Urbanization: immigrant-led urban growth, residential segregation and social (dis)integration Prof. Roger Andersson Head of department Institute for Housing and Urban Research Uppsala University Presentation at the Academy of Finland s seminar Future of Housing, Helsinki 2009-06-03 http://www.ibf.uu.se/person/roger/roger.html
My background My PhD in Human Geography (1987) dealt with the Urbanization of Sweden. Since then: (1) Residential segregation and neighbourhood effects, (2) Intra-urban migration, (3) urban policy, especially area-based approaches, (4) economic and social integration of immigrants. Some of the ongoing research projects are conducted in cooperation with geographers, sociologists and political scientists and have a European dimension. The Swedish studies deal primarily with processes taking place in the larger metropolitan regions of Sweden: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö.
Content of the presentation Some general features of contemporary urban change Focus on Sweden (Stockholm and Gothenburg): Immigration Segregation/Integration Immigration, segregation and countersegregation policies: are there lessons to be learned?
Common to most Western countries are tendencies towards Ageing societies and (also highly relevant) a more uneven geographical distribution of different age groups Stagnating or declining total population numbers but (with some exceptions) still increasing urban populations. Most of this urban growth now relates to immigration Increasing ethnic and cultural diversity in urban regions due to increasing volumes of international migration Increasing socioeconomic polarization, which also translates into increasing socio-spatial differences Urban sprawl and political fragmentation in urban regions
Immigration to Sweden by regions in relation to each region's share of the country's population 1875 to 1995. (1=immigration corresponds to the pop. share) Immigrants tend to concentrate in metropolitan regions. This is not a new phenomenon.
12 Immigration to Sweden per 1000 inhabitants 1946-2005 10 8 6 4 2 0 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
Increasing diversity: No of foreignborn residents in Sweden by country regions 1950-2005. 1200000 1000000 Non-European Non-Nordic European Nordic 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2005 The entire growth of the Swedish population since 1970 relates to immigration.
Population development 1950-2000 in Stockholm county and Stockholm city an example of urban sprawl. 2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 Stoc kholm county 1200000 1000000 800000 Stoc kholm 600000 400000 200000 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Since the 1970s the region s population expands mostly due to net immigration, since 1990 due to net immigration of Non-Europeans.
Population in Stockholm county in 2006 according to country of birth Country/country region Total population % Sverige 1545958 80,9 Finland 60498 3,2 Övriga Norden 13026 0,7 Övriga EU15 plus Schweiz, Nordamerika & Oceanien 45348 2,4 Övriga Europa inkl Ryssland 63143 3,3 Afrika 34044 1,8 Västra Asien inkl Turkiet, Afganistan och Pakistan 88304 4,6 Övriga Asien 30151 1,6 Syd- och Centralamerika 30893 1,6 Totalt 1911365 100,0 Total Foreign-born 365407 19,1
Income polarisation at the neighbourhood level in the Gothenburg and Malmö Labour Market regions in 1990 and 2006/2004. Gothenburg Malmö Quota 1990 2006 1990 2004 Percentile 90/percentile 10 1.55 2.33 1.48 1.79 Percentile 80/percentile 20 1.30 1.58 1.30 1.39 Percentile 70/percentile 30 1.18 1.30 1.17 1.21 Percentile 60/percentile 40 1.08 1.12 1.12 1.14 *All neighbourhoods (about 1200 in Gothenburg and 1000 in Malmö) have been ranked according to average work income (förvärvsersättning). Quotas are then calculated for different combinations of ranking positions (percentiles). Source: Andersson, Bråmå, Hogdal (2009).
Poor (red) and rich (blue) neighbourhoods in Göteborg (average income from work, 2004) Quintile breakpoints: (1) red, less than SEK 124,900 (13,430 Euro) (5) Blue, more than SEK 195,760 (21,050 Euro) he colouring of class atterns
Relative participation rate Why so much focus on immigration? Relative labour market participation rates for immigrants in Sweden 1950-2000. Values are standardized by age and gender 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 Year Swedish citizens Foreign citizens/foreignborn Research debates: Economy-related change vs cultural change?
The role of ethnic residential segregation alternative propositions Lack of labour market integration housing segregation Housing segregation lack of labour market integration Segregation / Integration
The distribution of work incomes and relative presence of people with foreign background in Gothenburg neighbourhoods, 2006. (Neighbourhoods are ranked from Average income 100 SEK Perc. foreign background left to right according to decreasing average incomes). 6000 5000 4000 w ork income % for. backgr. Poly. (% for. backgr.) 100 90 80 70 60 3000 2000 1000 0 1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pearson correlation: -.64 (significant at.01 level).
Causalities? The ethnic hierarchy in Göteborgs Labour Market Region in 2006 illustrated by employment rates and residential segregation (ID). 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sverige Norge Tyskland Danmark Finland Polen Andel sysselsatta Geografiskt olikhetsindex Iran Kina & Taiwan Jugoslavien Chile Turkiet Bosnien-Hercegovina Libanon Etiopien Vietnam Irak Somalia
Segregation and integration Level of residential segregation Level of integration Low High Low 1 2 High 3 4 Most researchers and politicians in Sweden would state that the present situation in the country s major cities is (3) and that it is important to strive for (2).
Dominating discources: Explaining ethnic residential patterns Immigrants reside in and are concentrated to particular areas because they choose to live there ( cultural discourse ) Immigrants reside in particular areas because they are poor ( structural discourse ) Immigrants reside in particular areas because the majority population wants them to live there ( post-colonial discourse )
Socioeconomic and ethnic categorization of neighbourhoods in Stockholm county Affluent areas Poor and Immigrant-dense Socioekonomiska basområdestyper Okänd (32) Välbeställda... (402) Svensktäta... (472) Rel svenskglesa... (167) Utsatta (45) Låg syss, hög utb (89) Omr m få invandrare (91)
1 punkt = 10 förutvarande inv 25km 1 punkt = 10 nyanlända inv Finland Well dispersed over the region. 10km 0--5 6--16 17--19 20-64 65+ Total % of Total Finland 125 561 196 42911 16705 60498 3,2 Percentage 0,2 0,9 0,3 70,9 27,6 100,0 Sweden-born 143416 230385 60127 894057 217973 1545958 80,9 Percentage 9,3 14,9 3,9 57,8 14,1 100,0
1 punkt = 10 förutvarande inv 25km 1 punkt = 10 nyanlända inv Iran (20,400 in Stockholm in 2006) Dispersed but with some distinct clusters 10km
Iraq 1 punkt = 10 förutvarande inv 25km 1 punkt = 10 nyanlända inv (27,400 in Stockholm in 2006, rapidly increasing) Highly concentrated to poor and immigrant dense neighbourhoods Södertälje received more Iraqi refugees in 2007 than did the US and Canada combined. 10km
Somalia (6,600 in 2006) 1 punkt = 10 förutvarande inv 25km 1 punkt = 10 nyanlända inv Extreme level of geographical concentration Husby Tensta Rinkeby 10km
A large housing estate in Stockholm: Husby, with Rinkeby and Tensta in the background.
Tensta, Stockholm city (10 km NW city center) A well planned housing estate from the early years of the Million Programme. Currently 17,000 inh. Few with Swedish background left.
The Tensta housing estate: the main commercial centre on a rainy autumn day
Entrance to a typical multifamily house in Tensta
Interior: no signs of physical detoriation
So, for Tensta and similar housing estates Physical detoriation is not the big problem (but huge re-investments needed in the years to come) But almost no Swedes left (about 95 percent of the adult population have a foreign background) Low employment rates, welfare dependency, low incomes Insufficient supply of commercial services High turnover/selective migration (half the population leave within 5 years; a big challenge in particular for the schools) Stigmatization ( white avoidance ) Social unrest among the young
Will time solve the problem? Percentage of residents in the Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö labour market regions with origin in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq living in the poorest neighbourhoods (1st quintile). 90,0 80,0 70,0 60,0 50,0 40,0 Stockholm Gothenburg Malmö 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0 immigrated before 1990 1990-1994 1995-1999 after 1999 Second generation Time spent in Sweden does not indicate much less spatial concentration to poor neighbourhoods
Percentage of residents of different age living in poor neighbourhoods (SAMS Income quintile 1). Somali background (entire country). 90 80 Perc in Quintile 1 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Above age 39 30-39 20-29 10--19 0-9 Younger are the most concentrated to poor neighbourhoods.
Finland is becoming a country of immigration like most of the EU: Are there lessons to be learned from Sweden (and the other way around) in terms of segregation and integration? Rational for comparisons: the two countries are similar in terms of welfare state ambitions, the role of the State and the importance of rather strong and independant municipalities But differences exist concerning the housing market, timing and origin of immigration.
Segregation and integration Level of residential segregation Level of integration Low High Low 1 2 High 3 4 Is (2) a goal also in Finland or do people think that (4) is possible?
Counter-segregation policies Housing and social mix policies (initiated in the 1970s), Refugee dispersal policies (initiated in the 1980s), Area-based urban interventions (initiated in the 1990s), Anti-discrimination policy (more recently developed). Of these four, the three last ones have a clear ethnic focus while mix policies primarily aim for socioeconomic and demographic mix. None of these policies has solved the problem. What next? Demolition? Converting rental to cooperative or ownership housing? And where do people go then? Compulsory schemes to disperse people? How the other half lives is a documentary book by the Danish immigrant to New York, Jakob Riis, from the 1890s. His focus was on all new immigrants and their poor living conditions. I think it is time to focus on the first half : will the Swedish-dense middle-class municipalities and districts continue to escape their responsibility for producing and sustaining the divided city?
Thank you for paying attention.
A research programme on ethnic segregation a dynamic migration oriented model. A research programme on neighbourhood mix and neighbourhood effects. The Micro Structure of the Housing Stock (neighbourhoods composition in terms of tenure and housing types) (1) Social and Ethnic composition of neighbourhoods (2) (3) Social interaction Effects on attitudes and behaviour (4) Social opportunities
List of references Andersson, R. (2006) Breaking Segregation Rhetorical Construct or Effective Policy? The Case of the Metropolitan Development Initiative in Sweden. Urban Studies, Vol. 43, No. 4, 787 799. Andersson, R., 2007, Ethnic Residential Segregation and Integration Processes in Sweden. In: Karen Schönwälder (ed.) Residential Segregation and the Integration of Immigrants: Britain, the Netherlands and Sweden, p. 61-90. Discussion Paper Nr. SP IV 2007-602, Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. http://wzb.eu/zkd/aki/files/aki_segregation_three_countris.pdf.pdf Andersson, R., Bråmå, Å. and Holmqvist, E. (2009) Counteracting segregation: Swedish policies and experiences. Submitted to Housing Studies. Andersson, R., Bråmå, Å. and Hogdal, J. (2009) Fattiga och rika - segregerad stad. City of Gothenburg (in print). Andersson, R., Amcoff, J. & Niedomysl, T. (2008) Inflyttningen till stockholmsregionen 1994-2006 i ett etniskt perspektiv. Befolkningsprognos 2008 2017, Rapport 2008:3, Regionplane- och trafikkontoret. Stockholms läns landsting. Electronic publication: http://www.rtk.sll.se/global/dokument/statistik/befolkningsprognoser/2008_3_inflyttningen_till_stockholmsregione n.pdf (English: In-migration to the Stockholm region 1994-2006 from an ethnic perspective) www.restate.geog.uu.nl (for downloading reports on Sweden and other countries involved in the Restate project) For empirical studies of segregation and policies in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö, see Andersson, R., Hogdal, J. & Johansson, S., Planering för minskad bostadssegregation. Rapport 1:2007 Regionplaneoch trafikkontoret, Stockholms läns landsting. (http://www.rtk.sll.se/) Andersson, R., Bråmå, Å., Hogdal, J., (2009) Fattiga och rika - segregerad stad. Flyttningar och segregationens dynamik i Göteborg 1990-2006. Under utgivning/in print. Andersson, R., Bråmå, Å., Hogdal, J., (2007) Segregationens dynamik och planeringens möjligheter. En studie av bostadsmarknad och flyttningar i Malmöregionen. Malmö: Stadskontoret. ( http://www.malmo.se/download/18.365accf7116191cc840800042519/segregationens_dynamik_2007_12_06.pdf ) http://www.ibf.uu.se/person/roger/roger.html (for a more complete list of my publications and descriptions of finished and ongoing research projects)