DEHEMS project Description of the Professional Domains ENGINEERING Country: Italy 1
1 Which study fields/study areas are covered by this professional domain? The engineering professional domain is related to some specific higher education study fields. Practitioners are required to successfully complete specific ISCED 5A programs, to pass further exams and get licenses to practice the related professions. As for most higher education fields, the whole legislation had renewed the engineering area in 1999 with partially amendments in 2004 and 2007 1, to enact at upmost Bologna process framework. Such renewals had included study fields, degrees, programs duration and partially contents. Nowadays, a number of four ISCED 5A three years long first degree programs (denominated Laure L) and seventeen ISCED 5A two years long second degree programs (Laurea Magistrale or Specialistica LM) have been stated by Ministry of education, university and research (Ministero dell educazione, università e ricerca MIUR), according with National University Committee (Consiglio Universitario Nazionale CUN). The lower number of L programs is due to willing to give students a more general knowledge, allowing them to master on more specific topics during the LM programs. Furthermore, a ISCED 5A five years long program had been settled: it allows students to reach a second level equivalent degree (denominated Laurea Magistrale a ciclo unico LMCU). Master programs, having generally a length of one year, are autonomously settled by universities in order to further train graduates from ISCED 5A first or second level on specific topics. Finally, a number of ISCED 6 philosophy doctorate are available to those graduates having reached LM or LMCU degrees. Successful completion of programs leads to legally recognized degrees. Higher education institutions, MIUR, in charge for governing the educational sector, planning and implementing national policies and monitoring universities activities, and CUN, in charge for programs approval, are the main professional domain stakeholders together with National Engineer Council. The table below sketches the range of programs, their duration and potential occupations of the graduates in the professional domain. Perspective careers for the graduates of the different classes within the professional domain Program Duration (y.) ISCED Occupation L-7 Civil and environmental Engineering Ingegneria civile e ambientale 3 52 Civil, Environmental Engineer 1 For further details see MIUR decrees n. 509/1999, n. 270/2004, n. 386/2007, n. 544/2007 and the Ministry decree issued on March, the 16 th, 2007. 2
L-8 Information technologies Engineering Ingegneria dell'informazione L-9 Industrial Engineering Ingegneria industriale 3 52 3 52 Depending on emphasis: Automation, Biomedical, Informatics, Communication, Electronic engineer Depending on emphasis: Aerospace, Chemical, Biochemical, Electric, Mechanical, Energy Engineer, Engineering manager L-23 Building Engineering Scienze e tecniche dell'edilizia 3 58 Building Engineer LMCU-4 Architecture and building engineering architettura e ingegneria edilearchitettura 5 58 Architecture and building engineer LM-20 Aerospace Engineering Ingegneria aerospaziale e astronautica 2 52 Aerospace engineer LM-21 Biomedical Engineering Ingegneria biomedica 2 52 Biomedical Engineer LM-22 Chemical Engineering Ingegneria chimica LM-23 Civil Engineering Ingegneria civile LM-24 Building system Engineering Ingegneria dei sistemi edilizi 2 52 Chemical Engineer 2 52 Civil Engineer 2 58 Building system Engineer LM-25 Automation Engineering Ingegneria dell'automazione 2 52 Automation system Engineer LM-26 Work place and environment safety engineering Ingegneria della sicurezza 2 52 Work place and environment safety engineer LM-27 Telecommunication Engineering Ingegneria delle telecomunicazioni 2 52 Telecommunication Engineer 3
LM-28 Electric Engineering Ingegneria elettrica 2 52 Electric Engineer LM-29 Electronic Engineering Ingegneria elettronica 2 52 Electronic Engineer LM-30 Energy and nuclear Engineering Ingegneria energetica e nucleare 2 52 Energy and nuclear Engineer LM-31 Engineering Management Ingegneria gestionale 2 52 Engineering Manager LM-32 Information Engineering Ingegneria informatica 2 52 Information Engineer LM-33 Mechanical Engineering Ingegneria meccanica 2 52 Mechanical Engineer LM-34 Naval Engineering Ingegneria navale 2 52 Naval Engineer LM-35 Environmental Engineering Ingegneria per l'ambiente e il territorio LM-53 Materials sciences and Ingineering Scienza e ingegneria dei materiali 2 52 Environmental Engineer 2 54 Materials Engineer 2 Which types of institutions are offering this professional domain? Italian higher education has always been administered by public and legally recognized private Universities, according to national regulation and under the MIUR policy and control. With regard to the engineering study fields, among the existing 95 universities, 45 institutions offer programs within ISCED 5 field of education. Programs are taught by faculties of Engineering. 3 Please give a quantitative overview about the professional domain 4
3.1 Number of offered study programs and number of HEI offering the program As detailed above, with regard to the engineering study fields, among the existing 95 universities, 45 institutions offer programs within ISCED 5 field of education. Programs are taught by faculties of Engineering. 3.2 Number of enrolled students (increasing/decreasing?) Number of enrolled students in the field of Engineering (, Architecture and Building, Engineering and engineering trades, Manufacturing and processing) 2004-05/2008-09 total number of enrolled students students on the right course enrolled in the 1st year enrolled in the first year for the first time total females total females total females total females 2008-09 196690 38985 87125 18385 51773 10935 35257 7384 2007-08 196746 37617 87072 17513 50551 10267 33653 6661 2006-07 198543 36814 89269 17422 49672 9729 33497 6381 2005-06 203335 36841 93520 17564 49493 9459 33548 6170 2004-05 210587 37064 124696 22888 48963 8960 35905 6314 Architecture and building total number of enrolled students students on the right course enrolled in the 1st year enrolled in the first year for the first time total females total females total females total females 2008-09 35486 9406 17798 5163 9630 2690 7131 2075 2007-08 33911 8720 17664 4926 9278 2497 6869 1906 2006-07 31753 7905 17632 4697 8281 2183 6270 1734 2005-06 29824 7275 17916 4592 8086 1975 6226 1543 2004-05 27305 6585 19661 4794 7893 1851 6612 1604 5
Engineering and engineering trades total number of enrolled students students on the right course enrolled in the 1st year enrolled in the first year for the first time total females total females total females total females 2008-09 161201 29577 69326 13222 42142 8245 28126 5309 2007-08 162832 28896 69405 12586 41270 7769 26784 4755 2006-07 166790 28909 71637 12725 41391 7546 27227 4647 2005-06 173510 29566 75604 12972 41407 7484 27322 4627 2004-05 183271 30478 105035 18094 41070 7109 29293 4710 Manufacturing and processing total number of enrolled students students on the right course enrolled in the 1st year enrolled in the first year for the first time total females total females total females total females 2008-09 3 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 2007-08 3 1 3 1 3 1 0 0 2006-07 2005-06 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2004-05 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Italian Ministry of Education (2010) As visible from the tables, the total number of students enrolled in engineering courses is decreasing between 2004-05 and 2008-09. Yet, the number of students enrolling in the first year for the first time is remaining rather stable. As visible, the discrepancy should be mostly attributed to the students in the architecture and building sub domain. In terms of gender ratio, the number of women selecting this career path is increasing. In general, we go from 17.6% in 2004-05 to 21% in 2008-09. In the architecture domain women were 24% in 2004-05 and became 29% in 2008-09, while in the Engineering and engineering trades domain were 16% in 2004-05 and became 19% in 2008-09. 6
3.3 Number of graduates (last available cohort) Number of bachelor graduates in the field of Engineering (2008-09) by gender and nationality Males - Non EU Females - EU Females - Non EU Males Females Males -EU 4 - Scienze dell'architettura e dell'ingegneria edile (DM 509/99) 554 15 360 4 569 364 933 7 - Urbanistica e scienze della pianificazione territoriale e ambientale (DM 509/99) 5 0 8 0 5 8 13 8 - Ingegneria civile e ambientale (DM 509/99) 2200 17 923 10 2217 933 3150 9 - Ingegneria dell'informazione (DM 509/99) 4802 115 957 22 4917 979 5896 10 - Ingegneria industriale (DM 509/99) 5963 68 1710 16 6031 1726 7757 32 - Scienze matematiche (DM 509/99) 3 0 7 0 3 7 10 41 - Tecnologie per la conservazione e il restauro dei beni culturali (DM 509/99) 0 0 21 0 0 21 21 42 - Disegno industriale (DM 509/99) 11 0 6 0 11 6 17 4/S - Specialistiche in architettura e ingegneria edile (DM 509/99) 697 17 624 6 714 630 1344 25/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria aerospaziale e astronautica (DM 509/99) 404 0 70 0 404 70 474 26/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria biomedica (DM 509/99) 291 0 339 0 291 339 630 27/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria chimica (DM 509/99) 211 3 166 0 214 166 380 28/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria civile (DM 509/99) 883 21 294 5 904 299 1203 29/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria dell'automazione (DM 509/99) 265 6 47 0 271 47 318 30/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria delle telecomunicazioni (DM 509/99) 750 36 164 8 786 172 958 31/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria elettrica (DM 509/99) 230 6 18 0 236 18 254 32/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria elettronica (DM 509/99) 957 37 122 10 994 132 1126 33/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria energetica e nucleare (DM 509/99) 193 0 46 0 193 46 239 34/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria gestionale (DM 509/99) 1295 43 794 26 1338 820 2158 35/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria informatica (DM 509/99) 1306 35 182 12 1341 194 1535 36/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria meccanica (DM 509/99) 1565 33 112 3 1598 115 1713 37/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria navale (DM 509/99) 91 4 17 0 95 17 112 38/S - Specialistiche in ingegneria per l'ambiente e il territorio (DM 509/99) 494 7 360 7 501 367 868 50/S - Specialistiche in modellistica matematico-fisica per l'ingegneria (DM 509/99) 71 0 31 0 71 31 102 61/S - Specialistiche in scienza e ingegneria dei materiali (DM 509/99) 87 9 41 0 96 41 137 103/S - Specialistiche in teorie e metodi del disegno industriale (DM 509/99) 17 0 16 0 17 16 33 L-7 - Ingegneria civile e ambientale 61 0 43 0 61 43 104 L-8 - Ingegneria dell'informazione 14 0 4 0 14 4 18 7
LM-23 - Ingegneria civile 37 0 29 0 37 29 66 LM-30 - Ingegneria energetica e nucleare 5 0 3 0 5 3 8 LM-32 - Ingegneria informatica 47 3 7 0 50 7 57 Number of graduates in the field of Engineering (2006) Bachelor Master Other PhD graduates PhD enrolled PhD quota (PhD graduates/bachelor graduates) PhD quota (PhD enrolled/bachelor graduates) TOTAL 30105 27014 820 312 1959 7503 7,25% 27,77% Source: Italian Ministry of Education (2010) 3.4 PhD Gender distribution In the field of engineering there is 3 offered PhD programs: Civil Engineering and Architecture, Information Engineering, Industrial Engineering Number of PhD graduates in the field of Engineering (2006) Male Female Civil Engineering and Architecture 415 382 797 Information Engineering 385 116 501 Industrial Engineering 480 181 661 TOTAL 1280 679 1959 Number of enrolled PhD students in the field of Engineering (2006) Male Female Civil Engineering and Architecture 1539 1411 2950 Information Engineering 1580 441 2021 Industrial Engineering 1769 763 2532 TOTAL 4888 2615 7503 3.7 PhD Quota of foreign students and students with a migration Background 8
Quota of foreign PhD enrolled students in the field of Engineering (2006) by gender Male (% Males) Female (% females) (% ) Civil Engineering and Architecture 99 6% 70 5% 169 6% Information Engineering 143 9% 52 12% 195 10% Industrial Engineering 96 5% 44 6% 140 6% TOTAL 338 166 504 Quota of foreign PhD graduates in the field of Engineering (2006) by gender Male (% Males) Female (% females) (% ) Civil Engineering and Architecture 16 4% 9 2% 25 3% Information Engineering 26 7% 6 5% 32 6% Industrial Engineering 18 4% 7 4% 25 4% TOTAL 60 22 82 4 Please give for each study program covered by the professional domain a short descriptions referring to the following aspects The engineering professional domain is covered by the Higher education engineering field, as listed within ISCED 5 class of education. Faculties of Engineering administer a number of four more generalist programs to endow students with main engineering knowledge, meanwhile emphasizing specific topics. Then, second level programs aim to improve knowledge on specific topics. First level program are more theoretical oriented, whilst second level provide pragmatic activities such as internships and lab activities. First level programs (Laurea L) are: L-7 Civil and environmental Engineering (Ingegneria civile e ambientale), L-8 Information technologies Engineering (Ingegneria dell'informazione), L-9 Industrial Engineering (Ingegneria industriale), L-23 Building Engineering (Scienze e tecniche dell'edilizia). Programs first year is devoted to core courses such as math, physic, geometry, computer science, chemistry. From the second to the third year, emphasized courses are though. L-7 program emphasizes on civil construction and endows students with knowledge on infrastructures construction such as water and sewer, railways, airports, roads including topics such as acoustic, lighting, thermo physical, hydraulic. L-8 program includes some emphasis such as information technologies, electronics, communication and computer sciences. L-9 program has a number of different emphasis and aims to endow students with knowledge to enter the industrial sector. Programs form this class emphasize, to name some, on chemistry, aerospace, biochemistry, electricity, mechanic, energy or Engineering management. L-23 program emphasizes on building construction. Second level programs (Laurea Magistrale LM) shall be attended by those students having successful completed L programs. Such programs aims to deepen L specific emphasis programs and taught courses have the main aim to improve student knowledge on such topics. LM programs are: LM-20 Aerospace Engineering, LM-21 Biomedical Engineering, LM-22 Chemical Engineering, Ingegneria chimica, LM-23 Civil Engineering, LM-24 Building system Engineering, LM-25 Automation Engineering, LM-26 Work place and environment 9
safety engineering, LM-27 Telecommunication Engineering, LM-28 Electric Engineering, LM-29 Electronic Engineering, LM-30 Energy and nuclear Engineering, LM-31 Engineering Management, LM-32 Information Engineering, LM-33 Mechanical Engineering, LM-34 Naval Engineering, LM-35 Environmental Engineering, LM-53 Materials sciences and Engineering. LMCU-4 Architecture and building engineering program is five year long and aims to endow students with both architecture studies and building engineering knowledge. 5 Please summarize the general impact of Bologna on this study field as well as the general issues discussed in this regard With regard to the impact the Bologna process had had on the Engineering professional domain, it should be noted higher education system had been in depth renewed after 1999. Engineering field study programs had, before legislative renewal, a five year duration and were organized by sector. After the first two years of generalist and core courses, students approached the study of specific topics. Nowadays, first level programs have a three years duration and students are endowed with both core and basic specific knowledge, then during the second level programs they mainly improve on specific topics. Despite the programs reorganization, it should underlined contents have not been modified. 5.1 Please describe the role of stakeholders in this professional domain The whole Higher education system is settled by law, in Italy. Last 10 years reform began with MIUR Decree 509 in 1999 in accordance with Bologna Process. Public and private universities are legally recognized institutions and issue legally recognized degrees. For most of study fields, including the engineering one, stakeholders lists is limited to MIUR, CUN and universities. The engineering professional domain is also influenced by the National Engineers Council. Such professional associations is legally recognized as well, although it is not strongly involved with higher education issues. Nevertheless, the Council is in charge for engineers behavior and ethic issues. 6 Please describe the transition process from Higher Education to the Labor market Transition to labor market within the engineering domain has not a unique path. National legislation settles rules about license to practice the profession but graduate have several employment opportunity not requiring licenses. To those willing to enroll within the National Engineers Council and become licensed practitioners, an exam is required. 7 Are there any domain specific data sources or regular research conducted (e.g. surveys, statistics by an association); Please describe the main findings? NO 10
8 Is the Life Long Learning Process in any way regulated/demanded for graduates of this professional domain? If yes, who regulates it and what are the general rules? Life long learning system, within the engineering professional domain, is not strictly regulated by law. Practitioners are not required to attend further courses all life long. Nevertheless, they show high levels of participation to further learning activities, attended with the aim to continuously extend and update their knowledge. 11