Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftsinformatik, insbes. Informationsmanagement Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems A Systematic Literature Review Lars Hetmank Dresden, 27.02.2013
Short Vita Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Lars Hetmank, TU Dresden Research interests: Information and Knowledge Management Semantic Web and Linked Data Crowdsourcing Affiliations: Manifesto for a Standard on Knowledge Exchange in Social Knowledge Management Environments Knowledge Research Center (KRC) e.v. Dresden Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 2 / 13
Motivation Practical relevance: development of a crowdsourcing system (CSS) and its integration into existing IT infrastructure is risky, cost-intensive, and time-consuming, structured development process required Theoretical relevance: various theoretical contribution in the area of crowdsourcing however, little has been investigated to define a crowdsourcing system and its technical design aspects precisely Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 3 / 13
Method: Systematic Literature Review Result Review Protocol Selected Studies Relevant Studies Concept Map Process Plan Systematic Literature Review Conduct Search Screen Papers Extract Data Research Questions (RQs): RQ1: How and in which detail are CSSs defined in current research literature? What design aspects do they cover? RQ2: What type of components and functions of a CSS can be conceptualized? Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 4 / 13
Search Strategy #1 Population: peer-reviewed conference proceedings and journal papers in English since 2006; dissertations, newspaper articles, unpublished works or non-scientific articles were not considered Search Resources: ACM Digital Library, Ebscohost (Academic Search Complete and Business Source Complete), Emerald, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Sage Journals, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink and Wiley Search Terms: crowdsourcing system, crowdsourcing application, and crowdsourcing platform (in singular and plural) Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 5 / 13
Search Strategy #2 Inclusion criteria: define or at least propose a description of what CSSs are (RQ 1) address design issues of CSSs (RQ 2) or classify or give an overview of CSSs (RQ 2). Exclusion criteria: use CSSs for evaluation purposes but do not address design issues Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 6 / 13
Conduct Search Step 1: a) review the abstract, introduction, and conclusion b) check inclusion and exclusion criteria c) label publication and research type à Relevant studies = 72 Publica(on type Research type Step 2: a) read article, find and record the definitions of CSS b) set keyword for each article to identify components and functions of CSSs Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 7 / 13
Results: Crowdsourcing System Definitions (RQ1) 17 definitions or descriptions of the term crowdsourcing system, application, or platform vary in detail and none of them cover all of the four derived perspectives Crowdsourcing Platform is a trusted broker ensuring that providers successfully complete the task requests and that requestors pay for the charges. Crowdsourcing Platform issues authentication credentials for requestors and providers when they join the platform, stores details about skill-set, history of completed requests, handles charging and payments, and manages platform misuse. Crowdsourcing platform can execute crowdsourcing requests in a number of different modes, by advertising them on the marketplace, allowing providers to bid for them, or in the form of a competition, where requestor identifies criteria to be used for selection of the winning submission. Crowdsourcing platform may further allow requestors and providers to team-up. (Vukovic, 2009) Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 8 / 13
Perspectives mediator, marketplace, interface, or trusted broker organizational perspective crowd process perspective detailed actions performed to data objects or users software components, technical functions, or data objects requester technical perspective broker user interface history tracking standardization payment mechanism workflow support authentication Crowdsourcing System APIs social interaction crowdsourcing process algorithm human-centric perspective human brainpower and collective intelligence Perspec(ves of crowdsourcing systems (source: own illustra(on) Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 9 / 13
Results: Components and Functions (RQ 2) User management Register user Evaluate user Form user group Enable coordination Task management Design task Assign task Contribution management Evaluate contribution Select contribution Workflow management Define workflow Manage workflow Components and func(ons of crowdsourcing systems (source: own illustra(on) Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 10 / 13
Conclusion and Next Steps development of an integrated CSS definition overview of reusable software components and functions may be used as a checklist dependencies between the elements are not well represented designing a semantic model to support knowledge-intensive crowdsourcing activities Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 11 / 13
References (1) Kitchenham, B.: Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering. (2007). (2) Kitchenham, B., Pearl Brereton, O., Budgen, D., Turner, M., Bailey, J., Linkman, S.: Systematic literature reviews in software engineering A systematic literature review. Information and Software Technology. 51, 7 15 (2009). (3) Brereton, P., Kitchenham, B. a., Budgen, D., Turner, M., Khalil, M.: Lessons from applying the systematic literature review process within the software engineering domain. Journal of Systems and Software. 80, 571 583 (2007). (4) Wieringa, R., Maiden, N., Mead, N., Rolland, C.: Requirements engineering paper classification and evaluation criteria: a proposal and a discussion. Requirements Engineering. 11, 102 107 (2006). (5) Bortz, J., Döring, N.: Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation für Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). h>p://larshetmank.com/documents/wi2013_css_concept_map.pdf Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 12 / 13
Contact Email: lars@hetmank.de Twitter: https://twitter.com/larshetmank Components and Functions of Crowdsourcing Systems Slide 13 / 13