8.6 48 Rhode Island Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Rhode Island Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 92.1 91.6 Black 8.6 8.6 4.1 4.3 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.2 2.4 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 5.6 6.2 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 94.4 93.8 RHODE ISLAND Selig Center for Economic Growth 149

SOUTH CAROLINA South Carolina Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race South Carolina State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 154,548,455 26 White 10,376,652,411 122,671,387 28 Black 1,070,926,059 27,318,849 16 American Indian 96,112,351 673,118 35 Asian 712,805,021 2,772,509 30 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,112,591 32 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 4,911,167 31 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 149,637,287 26 South Carolina Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race South Carolina State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 137,802,192 26 White 9,348,810,060 109,417,643 28 Black 951,491,757 24,633,034 16 American Indian 83,193,037 590,138 35 Asian 599,262,629 2,264,187 30 Multiracial 132,118,517 897,188 32 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 3,873,318 31 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 133,928,874 26 150

South Carolina Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank South Carolina Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank SOUTH CAROLINA Total 11.7 12.2 23 White 11.0 12.1 17 Black 12.6 10.9 44 American Indian 15.5 14.1 34 Asian 18.9 22.5 17 Multiracial 22.1 24.0 16 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 26.8 8 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.7 22 South Carolina Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) South Carolina Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 79.4 79.4 Black 8.6 8.6 17.9 17.7 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.6 1.8 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.7 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 2.8 3.2 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 97.2 96.8 Selig Center for Economic Growth 151

SOUTH DAKOTA South Dakota Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race South Dakota State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 35,557,043 45 White 10,376,652,411 33,372,218 44 Black 1,070,926,059 298,356 46 American Indian 96,112,351 1,240,897 20 Asian 712,805,021 342,976 47 Multiracial 161,324,789 302,596 48 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 575,868 48 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 34,981,175 45 South Dakota Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race South Dakota State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 30,179,966 47 White 9,348,810,060 28,419,170 44 Black 951,491,757 212,885 46 American Indian 83,193,037 1,057,173 20 Asian 599,262,629 256,769 47 Multiracial 132,118,517 233,968 48 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 421,200 48 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 29,758,766 47 152

South Dakota Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank South Dakota Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 17.8 2 White 11.0 17.4 2 Black 12.6 40.1 3 American Indian 15.5 17.4 8 Asian 18.9 33.6 2 Multiracial 22.1 29.3 3 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 36.7 2 Non Hispanic 11.1 17.5 2 SOUTH DAKOTA South Dakota Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) South Dakota Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 94.2 93.9 Black 8.6 8.6 0.7 0.8 American Indian 0.7 0.8 3.5 3.5 Asian 5.4 5.7 0.9 1.0 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.9 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 1.4 1.6 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 98.6 98.4 Selig Center for Economic Growth 153

TENNESSEE Tennessee Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Tennessee State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 234,725,466 16 White 10,376,652,411 200,381,879 17 Black 1,070,926,059 26,937,149 17 American Indian 96,112,351 764,201 33 Asian 712,805,021 4,668,469 24 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,973,769 24 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 6,654,596 26 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 228,070,871 16 Tennessee Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Tennessee State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 209,151,593 16 White 9,348,810,060 179,225,251 18 Black 951,491,757 23,830,938 17 American Indian 83,193,037 670,618 32 Asian 599,262,629 3,808,909 25 Multiracial 132,118,517 1,615,877 24 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,217,831 28 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 203,933,762 16 154

Tennessee Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Tennessee Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.2 21 White 11.0 11.8 22 Black 12.6 13.0 33 American Indian 15.5 14.0 35 Asian 18.9 22.6 14 Multiracial 22.1 22.1 28 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 27.5 6 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.8 21 TENNESSEE Tennessee Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Tennessee Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 85.7 85.4 Black 8.6 8.6 11.4 11.5 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.3 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.8 2.0 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.8 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 2.5 2.8 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 97.5 97.2 Selig Center for Economic Growth 155

TEXAS Texas Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Texas State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 1,038,131,025 2 White 10,376,652,411 876,338,086 2 Black 1,070,926,059 91,720,298 2 American Indian 96,112,351 8,180,947 3 Asian 712,805,021 50,688,140 3 Multiracial 161,324,789 11,203,554 3 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 224,327,963 2 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 813,803,063 2 Texas Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Texas State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 891,469,005 2 White 9,348,810,060 758,006,525 2 Black 951,491,757 77,662,361 2 American Indian 83,193,037 6,738,195 3 Asian 599,262,629 40,480,514 3 Multiracial 132,118,517 8,581,409 3 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 185,619,331 2 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 705,849,674 3 156

Texas Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Texas Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 16.5 3 White 11.0 15.6 6 Black 12.6 18.1 15 American Indian 15.5 21.4 3 Asian 18.9 25.2 6 Multiracial 22.1 30.6 2 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 20.9 37 Non Hispanic 11.1 15.3 4 Texas Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) TEXAS Texas Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 85.0 84.4 Black 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.8 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 Asian 5.4 5.7 4.5 4.9 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.1 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 20.8 21.6 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 79.2 78.4 Selig Center for Economic Growth 157

UTAH Utah Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Utah State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 94,114,297 35 White 10,376,652,411 89,089,512 32 Black 1,070,926,059 680,526 43 American Indian 96,112,351 829,976 32 Asian 712,805,021 2,560,085 32 Multiracial 161,324,789 954,198 35 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 7,220,565 24 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 86,893,732 34 Utah Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Utah State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 81,699,716 35 White 9,348,810,060 77,567,457 32 Black 951,491,757 560,758 43 American Indian 83,193,037 715,727 31 Asian 599,262,629 2,103,601 32 Multiracial 132,118,517 752,173 36 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,904,349 23 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 75,795,367 34 158

Utah Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Utah Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 15.2 6 White 11.0 14.9 8 Black 12.6 21.4 11 American Indian 15.5 16.0 16 Asian 18.9 21.7 20 Multiracial 22.1 26.9 7 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 22.3 25 Non Hispanic 11.1 14.6 6 Utah Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Utah Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 94.9 94.7 Black 8.6 8.6 0.7 0.7 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.6 2.7 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.0 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 7.2 7.7 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 92.8 92.3 UTAH Selig Center for Economic Growth 159

VERMONT Vermont Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Vermont State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 25,384,304 51 White 10,376,652,411 24,712,053 50 Black 1,070,926,059 163,593 50 American Indian 96,112,351 78,705 51 Asian 712,805,021 219,461 50 Multiracial 161,324,789 210,493 51 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 314,161 51 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 25,070,143 51 Vermont Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Vermont State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 22,816,703 51 White 9,348,810,060 22,263,743 50 Black 951,491,757 125,798 50 American Indian 83,193,037 68,832 51 Asian 599,262,629 181,417 50 Multiracial 132,118,517 176,914 50 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 250,257 51 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 22,566,446 50 160

Vermont Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank VERMONT Vermont Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.3 33 White 11.0 11.0 28 Black 12.6 30.0 7 American Indian 15.5 14.3 31 Asian 18.9 21.0 28 Multiracial 22.1 19.0 45 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 25.5 13 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.1 29 Vermont Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Vermont Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 97.6 97.4 Black 8.6 8.6 0.6 0.6 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.3 Asian 5.4 5.7 0.8 0.9 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.8 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 1.1 1.2 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 98.9 98.8 Selig Center for Economic Growth 161

VIRGINIA Virginia Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Virginia State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 354,454,657 9 White 10,376,652,411 278,575,874 11 Black 1,070,926,059 45,987,723 9 American Indian 96,112,351 1,294,417 19 Asian 712,805,021 23,366,638 8 Multiracial 161,324,789 5,230,004 7 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 19,806,550 10 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 334,648,107 9 Virginia Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Virginia State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 316,000,887 9 White 9,348,810,060 250,585,960 11 Black 951,491,757 40,991,899 9 American Indian 83,193,037 1,127,557 19 Asian 599,262,629 19,080,009 8 Multiracial 132,118,517 4,215,461 7 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 15,935,615 10 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 300,065,272 10 162

Virginia Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Virginia Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 12.2 22 White 11.0 11.2 26 Black 12.6 12.2 36 American Indian 15.5 14.8 25 Asian 18.9 22.5 16 Multiracial 22.1 24.1 15 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 24.3 18 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.5 25 VIRGINIA Virginia Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Virginia Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 79.3 78.6 Black 8.6 8.6 13.0 13.0 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 Asian 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.6 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 5.0 5.6 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 95.0 94.4 Selig Center for Economic Growth 163

WASHINGTON Washington Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Washington State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 297,864,439 14 White 10,376,652,411 255,907,218 13 Black 1,070,926,059 7,864,948 26 American Indian 96,112,351 3,313,318 7 Asian 712,805,021 24,154,777 7 Multiracial 161,324,789 6,624,178 6 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 17,527,465 11 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 280,336,974 14 Washington Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Washington State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 261,160,803 14 White 9,348,810,060 226,350,173 13 Black 951,491,757 6,680,841 26 American Indian 83,193,037 2,893,293 7 Asian 599,262,629 19,843,123 7 Multiracial 132,118,517 5,393,372 6 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 14,151,358 11 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 247,009,445 14 164

Washington Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Washington Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 14.1 11 White 11.0 13.1 12 Black 12.6 17.7 17 American Indian 15.5 14.5 29 Asian 18.9 21.7 19 Multiracial 22.1 22.8 22 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 23.9 20 Non Hispanic 11.1 13.5 12 WASHINGTON Washington Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Washington Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 86.7 85.9 Black 8.6 8.6 2.6 2.6 American Indian 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.1 Asian 5.4 5.7 7.6 8.1 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 5.4 5.9 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 94.6 94.1 Selig Center for Economic Growth 165

WEST VIRGINIA West Virginia Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race West Virginia State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 60,246,053 38 White 10,376,652,411 57,385,835 38 Black 1,070,926,059 1,560,755 39 American Indian 96,112,351 109,336 50 Asian 712,805,021 770,134 44 Multiracial 161,324,789 419,993 45 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 604,295 47 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 59,641,757 37 West Virginia Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race West Virginia State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 54,190,097 38 White 9,348,810,060 51,749,582 38 Black 951,491,757 1,353,613 39 American Indian 83,193,037 96,176 50 Asian 599,262,629 639,442 44 Multiracial 132,118,517 351,283 45 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 474,473 47 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 53,715,624 37 166

West Virginia Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank West Virginia Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 11.2 35 White 11.0 10.9 30 Black 12.6 15.3 21 American Indian 15.5 13.7 37 Asian 18.9 20.4 33 Multiracial 22.1 19.6 41 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 27.4 7 Non Hispanic 11.1 11.0 30 West Virginia Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) West Virginia Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 WEST VIRGINIA Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 95.5 95.3 Black 8.6 8.6 2.5 2.6 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.2 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.2 1.3 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.7 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 0.9 1.0 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 99.1 99.0 Selig Center for Economic Growth 167

WISCONSIN Wisconsin Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Wisconsin State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 214,565,296 22 White 10,376,652,411 199,912,862 19 Black 1,070,926,059 7,277,309 28 American Indian 96,112,351 1,381,025 16 Asian 712,805,021 4,583,050 25 Multiracial 161,324,789 1,411,050 28 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 7,043,644 25 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 207,521,652 20 Wisconsin Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Wisconsin State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 195,585,479 21 White 9,348,810,060 182,795,254 16 Black 951,491,757 6,526,018 27 American Indian 83,193,037 1,239,906 16 Asian 599,262,629 3,841,910 24 Multiracial 132,118,517 1,182,391 28 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,843,964 24 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 189,741,515 20 168

Wisconsin Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Wisconsin Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank Total 11.7 9.7 44 White 11.0 9.4 42 Black 12.6 11.5 42 American Indian 15.5 11.4 49 Asian 18.9 19.3 40 Multiracial 22.1 19.3 44 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 20.5 38 Non Hispanic 11.1 9.4 43 Wisconsin Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Wisconsin Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 93.5 93.2 Black 8.6 8.6 3.3 3.4 American Indian 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 Asian 5.4 5.7 2.0 2.1 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.7 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 3.0 3.3 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 97.0 96.7 WISCONSIN Selig Center for Economic Growth 169

WYOMING Wyoming Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Wyoming State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 26,708,754 50 White 10,376,652,411 25,576,246 49 Black 1,070,926,059 174,994 49 American Indian 96,112,351 414,947 40 Asian 712,805,021 303,072 49 Multiracial 161,324,789 239,495 49 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 1,553,266 43 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 25,155,489 50 Wyoming Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Wyoming State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 23,377,274 50 White 9,348,810,060 22,458,646 49 Black 951,491,757 132,384 49 American Indian 83,193,037 353,448 41 Asian 599,262,629 237,068 48 Multiracial 132,118,517 195,727 49 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 1,281,015 43 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 22,096,259 51 170

Wyoming Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, 2010-2013, and State Rank Wyoming Race 2010-2013 2010-2013 State Rank WYOMING Total 11.7 14.3 8 White 11.0 13.9 9 Black 12.6 32.2 5 American Indian 15.5 17.4 7 Asian 18.9 27.8 3 Multiracial 22.1 22.4 26 Hispanic/ Latino 18.4 21.3 35 Non Hispanic 11.1 13.8 8 Wyoming Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Wyoming Race 2010 2013 2010 2013 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 White 84.1 83.6 96.1 95.8 Black 8.6 8.6 0.6 0.7 American Indian 0.7 0.8 1.5 1.6 Asian 5.4 5.7 1.0 1.1 Multiracial 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.9 Hispanic/ Latino 9.0 9.6 5.5 5.8 Non Hispanic 91.0 90.4 94.5 94.2 Selig Center for Economic Growth 171

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