diesel engines driven with various biofuels

Seppo Niemi Performance and emissions of non-road diesel engines driven with various biofuels March 22, 2012 Faculty of Technology

Partners University of Vaasa (UV) and Novia University of Applied Sciences (Novia) Mr. Olav Nilsson, Novia and UV Ms. Annika Svahn, UV Ms. Katriina Sirviö, UV Dr. Erkki Hiltunen, UV Turku University of Applied Sciences Mr. Markus Uuppo Mr. Sampo Virtanen Mr. Toomas Karhu Mr. Krister Ekman March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 2

Motivation Global request to increase the use of biofuels Reduction of GHG and pollutant emissions Increase in energy self-sufficiency Exploitation of wastes for fuel production - No competition with food production - No uncontrolled decomposition of wastes in landfills Demand for further information about new biofuel options Large variety of biofuel properties Particularly for medium-speed engines - Promotion of energy self-sufficiency in factories and large farms March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 3

Motivation March 22, 2012 Cooper, J. (2010). Lower carbon Gothenburg, Sw eden: SAE HDDEC University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi Symposium. 4

Motivation March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 5 Von Hohenthal, M.-Y. (2010). Zwischen Acker MTZ Vol. 71 Nr. 12.

Motivation March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi Koponen, K. (2012). Assessing the climate impacts o transportation biofuels. 6 EES starting seminar. Espoo, Finland: Aalto University.

Targets 1. To generate new information about animal fat waste derived fuels 2. To study fuels suitability to high-speed engines To also support fuels use in medium-speed engines 3. To measure the high-speed engine performance and exhaust emissions To also compare animal fat derived fuels with vegetable fuels March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 7

Biofuel properties FO CO StO FME StME RME Acid value 7.7 4.8 2.8 Iodine value 82 87 137 79 135 116 Fatty acid 14:0 2.2 3.6 2.4 4.0 0.1 16:0 13 21 11 17 11 4.3 16:1 7.8 5.7 5.5 7.5 5.5 0.3 18:0 6.6 4.4 2.2 8.2 2.2 1.8 18:1 cis 51 43 33 49 30 60 18:2 cis ω 6 10 19 11 10 11 21 20:1 cis 0.9 0.6 3.5 0.8 3.7 0.6 20:5 cis ω 3 4.2 0.3 5.0 18:3 cis ω 3 1.2 2.7 3.9 1.3 4.5 10 22:1 cis 3.1 3.7 22:5 cis ω 3 0.5 0.2 2.1 0.4 2.0 22:6 cis ω 3 0.9 0.5 7.9 0.8 7.9 PUF 14 23 14 33 31 MUF 61 50 57 43 62 SAF 25 27 28 19 7 FO, CO: oils from animal fat wastes StO, oil from fish cleaning wastes FME: methyl ester from animal fat wastes StME: fish oil methyl ester (from StO) RME: rapeseed methyl ester March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 8

Fuel properties (DFO, diesel fuel oil) Density at room temperature kg/m 3 918 Kinematic viscosity at 40 C mm 2 /s 34 32 28 3 Flash point C 266 274 297 72 FO CO StO DFO FME StME RME DFO 2 Cetane number 58 55 49 55 58 49 59 51 Lower heating value MJ/kg 37.2 37.2 36.9 43.0 37.4 37.4 37.5 43.1 Stoichiometric air fuel ratio kg/kg 12.4 12.5 12.3 14.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 14.5 C % 76.8 76.9 77.4 86 76.6 77.6 77.2 85.5 H2 % 12 12 11.5 13.6 12.3 11.9 12.1 13.9 O2 % 11.2 11.1 11.1 11 10.4 10.6 N2 mg/kg 18 17 5.6 4.6 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 < 1000 S mg/kg 14 18 13 7 16.1 7.2 3.6 5.7 Ash % < 0.001 < 0.001 0.004 0.002 < 0.001 0.017 0.048 < 0.001 Lubricity, HFRR, 60 C 150 March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 9

Experimental engines and matrices AGCO Sisu Power 420 DSJ 44 CWA Bore 108 mm 108 mm Stroke 120 mm 120 mm Cylinder number 4 4 Swept volume 4.4 dm 3 4.4 dm 3 Compression ratio 16.5 17.4 Combustion chamber Direct injection Direct injection Injection pump or system In-line, Bosch A Bosch common rail Turbocharger: Schwitzer S1B S100G Intercooler Air-to-water Air-to-water 420 DSJ Speed, rpm Average load, % 1500 100, 83 and 56 1800 100 Fuels: DFO, FO, CO, StO 44 CWA Speed, rpm Average load, % 1500 100, 90, 75, 50 and 10 Fuels: DFO, FME, StME, RME March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 10

Analytical l procedures 420 DSJ Substance Company Model Technology O 2 Paramagnetic sensor 44 CWA Substance Company Model Technology O 2 Siemens Oxymat 61 Paramagnetic CO TSI 6203 Electrochemical HC J.U.M VE7 HFID NO TSI 6203 Electrochemical Smoke AVL 415 S Optical filter PM (number) TSI EEPS Spektrometer PM (mass) Dekati Ltd Impactors Gravimetric, precision scale CO CO 2 Horiba Mexa-9400H HC NO, NO 2, NO x Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) Flame ionization detector (HFID) Chemiluminescent detector (CLD) NO x Testo Electrochemical cells Smoke AVL 415 S Optical filter PM (number) Dekati Ltd ELPI Electrical low-pressure impactor PM (mass) Dekati Ltd FPS, impactors Gravimetric, precision scale March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 11

Results, 420 DSJ: efficiency i tive effic ciency Rela 1 095 0.95 0.9 0.85 1800, 100% 1500, 100% 1500, 83% 1500, 56% DFO FO CO March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 12

Results, 420 DSJ: hydrocarbons 0.6 0.5 HC, g/kwh 0.4 0.3 H0.2 02 0.1 0.0 1800, 100% 1500, 100% 1500, 83% 1500, 56% DFO FO CO March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 13

Results, 420 DSJ: oxides of nitrogen 10 NO Ox, g/kwh 9 8 7 1800, 100% 1500, 100% 1500, 83% 1500, 56% DFO FO CO March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 14

Results, 420 DSJ: particulate t matter 0.4 1500 rpm, 100% PM, g/kwh 0.3 02 0.2 0.1 0 DFO FO CO March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 15

Results, 420 DSJ: particle number 1.0E+12 1500 rpm, 83% BSPM M, 1/kWh 1.0E+11 1.0E+10 1.0E+09 1.0E+08 DFO FO CO 10 100 1000 Aerodynamic diameter, nm March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 16

Results, 44 CWA: NO 650 Intermediate speed NO, pp pm (dry) 450 250 50 DFO StME FME RME 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 BMEP, bar March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 17

Results, 44 CWA: smoke FSN Smoke, 0.9 0.6 0.3 1500 rpm DFO StME FME RME 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 BMEP, bar March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 18

Results, 44 CWA: particle number m 3 PM num mber, 1/cm 1.E+10 1.E+08 1.E+06 Intermediate speed, high load DFO StME FME RME 1.E+04 1 10 100 1000 Mobility diameter, nm March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 19

Results, 44 CWA: particle number PM num mber, 1/cm 3 1.E+10 1.E+08 1.E+06 Intermediate t speed, very low load DFO StME FME RME 1.E+04 1 10 100 1000 Mobility diameter, nm March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 20

Conclusions 1 (420 DSJ, raw bio-oils) il With oils from animal fat wastes (FO, CO) Brake thermal efficiency was improved relative to diesel fuel oil (DFO), except at the lowest power Hydrocarbon emissions generally decreased substantially compared with DFO NO x emissions increased at all loads At full load at 1500 rpm with both FO and CO, PM mass was lower than with DFO Particle number was lower than on DFO within the entire particle size range - At other loads, the bio-oil PM number results were less favorable March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 21

Conclusions 2 (44 CWA, esters) With fatty acid methyl esters (StME, FME, RME) Up to app. 50% load, the dry exhaust NO contents were very similar independent of the fuel - At high loads, biodiesels usually produced higher NO contents by app. 10% compared with DFO Smoke decreased considerably within the entire load range relative to DFO Particle number emissions were usually lower than with DFO when looking at particles of larger than 100 nm - In some cases, however, ultrafine and nucleation mode particles increased with FME and particularly with StME RME produced very high particle numbers within the size range of 10 to 100 nm, most probably due to the high ash content March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 22

Facilities of VEI Engine Laboratory, 1 AGCO Sisu Power 44 CWA non-road diesel engine Eddy-current Horiba dynamometer ABB Sensyflow for air mass flow rate Smoke and gaseous exhaust emissions AVL 415S smoke meter JUM HC analyzer (HFID) Paramagnetic O 2 analyzer Gasmet FTIR for several gas compounds - NO, NO 2, CH 4, NH 3, N 2 O, etc. NO, CO and O 2 meters March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi

Facilities of VEI Engine Laboratory, 2 TSI EEPS PM analyzer for particle number emissions i and size distributions down to 5.6 nm Even for transient measurements Dekati particle mass impactors Including one- or two-stage dilution system Kistler cylinder indicating system Cumulative heat release 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 50 0 50 100 Crank angle, J March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi

Th k you!! Thank March 22, 2012 University of Vaasa, Finland Faculty of Technology Seppo Niemi 25