Information for the rubber industry KONTAKT 43. Deovulc. Accelerator Blends

Information for the rubber industry KONTAKT 43 Deovulc Accelerator Blends 1

Kontakt 43 Contents Deovulc Accelerator Blends 1. Introduction...3 1.1 Product Overview Vulcanization Chemicals... 4 6 1.2. Test Instruments, Methods, and Parameters...7 2. Main usage: EPDM...7 2.1 Conventional Accelerator Blend Deovulc EG 3....8 2.1.1 Effects of Increased Dosage...8 2.1.2 Effects of Dosage... 1 2.1.3 Effects of Secondary Accelerators.... 12 2.2 Conventional Accelerator Blend Deovulc EG 28....14 2.2.1 Effects of Increased Dosage... 14 2.2.2 Effects of Dosage.... 16 2.2.3 Effects of Secondary Accelerators.... 18 2.3 Nitrosamine-free Accelerator Blend Deovulc BG 187.... 2.3.1 Effects of Increased Dosage... 2.3.2 Effects of Dosage... 22 2.3.3 Effects of Secondary Accelerators.... 25 2.4 Nitrosamine-nontoxic Accelerator Blend Deovulc BG 287....26 2.4.1 Effects of Increased Dosage... 26 2.4.2 Effects of Dosage... 28 2.4.3 Effects of Secondary Accelerators... 3 2.5 Optimization of the cross-linking properties... 32 36 with the application of Deostab in combination with Deovulc Accelerator Blends 2.6 Influence of the ENB-content... 37 38 2.7 Application within coloured compounds... 39 3. Application in Diene Rubber.... 4 43 3.1 Deovulc EG 28 in NBR as an alternative to a conventional EV system... 4 3.2 Deovulc BG 187 as a Semi-EV system in NBR... 41 3.3 Deovulc EG 3 and EG 28 in NR... 42 3.4 Deovulc BG 187 and BG 287 in NR... 43 Publishing Information Publisher: DOG Deutsche Oelfabrik Gesellschaft für chemische Erzeugnisse mbh & Co. KG www.dog-chemie.de, info@dog-chemie.de Authors: Dr. Bernd Bornemann, Manfred Heide, Ralph Mehl, Stephan Müller, Stefan Oettlein, Andre Rittmann, Dr. Gernot Frackmann Design/Production: EHRENBERG 36 GmbH, www.ehrenberg36.de, info@ehrenberg.de 2

1. Introduction Ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) is a terpolymer with side-chain double bonds. The main chain thus remains saturated. The advantages of the EPDM s largely saturated molecular structure, e.g. high resistance to weathering and ageing, are accompanied by a relatively inert vulcanization characteristic. An economically viable cross-linking of EPDM with sulphur often can only be practically achieved through complex systems with numerous individual components consisting of vulcanization accelerators and sulphur donors. In this case, when selecting and balancing the accelerator chemicals, one must take into account the limited solubility of some of the individual components in the EPDM polymer. If the components are not optimally balanced, fogging or blooming effects can appear on the surface of the vulcanized material. For over four decades, DOG Deutsche Oelfabrik has been producing accelerator blends that enable balanced, safe, and blooming-free EPDM cross-linking in industrial usage, and has reached worldwide distribution. In the range of conventional accelerator blends, DOG offers a reliable universal solution for EPDM cross-linking: Deovulc EG 3. For an especially fast cure, with a high degree of cross-linking, as well as excellent ageing stability, the right product is Deovulc EG 28. In order to achieve a high degree of cross-linking in a short cure time, highly active accelerator systems are often applied, which are based on thiurams and dithiocarbamates. However, during the vulcanization process, these single accelerators can split off secondary amines which can be turned into nitrosamines under the presence of nitrogene oxides. Nitrosamines are known to have carcinogenic effects and are ruled in the German technical guidelines for handling hazardous materials (TRGS 552). For vulcanization processes in which no nitrosable secondary amines, and thus also no nitrosamines, can occur, DOG has developed a product line called the Deovulc BG-Accelerator Blends. Deovulc BG 187 has proven itself, over the course of more than years, to be a non-staining, non-blooming, highly-active accelerator blend based on zinc dithiophosphates and synergistic secondary accelerator combinations. With Deovulc BG 287, DOG has developed a new, faster accelerator blend that combines high heat-resistance with an improved compression set. All Deovulc accelerator blends offer significant advantages with simple and reliable weighing and dosage. There is no need for the costly mixing of individual components. The Deovulc accelerator blends, in either powder or granulate form, allow for easy integration and demonstrate a high level of process-reliability. Both conventional as well as nitrosamine-nontoxic Deovulc accelerator blends will be dealt with in the context of Kontakt 43, and the test results of numerous trial-applications of DOG technology will be presented. The effects of dosage, Recipe, and important reaction- parameters will be presented here systematically. Also, this will be expanded upon with the synergistic effects with other vulcanization chemicals from DOG, such as the vulcanization stabilizer Deostab or the single accelerator Deovulc ATP-7. This document finishes off with a comprehensive overview of the test parameters and results, visualized in graphs. Kontakt 43 presents a fundamentally revised version of Kontakt 26 and 34. 3

Kontakt 43 1.1 Product Overview Vulcanization Chemicals Deovulc Accelerator Blends for EPDM and Diene Rubber Appearance Grade Composition Conventional Systems Deovulc EG 3 Combination of highly active accelerators containing ETU. Available as a non-dusting powder or as granules Deovulc EG 28 Combination of highly active, ETU-free accelerators, containing an additional sulphur donor (requires the addition of MBT). Available as a non-dusting powder or as granules Nitrosamine-free System Deovulc BG 187 Combination of thiazole, dithiophosphate, and basic accelerators. Available as a non-dusting powder or as granules Nitrosamine-nontoxic System Deovulc BG 287 Synergistic combination of nitrosamine-nontoxic accelerators, available as a non-dusting powder These Deovulc grades are balanced accelerator blends for rubber products that must not show any blooming or staining effects. Deovulc EG 3 is suitable for all applications requiring a medium cure rate and an average compression set. Deovulc EG 28 is characterized by high processing safety, rapid full cure, a high degree of cross-linking, and low compression set values. 4 Deovulc BG 187 and BG 287 are accelerator blends for rubber products that must not form any dangerous nitrosamines during production or storage. Deovulc BG 287 has been specially developed for fast vulcanization processes and proves good temperature-resistance and an improved compression set.

Deovulc Single Accelerators Appearance Grade Product Form Active Substance Dosage [phr] Conventional Single Accelerator Preparations Deovulc OTOS-8 beige granules 8.5 2. Deovulc M white to beige powder > 95.6 1. (conv.).5 1.5 (SEV).5 2. (EV) Nitrosamine-free Single Accelerator Preparations Deovulc TP 4-75 white to beige powder 75 1.5 4. Deovulc ATP-7 white to beige powder 7.5 2.5 Deovulc DPG whitish powder 96.2 2. Deovulc OTOS-8 (N-Oxydiethylenethiocarbamoyl-N -oxydiethylenesulphenamide) is a preparation of the sulphenamide accelerator OTOS, and is available as soft granules. Deovulc OTOS-8 enables dust-free and spot-free implementation of this accelerator. Deovulc OTOS-8 improves the reversion stability as well as the mechanical and dynamic properties of the compounds. Deovulc OTOS-8 is particularly effective for products which are subject to dynamic loads (lower compression set, fatigue-resistance, ageing-resistance). Deovulc M (DTDM Dithiodimorpholine) only splits off sulphur at high temperatures, so steep vulcanization curves can be obtained. Monosulfidic bridges are formed, resulting in high heat-resistance and low compression sets for the vulcanizates. As a sulphur donor, Deovulc M can be used in all standard elastomers. In conventional systems, 1 to 1.5 phr sulphur can be substituted with.6 to 1 phr Deovulc M. In SEV systems, it is recommended to replace the sulphur with an equal amount of Deovulc M. In EV systems, substituting sulphur with at least double the amount of Deovulc M is advisable. Deovulc ATP-7 (amine-activated dithiophosphate) serves as a faster vulcanization accelerator for EPDM and diene rubber for all typical processing methods, generally applied in combination with additional accelerators such as thiazoles or sulphenamides. Deovulc ATP-7 enables a high cross-link density, which leads to vulcanizates with low compression sets and good heat-ageing. Deovulc ATP-7 does not create any toxic nitrosamines. Deovulc DPG (Diphenylguanidine) is an accelerator for general usage with good dispersion characteristics. Deovulc DPG preferably serves as a secondary accelerator in combination with thiazoles or sulphenamides. As a secondary accelerator, Deovulc DPG significantly increases the vulcanization speed and the degree of cross-linking. Additionally, Deovulc DPG is especially used as an activator for compounds containing silica in order to achieve good mechanical properties. Deovulc TP 4-75 (zinc dialkyldithiophosphate) is absorbed on a silica carrier. Deovulc TP 4-75 serves as a primary accelerator for nitrosaminefree vulcanizates from EPDM or diene rubber. Due to its high solubility and light color, Deovluc TP 4-75 is particularly suitable for use in light rubber compounds and, even in high dosages, shows neither staining nor blooming effects. 5

Kontakt 43 Deosulf Preparations Appearance Grade Active Substance [] BfR 1) FDA 2) 1 phr sulphur corresponds to [phr] Soluble (Powder) Deosulf L 95 99 (soluble S) + + 1. Insoluble (Paste) Deosulf U 6 53 (insoluble S) 7 (soluble S) + 1.67 Deosulf sulphur preparations enable a fast, dust-free and uniform dispersion. No agglomerations occur, which can lead to overvulcanization. Deosulf U 6 enables a spot-free incorporation of insoluble sulphur into rubber. The protection against scorching is increased and the risk of sulphur blooming effects in the uncured compound is reduced. Deosulf L 95 contains 1. organic dispersant. Furthermore, this sulphur preparation can be quickly incorporated and uniformly distributed. No local over-vulcanization occurs and, consequently, vulcanizates with better ageing properties are obtained. Deostab Vulcanization Stabilizer Appearance Grade Active Substance Ash [] BfR 1) FDA 2) Dosage [phr] Deostab cross-linked native oils (stabilized) 6. ± 1. +.5 2. Deostab acts as a vulcanization stabilizer for EPDM compounds that contain Calcium-oxide, especially for extruded profiles. In systems cross-linked with sulphur for continous vulcanization, Deostab improves the level of cross-linking (compression set), without impeding the desiccation effects of the calcium-oxide. Deovulc Vulcanization Retarder Appearance Grade Product Form Melting Point [ C] BfR 1) FDA 2) Dosage [phr] Deovulc CTP-PVI white powder 91.5 ± 2.5.1 1. Deovulc CTP-PVI (N-[Cyclohexylthio]pththalimide) is used as a vulcanization retarder in diene rubber and EPDM. Generally, the most effective use of Deovulc CTP-PVI can be achieved in combination with sulfenamide accelerators. 1) BfR: Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, recommendation XXI. 2) FDA: Food and Drug Administration 177.26 6

1.2 Test Instruments, Methods, and Parameters Blending Internal Mixer Farrel BR Banbury / Volumen 1.6 l Laboratory Mill / 26 mm / Friction 1:1.1 Test of Unvulcanized Compounds Mooney Viscosimeter Montech V-MV 3 Rheometer MDR EMischung Test of Vulcanized Compounds Tensile strength / Elongation at break DIN 5354-S2 Tear Resistance DIN ISO 34-1 Method A Shore A Hardness A DIN 5355-A Rebound Resilience DIN 53512 Compression Set DIN ISO 815-1, Type B Heat Ageing DIN 5358 2. Main Usage: EPDM With the Deovulc range of accelerator blends, DOG offers products which excellently meet the demands of efficient and economical vulcanization of continually manufactured EPDM compounds. In additional to the advantage of faster and more accurate weighing, the Deovulc accelerator blends offer a high level of regularity in the crosslinking, and normally show no blooming effects. In addition to extrusion, these products generally are also suitable for usage in the standard production process of moulded articles. The table with the characteristic profiles should initially give you a brief overview of the individual features of the four Deovulc accelerator blends. Characteristic Profiles Deovulc EG 3 Deovulc EG 28 Deovulc BG 187 Deovulc BG 287 Fast vulcanization with a wide spectrum of usages Contains a sulphur donor for a higher degree of cross-linking Nitrosamine-free vulcanization with a wide spectrum of usages Nitrosamine-nontoxic vulcanization with optimal physical properties and faster cross-linking 7

Kontakt 43 Deovulc EG 3 2.1. Conventional Accelerator Blend Deovulc EG 3 Dosage Guidelines (phr) for EPDM Black Compounds Light coloured Compounds Deovulc EG 3 3 5 5 6 1 2 1 2 2.1.1 Effects of Increased Dosage Recipe 132E Deovulc EG 3 2 phr Deovulc EG 3 Deovulc EG 3 4 phr Deovulc EG 3 5 phr Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 Deovulc EG 3 Powder 2 3 4 5 Deosulf L 95 1 1 1 1 Total phr 339 34 341 342 Vulcanization Characteristics Effects of Increased Dosage [dnm] 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 2 phr 4 phr 5 phr 4 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min Deovulc EG 3 2 phr Deovulc EG 3 Deovulc EG 3 4 phr Deovulc EG 3 5 phr S' min [dnm] 2.12 2.16 2.22 2.27 S max [dnm] 14.83 15.1 15.16 15.12 t 1 [min].8.76.7.69 t 9 [min] 3.61 2.97 2.52 2.23 Conclusion The effects of increased dosage of Deovulc EG 3 with a constant amount of sulphur are mainly revealed in the shortened time to full cure (t 9 ). 8 Deovulc EG 3

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Shore A 8 Modulus 1 5. 4.5 7 68 69 7 71 4. 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.4 6 3. 2.5 5 2 phr 4 phr 5 phr 2. 2 phr 4 phr 5 phr Tensile Strength Elongation 14. 12. 12.1 12.4 11.7 11.3 5 4 3 462 449 429 396 1. 1 8. 2 phr 4 phr 5 phr 2 phr 4 phr 5 phr Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 4 35 3 38 3 31 31 1 1 8 6 14 13 52 13 16 59 58 6 Retention of elongation at break [] 25 4 Retention tensile strength [] 2 phr 4 phr 5 phr 2 phr 4 phr 5 phr Conclusion Even at a dosage of, excellent physical properties are achieved, while, as expected, the tensile strength decreases with the concentration of accelerator and the hardness increases slightly. Starting at a dosage of, a good level of physical values is reached. Merely the addition of only 2 phr Deovulc EG 3 leads to under-vulcanization, which is clearly reflected in the compression set and the heat ageing. Deovulc EG 3 9

Kontakt 43 Deovulc EG 3 2.1.2 Effects of Dosage Recipe 132E.5 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deovulc EG 3 Powder 4 4 4 4 4 4 Deosulf L 95.5 1. 1.25 1.5 1.75 2. 2. phr Total phr 34.5 341. 341.25 341.5 341.75 342. Vulcanization Properties Effects of Increased Dosage [dnm] 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4.5 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min.5 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr S' min [dnm] 2. 2.22 2.21 2.24 2.25 2.24 2. phr S max [dnm] 11.52 15.16 15.86 17.21 17.83 18.37 t 1 [min].77.7.7.69.68.67 t 9 [min] 2.6 2.52 2.73 3.4 3.27 3.47 Conclusion When interpreting the values of the rheometer, it is important to take all the measurement results into consideration. The measurement with a dosage of.5 phr sulphur at first may appear to lead to very fast vulcanization. However, that can lead to the oversight, that the degree of cross-linking (seen in the maximum torque) appears only at low levels. Adequately high-level values are only reached at 1 phr or more. The differences which are then noticeable fulfil expectations. 1 Deovulc EG 3

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Modulus 1 Shore A 8 7 67 7 71 72 73 74 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.6 3.7 4. 4.6 4.8 5.1 6 2. 1. 5.5 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr..5 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr Tensile Strength Elongation 13. 12. 11. 1. 9. 1.5 11.7 12.3 11.4 11.3 12.3 7 6 5 4 3 1 572 429 356 34 289 37 8..5 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr.5 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 45 4 35 3 25 29 31.5 phr 1. phr 42 37 34 31 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr 1 96 72 48 24 11 96 99 12 1 94 57 54 54 5 49 44.5 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr Retention of elongation at break [] Retention tensile strength [] Conclusion Depending on the usage, one can significantly influence the compression set or the modulus by varying the sulphur dosage. Deovulc EG 3 11

Kontakt 43 Deovulc EG 3 2.1.3 Effects of Secondary Accelerators Recipe 132E MBT TP4-75 ATP-7 DPG DPTT Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deovulc EG 3 Powder 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 MBT 1 Deovulc TP 4-75 1.33 1 Deovulc ATP-7 1.43 Deovulc DPG.5 DPTT.5 Deosulf L 95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total phr 341 342 342.33 342 342.43 341.5 341.5 Vulcanization Properties Effects of Increased Dosage Nm 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 MBT TP4-75 ATP-7 DPG DPTT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min MBT TP4-75 ATP-7 DPG DPTT S' min [dnm] 2.22 2.41 2.26 2.22 2.25 2.33 2.31 S max [dnm] 15.16 15.5 14.87 15.25 14.83 14.83 15.88 t 1 [min].7.68.69.74.65.6.67 t 9 [min] 2.52 2.42 2.31 2.19 2.1 2.8 2.39 Conclusion The test results show that Deovulc EG 3 is excellently suited for usage in EPDM. The most commonly tested secondary accelerators show no significant improvement. The addition of Deovulc ATP-7, however, enables a faster curing. 12 Deovulc EG 3

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Shore A 8 Modulus 1 5. 7 7 71 71 71 71 7 69 4. 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.9 6 3. 5 MBT TP 4-75 ATP-7 DPG DPTT 2. MBT TP 4-75 ATP-7 DPG DPTT Tensile Strength Elongation 13. 12. 11. 1. 11.7 11.4 11.1 11. 1.6 1.3 11.4 5 4 3 429 411 398 413 371 439 381 9. 8. 7. 1 6. MBT TP 4-75 ATP-7 DPG DPTT MBT TP 4-75 ATP-7 DPG DPTT Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 4 35 3 25 31 33 32 3 32 31 31 14 1 1 8 6 4 116 13 16 14 16 14 17 58 59 57 58 57 61 56 Retention of elongation at break [] Retention tensile strength [] 15 MBT TP 4-75 ATP-7 DPG DPTT MBT TP 4-75 ATP-7 DPG DPTT Conclusion The physical-mechanical properties also show that one can achieve highly balanced characteristics by using Deovulc EG 3. In terms of the mechanical properties, no significant improvement is possible with the common secondary accelerators. Deovulc EG 3 13

Kontakt 43 Deovulc EG 28 2.2. Conventional Accelerator Blend Deovulc EG 28 Dosage Guidelines (phr) for EPDM Black Compounds Light coloured Compounds Deovulc EG 28 2.25 3.75 3.75 4.5 MBT.75 1.25 1.25 1.5.8 1.75.8 1.75 The additon of the thiazole accelerator MBT, which is not contained in the accelerator blend due to its lack of incorporated storage stability, also belongs to the accelerator-system Deovulc EG 28. Based on our experience, a ratio of MBT to Deovulc EG 28 of 1:3 has proven to be optimal. The amount of MBT in the trial recipes was thus adapted to each Deovulc EG 28 dosage. 2.2.1 Effects of Increased Dosage Recipe 132E Deovulc EG 28 2.25 phr Deovulc EG 28 Deovulc EG 28 3.75 phr Deovulc EG 28 4 phr Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 Deovulc EG 28 Powder 2.25 3 3.75 4 MBT.75 1 1.25 1.33 Deosulf L 95 1 1 1 1 Total phr 34 341 342 342.33 Vulcanization Properties Effects of Increased Dosage dnm 18 16 14 12 1 8 2.25 phr 3. phr 3.75 phr 4. phr 6 4 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min Deovulc EG 28 2.25 phr Deovulc EG 28 Deovulc EG 28 3.75 phr Deovulc EG 28 4 phr S' min [dnm] 1.91 2.1 2.6 2.4 S max [dnm] 15.19 15.79 15.76 15.73 t 1 [min].84.82.8.78 t 9 [min] 2.61 2.41 2.26 2.14 Conclusion At a dosage of or higher, the maximum torque no longer increases, so the cure time decreases correspondingly. The scorch time t 1 is not significantly affected by higher dosages. 14 Deovulc EG 28

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Shore A 8 Modulus 1 5. 7 69 7 71 71 4.5 4.5 4.6 4. 3.9 4. 6 3.5 5 2.25 phr 3.75 phr 4 phr 3. 2.25 phr 3.75 phr 4 phr Tensile Strength Elongation 14. 5 12. 13. 12.1 12.6 12.4 4 3 399 365 345 33 1. 1 8. 2.25 phr 3.75 phr 4 phr 2.25 phr 3.75 phr 4 phr Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 32 3 28 26 3 29 26 26 1 1 8 6 15 16 13 94 65 64 64 65 Retention of elongation at break [] 24 22 4 Retention tensile strength [] 2.25 phr 3.75 phr 4 phr 2.25 phr 3.75 phr 4 phr Conclusion Whereas the ultimate elongation and tensile strength appear quite inconspicuous throughout the accelerator dosages tested here, one still notices an improvement in the modulus 1 and the compression set at higher dosages. The remaining ultimate elongation and tensile strength after ageing barely change with an increased dosage of Deovulc EG 28. Deovulc EG 28 15

Kontakt 43 Deovulc EG 28 2.2.2 Effect of Dosage Recipe 132E.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deovulc EG 28 Powder 3 3 3 3 3 3 MBT 1 1 1 1 1 1 Deosulf L 95.5.75 1 1.5 1.75 2 2. phr Total phr 34.5 34.75 341 341.5 341.75 342 Vulcanization Properties Effects of Increased Dosage [dnm] 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr S' min [dnm] 1.93 2.4 2.1 2.8 2.14 2.11 2. phr S max [dnm] 12.37 14.47 15.79 17.43 18.43 18.84 t 1 [min].91.83.82.75.73.72 t 9 [min] 2.53 2.39 2.41 2.65 2.79 2.9 Conclusion With an increased dosage of sulphur, the maximum torque is raised, and thus also the level of cross-linking. Simultaneously, the scorch time is shortened and the cure time is lengthened. 16 Deovulc EG 28

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Modulus 1 Shore A 8 7 65 67 7 71 72 73 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.7 3.4 4. 4.6 5.3 5.5 6 2. 1. 5.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr..5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr Tensile Strength Elongation 13. 12. 11.7 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 6 5 4 3 527 49 365 3 28 255 11. 1 1..5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 45 4 35 3 25 26 27 29 34 4 42 1 1 8 6 4 11 69 16 16 18 17 15 64 64 63 62 62 Retention of elongation at break [] Retention tensile strength [].5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.5 phr 1.75 phr 2. phr Conclusion Here it is easy to recognize the relationship between the sulphur dosage and the physical data. Whereas the shore hardness and the modulus clearly rise with an increasing amount of sulphur, the elongation at break goes down to half of the original value. The disadvantage of an increased amount of sulphur is the effect on the compression set. Deovulc EG 28 17

Kontakt 43 Deovulc EG 28 2.2.3 Effects of Secondary Accelerators Recipe 132E Without Co-Acc. MBT MBT / MBT / MBTS MBT / DPG MBTS Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deovulc EG 28 Powder 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 MBT 1 1 1 1 1 1 MBTS 1 1 Deovulc DPG 1 Deosulf L 95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total phr 34 341 342 342 342 341 341 Vulcanization Properties Effects of Secondary Accelerators [dnm] 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Without Co-Acc. MBT MBT/ MBT/MBTS MBT/DPG MBTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min Without Co-Acc. MBT MBT / MBT / MBTS MBT / DPG MBTS S' min [dnm] 1.99 2.1 2.1 2.12 2.26 2.13 2.8 S max [dnm] 15.25 15.79 15.79 15.31 14.83 16.5 15.64 t 1 [min].94.82.82.84.49 1.1.99 t 9 [min] 3.59 2.41 2.41 2.38 1.92 2.87 2.83 Conclusion This test series with various secondary accelerators demonstrates that one can also purposefully regulate the vulcanization properties by using the accelerator blend Deovulc EG 28. The recommended standard, used in the control blend, shows balanced cross-linking behaviour, and a combination of MBT and or MBTS also results in similar rheometer curves. A significantly faster scorch time can be achieved with the addition of DPG. If one wants to reduce the cross-linking speed, one can use MBTS or instead of MBT. 18 Deovulc EG 28

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Shore A 8 Modulus 1 5. 7 68 71 7 69 7 7 7 4.5 4. 3.8 4. 4.2 3.9 3.8 4.1 4. 3.5 6 3. 2.5 5 without Co-Acceler. MBT MBT/ MBT/ MBTS MBT/ DPG MBTS 2. without Co-Acceler. MBT MBT/ MBT/ MBTS MBT/ DPG MBTS Tensile Strength Elongation 14 13 12 11 1 13.2 12.6 12.1 11.9 11.3 12.6 12.2 5 4 3 399 365 372 345 362 393 386 9 1 8 without Co-Acceler. MBT MBT/ MBT/ MBTS MBT/ DPG MBTS without Co-Acceler. MBT MBT/ MBT/ MBTS MBT/ DPG MBTS Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 36 34 32 3 28 35 29 29 29 28 31 29 1 1 8 6 13 61 16 64 98 68 17 71 18 8 1 64 1 62 Retention of elongation at break [] 26 24 22 4 Retention tensile strength [] without Co-Acceler. MBT MBT/ MBT/ MBTS MBT/ DPG MBTS without Co-Acceler. MBT MBT/ MBT/ MBTS MBT/ DPG MBTS Conclusion The recipe without the standard secondary accelerator MBT indeed results in significantly lower levels in the physical data, which emphasizes the necessity of applying an additional accelerator. The other remaining results show comparably quite good physical values, the best ageing values are achieved by adding DPG. The compounder thus provides a good possibility to control the cross-linking speed over a broad range, without having to settle for significant changes in the physical properties. It should also be noted here, that even the addition of secondary accelerators did not lead to any blooming effects. However, since blooming effects can occur depending on the recipe, these should be checked in special cases if needed. In order to provide a better overview, we have described the properties of the various secondary accelerators with key words in the table below: Recipe Characteristic Profile No secondary acc. Insufficient cross-link density, very long cure time, only moderate physical value levels MBT Very balanced vulcanization characteristics, very good physical properties MBT / Very good alternative to the control compound, somewhat better ageing properties MBT / MBTS Very good alternative to the control compound, somewhat better ageing properties MBT / DPG Very fast cross-linking, very good ageing properties Physical properties comparable to the control blend, somewhat more reliable processing MBTS Physical properties comparable to the control blend, somewhat more reliable processing Deovulc EG 28 19

Kontakt 43 Deovulc BG 187 2.3. Nitrosamine-free Accelerator Blend Deovulc BG 187 Dosage Guidelines (phr) for EPDM Black Compounds Light coloured Compounds Deovulc BG 187 4. 6. 6. 8..8 1.5.8 1.5 2.3.1 Effects of Increased Dosage Recipe 132E Deovulc BG 187 Deovulc BG 187 4 phr Deovulc BG 187 5 phr Deovulc BG 187 6 phr Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 Deovulc BG 187 Powder 3 4 5 6 Deosulf L 95 1 1 1 1 Total phr 34 341 342 343 Vulcanization Characteristics Effects of Increased Dosage [dnm] 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr 4 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min Deovulc BG 187 Deovulc BG 187 4 phr Deovulc BG 187 5 phr Deovulc BG 187 6 phr S' min [dnm] 1.81 1.85 1.78 1.97 S max [dnm] 13.3 13.39 13.62 13.76 t 1 [min].87.8.79.73 t 9 [min] 4.2 3.54 3.34 2.84 Conclusion By increasing the dosage, the speed of vulcanization rises. A dosage under 4 phr is not recommended since the system then becomes noticeably slower. Deovulc BG 187

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Modulus 1 Shore A 8 7 64 65 66 66 4. 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 3. 3.2 3.5 3.6 6 1.5 1..5 5 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr. 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr Tensile Strength Elongation 13.5 13. 12.5 12. 11.5 11. 1.5 1. 9.5 9. 8.5 8. 12.6 13.2 12.9 12.5 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr 5 4 3 1 492 479 436 431 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 45 4 35 3 25 43 38 37 38 1 1 8 6 4 17 99 1 12 57 56 58 57 Retention of elongation at break [] Retention tensile strength [] 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr Conclusion Starting at 4 phr, increasing the dosage barely affects the physical values or the ageing. Only the ultimate elongation is shortened because of the higher cross-linking density. Deovulc BG 187 21

Kontakt 43 Deovulc BG 187 2.3.2 Effects of Dosage Recipe 132E.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deovulc BG 187 Powder 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deosulf L 95.5.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2. phr Total phr 341.5 341.75 342 342.25 342.5 343 Vulcanization Characteristics Effects of increased sulphur dosage [dnm] 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4,5 phr,75 phr 1, phr 1,25 phr 1,5 phr 2, phr 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr S' min [dnm] 1.99 2.2 2.1 2.9 2.1 2.1 2. phr S max [dnm] 11.2 13.4 13.62 14.76 15.37 16. t 1 [min].9.83.79.77.75.72 t 9 [min] 2.78 2.94 3.34 3.19 3.37 3.55 Conclusion The sulphur dosage has a decisive influence on the cross-linking density. A sulphur dosage under.75 phr is not recommended. 22 Deovulc BG 187

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Modulus 1 Shore A 8 75 7 65 62 6 64 66 68 69 69 5. 4. 3. 2. 2.2 2.8 3.5 3.6 4.2 4.2 55 1. 5.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr..5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr Tensile Strength Elongation 14. 13. 12. 11. 1. 1.6 11.6 12.5 12.4 11.6 12.3 7 6 5 4 3 614 513 436 423 374 37 9. 1 8..5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 7 6 5 4 3 1 32 33 37 39 44 58 1 1 8 6 4 18 14 57 54 1 58 18 49 99 46 12 41 Retention of elongation at break [] Retention tensile strength [].5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr Conclusion The hardness and module continuously grow with an increased dosage of sulphur, a result of the increased crosslinking density. In contrast, the elongation values decline, especially after ageing. For the best results with the compression set and heat-ageing, the sulphur dosage should be kept as low as possible, because the polysulfide bonds which are propagated by higher sulphur dosages have a negative effect on these properties. Deovulc BG 187 23

Kontakt 43 Deovulc BG 187 2.3.3 Effects of Secondary Accelerators Recipe 132E PBS ZBEC TBzTD MBT CLD Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deovulc BG 187 Powder 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 Retarder PBS*.5 ZBEC 1 TBzTD.5 MBT 1. CLD (8 ) 1.25 Deosulf L 95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total phr 342 343 342.5 343 342.5 343 343.25 Because of the nitrosamine-free accelerator blend Deovulc BG 187, only nitrosamine-free secondary accelerators were also selected. * N-phenyl-N-(trichloro-methyl-sulfenyl)-benzene sulfonamide Vulcanization Characteristics Effects of the Secondary Accelerators [dnm] 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 PBS ZBEC TBzTD MBT CLD 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min PBS ZBEC TBzTD MBT CLD S' min [dnm] 1.78 2.5 2.14 2.18 2.17 2.26 2.15 S max [dnm] 13.62 14.18 14.55 14. 14.24 14.23 15.37 t 1 [min].79.84 1.6.64.76.73.9 t 9 [min] 3.34 2.58 3.58 2.16 2.68 2.75 3.4 Conclusion The vulcanization speed can be substantially influenced by using secondary accelerators. Thus, the cure time can be reduced by approximately 3 with ZBEC. On the other hand, the flow time can be extended by more than 3 with Retarder PBS. 24 Deovulc BG 187

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Shore A 8 Modulus 1 5. 7 66 68 68 68 68 67 7 4. 3. 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.9 6 2. 1. 5 PBS ZBEC TBzTD MBT CLD. PBS ZBEC TBzTD MBT CLD Tensile Strength Elongation 13. 12. 11. 12.5 11.6 11.4 12.1 11.3 11.9 11.9 5 4 3 436 448 417 42 383 418 361 1. 1 9. PBS ZBEC TBzTD MBT CLD PBS ZBEC TBzTD MBT CLD Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 4 38 36 34 32 3 37 39 39 33 34 34 38 1 1 8 6 4 17 1 58 6 16 56 12 65 19 68 15 15 66 64 Retention of elongation at break [] Retention tensile strength [] 28 PBS ZBEC TBzTD MBT CLD PBS ZBEC TBzTD MBT CLD Conclusion Secondary accelerators have different effects on the physical values of the vulcanizate, depending on the type and the dosage. The hardness increases slightly, whereas the tensile strength and elongation tend to appear somewhat lower. The compression set improves noticeably with the addition of ZBEC or TBzTD. Even after heat-ageing, the positive properties of ZBEC, TBzTD, and MBT can be seen. As with the previous test series with Deovulc EG 28, here we also determined no blooming effects. However, we must note that this depends on the overall recipe and must be tested individually. Deovulc BG 187 25

Kontakt 43 Deovulc BG 287 2.4. Nitrosamine-nontoxic Accelerator Blend Deovulc BG 287 Dosage Guidelines (phr) for EPDM Black Compounds Light coloured Compounds BG 287 4. 6. 5. 7..8 1.5.8 1.5 2.4.1 Effects of Increased Dosage Recipe 132E Deovulc BG 287 Deovulc BG 287 4 phr Deovulc BG 287 5 phr Deovulc BG 287 6 phr Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 Deovulc BG 287 Powder 3 4 5 6 Deosulf L 95 1 1 1 1 Total phr 34 341 342 343 Vulcanization Characteristics Effects of Increased Dosage [dnm] 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr 4 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min Deovulc BG 287 Deovulc BG 287 4 phr Deovulc BG 287 5 phr Deovulc BG 287 6 phr S' min [dnm] 2.12 2.14 2.16 2. S max [dnm] 14.35 14.31 14.52 14.67 t 1 [min].84.79.77.73 t 9 [min] 3.33 2.82 2.52 2.32 Conclusion With an increased dosage, the cure time is shortened, while simultaneously the flow time remains nearly constant. The scorch time is only noticeably decreased at a dosage of 6 phr. 26 Deovulc BG 287

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Shore A 8 Modulus 1 4. 3.9 7 67 68 69 7 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.6 3. 6 2.5 5 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr 2. 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr Tensile Strength Elongation 14. 13. 12.6 12.8 12.3 12.6 5 4 468 429 47 388 12. 3 11. 1. 9. 1 8. 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 5 4 3 1 4 35 33 31 1 1 8 6 4 96 97 5 98 56 59 94 65 Retention of elongation at break [] Retention tensile strength [] 4 phr 5 phr 6 phr 2 phr 4 phr 6 phr Conclusion The physical properties demonstrate optimum values within the range of 5 6 phr. Here the values for the compression set and heat-ageing are at a very good level. With a dosage of only, insufficient cross-linking is seen, which is reflected in the ultimate elongation, modulus, and in the compression set. Deovulc BG 287 27

Kontakt 43 Deovulc BG 287 2.4.2 Effects of Dosage Recipe 132E.5 phr.75 phr 1 phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deovulc BG 287 Powder 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deosulf L 95.5.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2 phr Total phr 341.5 341.75 342 342.25 342.5 343 Vulcanization Characteristics Effects of Increased Dosage [dnm] 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4,5 phr,75 phr 1, phr 1,25 phr 1,5 phr 2, phr 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min.5 phr.75 phr 1 phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr S' min [dnm] 2.14 2.16 2.16 2.19 2.19 2.21 2 phr S max [dnm] 11.41 13.59 14.52 15.64 16.5 17.75 t 1 [min].87.8.77.73.71.68 t 9 [min] 2.38 2.42 2.52 2.71 2.96 3.43 Conclusion Increasing the sulphur dosage results in a shortened scorch time. Additionally, a higher degree of cross-linking is achieved, which is reflected in a higher maximum torque. Correspondingly, the cure time is lengthened. 28 Deovulc BG 287

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Modulus 1 Shore A 8 75 7 65 64 67 69 7 71 72 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.6 3.4 3.6 4.1 4.7 5.1 6 2. 55 1. 5.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr..5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr Tensile Strength Elongation 14. 7 13. 12. 11. 1. 11.3 12.5 12.7 12.3 12.5 12.1 6 5 4 3 576 467 47 356 329 289 9. 1 8..5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 45 4 35 3 25 32 33 33 34 36 42 1 1 8 6 4 12 66 94 57 98 59 12 56 96 98 52 49 Retention of elongation at break [] Retention tensile strength [].5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr.5 phr.75 phr 1. phr 1.25 phr 1.5 phr 2. phr Conclusion As illustrated in the previous sections, an increasing amount of sulphur results in heightened cross-linking. Thus, with a larger portion of sulphur, one can expect a higher modulus and a shorter ultimate elongation. In general, for Deovulc BG 287, we recommend a maximum amount of 1.25 phr sulphur. Otherwise, with a higher sulphur dosage, one must expect losses in the ageing values and compression set. Deovulc BG 287 29

Kontakt 43 Deovulc BG 287 2.4.3 Effect of Secondary Accelerators Recipe 132E ATP 7 PBS CLD MBT Buna EP G 647 5 5 5 5 5 5 Buna EP G 685 5 5 5 5 5 5 Carbon Black N 55 125 125 125 125 125 125 Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 Paraffinic Oil 75 75 75 75 75 75 Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1 1 1 ZnO 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deovulc BG 287 Powder 5 5 5 5 5 5 Deovulc ATP 7 1.43 Retarder PBS*.5 CLD (8 ) 1.25 1. MBT 1. Deosulf L 95 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total phr 342 343.43 343 342.5 343 343 * N-phenyl-N-(trichloro-methyl-sulfenyl)-benzene sulfonamide Vulcanization Characteristics Effect of Secondary Accelerators [dnm] 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 ATP 7 PBS CLD MBT 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Min. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min ATP 7 PBS CLD MBT S' min [dnm] 2.16 2.19 2.19 2.18 2.15 2.31 S max [dnm] 14.52 14.81 14.75 15.9 14.78 14.74 t 1 [min].77.67.93.84.8.68 t 9 [min] 2.52 1.99 3.8 2.72 2.19 2.36 Conclusion In this case, one can also see interesting possibilities to adjust the vulcanization speed according to individual requirements. Starting with the control blend, one can speed up the cross-linking with Deovulc ATP-7 or MBT. Conversely, one can significantly delay the scorch time with the retarder PBS. 3 Deovulc BG 287

Physical Properties Shore A Hardness Shore A 8 Modulus 1 4.5 7 71 69 69 69 7 69 4. 3.5 3.6 3.6 4. 3.6 3.6 3.7 6 3. 5 ATP 7 PBS CLD MBT 2.5 ATP 7 PBS CLD MBT Tensile Strength Elongation 13. 12. 11. 12.3 11.1 12.2 12. 11.6 11.7 5 4 3 47 396 432 383 42 48 1. 9. 1 8. ATP 7 PBS CLD MBT ATP 7 PBS CLD MBT Compression Set 24 h / 1 C Ageing 168 h / 1 C 4 35 3 33 32 32 32 32 31 1 1 8 6 98 59 17 66 1 58 1 1 64 58 14 67 Retention of elongation at break [] 25 4 Retention tensile strength [] ATP 7 PBS CLD MBT ATP 7 PBS CLD MBT Conclusion Deovulc BG 287 is a very well-balanced accelerator blend. Therefore the use of supplementary secondary accelerators is basically unnecessary for attaining better physical properties. Nevertheless, if one still wants to adjust the process, additional effects can be achieved with selected secondary accelerators. With CLD, one can obtain a slightly better level of crosslinking; Deovulc ATP-7 demonstrates advantages with heatageing. In the context of these trials, no blooming effects were detected from the secondary accelerators that were tested. This, however, is dependant on the recipe and must be tested individually. Deovulc BG 287 31

Kontakt 43 2.5 Optimization of the cross-linking properties with the application of Deostab in combination with Deovulc Accelerator Blends The usage of calcium oxide against pore formation, which is necessary with continuous vulcanization, induces a low level of cross-linking. This can be counteracted with the stabilizer Deostab. Deovulc EG 3 plus Deostab Deovulc EG 28 plus Deostab 5 Compression Set 24h / 1 C 7 Compression Set 24h / 1 C 4 43 4 38 38 6 5 56 3 4 41 36 34 3.5 phr 1. phr 2. phr.5 phr 1. phr 2. phr Deovulc BG 187 plus Deostab Deovulc BG 287 plus Deostab 7 63 Compression Set 24h / 1 C 7 Compression Set 24h / 1 C 6 5 4 56 51 48 6 5 4 5 45 4 37 3 3.5 phr 1. phr 2. phr.5 phr 1. phr 2. phr Conclusion With all Deovulc systems, significant improvements in the compression set values were achieved with 1 2 phr Deostab. Deostab was demonstrated to be especially effective with the system Deovulc EG 28/MBT, which resulted in reductions of over. Further physical values before and after ageing are not significantly influenced by Deostab. 32

2.5.1 Deovulc EG 3 with CaO and Deostab Recipe 116E Deostab.5 phr Deostab 1. phr Deostab 2. phr Buna EP G 647 5. 5. 5. 5. Buna EP G 685 5. 5. 5. 5. Carbon Black N 55 125. 125. 125. 125. Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3. 3. 3. 3. Paraffinic Oil 75. 75. 75. 75. Stearic Acid 1. 1. 1. 1. ZnO 5. 5. 5. 5. Deosec RG (CaO) 5. 5. 5. 5. Deostab.5 1. 2. Deovulc EG 3 4. 4. 4. 4. Deosulf L 95 1. 1. 1. 1. Total phr 346. 346.5 347. 348. Mooney Scorch t5 (155 C) Time t5 [min] 2.7 2.94 2.76 2.91 Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min S' min [dnm] 1.85 1.87 1.93 1.97 S' max [dnm] 14.37 14.95 15.3 15.33 t 1 [min].68.68.69.7 t 9 [min] 2.17 2.37 2.46 2.58 Vulcanization: min / 16 C, S2-Specimen Modulus 1 [] 3.9 4.1 4. 4.3 Tensile Strength [] 12.3 12.9 12.1 12.3 Elongation at Break [] 435 4 418 412 Hardness [Shore A] 7 71 71 72 Ageing 72 h / 125 C Tensile Strength [] 13. 12.9 11.9 13. Retention of Tensile Strength [] 15 1 98 16 Elongation at Break [] 199 7 184 192 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 46 49 44 47 Hardness [Shore A] 76 75 77 77 Ageing 168 h / 1 C Tensile Strength [] 12.4 13.1 12.5 13.2 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 11 12 13 17 Elongation at Break [] 24 242 247 245 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 55 58 59 59 Hardness [Shore A] 76 75 75 75 Compression Set Vulcanization 3 min / 16 C 24 h / 1 C [] 43 4 38 38 33

Kontakt 43 2.5.2 Deovulc EG 28 with CaO and Deostab Recipe 116E Deostab.5 phr Deostab 1. phr Deostab 2. phr Buna EP G 647 5. 5. 5. 5. Buna EP G 685 5. 5. 5. 5. Carbon Black N 55 125. 125. 125. 125. Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3. 3. 3. 3. Paraffinic Oil 75. 75. 75. 75. Stearic Acid 1. 1. 1. 1. ZnO 5. 5. 5. 5. Deosec RG (CaO) 5. 5. 5. 5. Deostab.5 1. 2. Deovulc EG 28 3. 3. 3. 3. MBT 1. 1. 1. 1. Deosulf L 95 1. 1. 1. 1. Total phr 346. 346.5 347. 348. Mooney Scorch t5 (155 C) Time t5 [min] 3.11 3.3 3. 2.95 Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min S' min [dnm] 1.95 1.96 2. 2.5 S' max [dnm] 13.95 15.12 16.14 16.28 t 1 [min].77.78.78.78 t 9 [min] 1.9 2.25 2.49 2.36 Vulcanization: min / 16 C, S2-Specimen Modulus 1 [] 4. 4.1 4.3 4.3 Tensile Strength [] 12.4 12.8 11.9 11.9 Elongation at Break [] 392 385 34 338 Hardness [Shore A] 7 71 72 7 Ageing 72 h / 125 C Tensile Strength [] 13.3 12.8 13. 11.8 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 17 1 19 99 Elongation at Break [] 197 1 4 177 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 5 52 6 52 Hardness [Shore A] 75 76 75 74 Ageing 168 h / 1 C Tensile Strength [] 13.1 12.9 12.3 12.2 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 16 11 13 13 Elongation at Break [] 243 251 233 223 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 62 65 68 66 Hardness [Shore A] 75 75 75 76 Compression Set Vulcanization 3 min / 16 C 24 h / 1 C [] 56 41 36 34 34

2.5.3 Deovulc BG 187 with of CaO and Deostab Recipe 116E Deostab.5 phr Deostab 1. phr Deostab 2. phr Buna EP G 647 5. 5. 5. 5. Buna EP G 685 5. 5. 5. 5. Carbon Black N 55 125. 125. 125. 125. Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3. 3. 3. 3. Paraffinic Oil 75. 75. 75. 75. Stearic Acid 1. 1. 1. 1. ZnO 5. 5. 5. 5. Deosec RG (CaO) 5. 5. 5. 5. Deostab.5 1. 2. Deovulc BG 187 5. 5. 5. 5. Deosulf L 95 1. 1. 1. 1. Total phr 347. 347.5 348. 349. Mooney Scorch t5 (155 C) Time t5 [min] 2.81 2.88 3.2 3.22 Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min S' min [dnm] 1.97 1.99 2.2 2.4 S' max [dnm] 11.92 13.25 14.24 14.57 t 1 [min].75.76.79.82 t 9 [min] 1.87 2.24 2.67 2.82 Vulcanization: min / 16 C, S2-Specimen Modulus 1 [] 3.4 3.8 4. 4. Tensile Strength [] 11.5 11.9 12.2 11.9 Elongation at Break [] 431 44 393 37 Hardness [Shore A] 67 69 69 68 Ageing 72 h / 125 C Tensile Strength [] 12.3 11.9 12.3 12.1 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 17 1 11 11 Elongation at Break [] 164 171 183 176 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 38 42 47 48 Hardness [Shore A] 77 76 77 77 Ageing 168 h / 1 C Tensile Strength [] 12.2 12.7 11.4 12.4 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 16 17 93 14 Elongation at Break [] 233 243 216 243 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 54 6 55 66 Hardness [Shore A] 75 74 75 74 Compression Set Vulcanization 3 min / 16 C 24 h / 1 C [] 63 56 51 48 35

Kontakt 43 2.5.4 Deovulc BG 287 with CaO and Deostab Recipe 116E Deostab.5 phr Deostab 1. phr Deostab 2. phr Buna EP G 647 5. 5. 5. 5. Buna EP G 685 5. 5. 5. 5. Carbon Black N 55 125. 125. 125. 125. Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3. 3. 3. 3. Paraffinic Oil 75. 75. 75. 75. Stearic Acid 1. 1. 1. 1. ZnO 5. 5. 5. 5. Deosec RG (CaO) 5. 5. 5. 5. Deostab.5 1. 2. Deovulc BG 287 5. 5. 5. 5. Deosulf L 95 1. 1. 1. 1. Total phr 347. 347.5 348. 349. Mooney Scorch t5 (155 C) Time t5 [min] 2.71 2.81 3.5 3.7 Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min S' min [dnm] 2. 2.3 2.4 2.9 S' max [dnm] 13.52 14.21 14.75 14.43 t 1 [min].72.74.76.78 t 9 [min] 1.87 2.23 2.47 2.33 Vulcanization: min / 16 C, S2-Specimen Modulus 1 [] 4. 4. 4.1 4. Tensile Strength [] 12.4 11.9 12.5 11.6 Elongation at Break [] 49 43 394 388 Hardness [Shore A] 7 7 69 7 Ageing 72 h / 125 C Tensile Strength [] 12.8 12.5 12.4 12.3 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 13 15 99 15 Elongation at Break [] 195 199 193 194 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 48 49 49 5 Hardness [Shore A] 76 75 76 77 Ageing 168 h / 1 C Tensile Strength [] 12.6 12.2 12.4 11.1 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 11 13 99 95 Elongation at Break [] 265 27 259 268 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 65 67 66 69 Hardness [Shore A] 74 75 74 75 Compression Set Vulcanization 3 min / 16 C 24 h / 1 C [] 5 45 4 37 36

2.6 Influence of the ENB-content EPDM polymers with 4.5 ENB content are still used as an industrial standard. Since the demand for faster cross-linking EPDM polymers arose in the processing industry, most manufacturers now offer a wide product range with up to 1 ENB content. The following example should demonstrate how changing the ENB content from 4.5 to 7.7 affects the vulcanization characteristics and the physical values. 2.6.1 Conventional Accelerator Blends Deovulc EG 3 and EG 28 Recipe 131E EG 3 Low ENB EG 3 High ENB EG 28 Low ENB Buna EP G 845 1. 1. EG 28 High ENB Buna EP G 885 1. 1. Carbon Black N 55 125. 125. 125. 125. Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3. 3. 3. 3. Paraffinic Oil 75. 75. 75. 75. Stearic Acid 1. 1. 1. 1. ZnO 5. 5. 5. 5. Deovulc EG 3 Powder 4. 4. Deovulc EG 28 Powder 3. 3. MBT 1. 1. Deosulf L 95 1. 1. 1. 1. Total phr 341. 341. 341. 341. Mooney Scorch t5 (155 C) Time t5 [min] 2.99 2.61 2.7 2.74 Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min S' min [dnm] 2.55 2.27 2.63 2.36 S' max [dnm] 14.98 16.7 15.69 17.99 t 1 [min].77.69.82.75 t 9 [min] 2.88 3.41 2.85 3.58 Vulcanization: min / 16 C, S2-Specimen Modulus 1 [] 3.5 3.9 4.1 4.5 Tensile Strength [] 11.7 11.4 11.6 11.1 Elongation at Break [] 425 363 355 294 Hardness [Shore A] 68 7 69 7 Ageing 7 h / 125 C Tensile Strength [] 11.7 11.6 12. 12. Retention of Tensile Strength [] 1 12 14 18 Elongation at Break [] 214 191 7 172 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 5 52 58 58 Hardness [Shore A] 74 75 74 75 Ageing 168 h / 1 C Tensile Strength [] 11.9 11.7 11.7 12.3 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 12 13 11 111 Elongation at Break [] 245 227 223 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 58 62 63 68 Hardness [Shore A] 73 73 74 74 Compression Set Vulcanization 3 min / 16 C 24 h / 1 C [] 37 28 32 26 37

Kontakt 43 2.6.2 Nitrosamine-nontoxic Accelerator Blends Deovulc BG 187 and BG 287 Recipe 131E BG 187 Low ENB BG 187 High ENB BG 287 Low ENB Buna EP G 845 1. 1. BG 287 High ENB Buna EP G 885 1. 1. Carbon Black N 55 125. 125. 125. 125. Whiting (CaCO 3 ) 3. 3. 3. 3. Paraffinic Oil 75. 75. 75. 75. Stearic Acid 1. 1. 1. 1. ZnO 5. 5. 5. 5. Deovulc BG 187 Powder 5. 5. Deovulc BG 287 Powder 5. 5. Deosulf L 95 1. 1. 1. 1. Total phr 342. 342. 342. 342. Mooney Scorch t5 (155 C) Time t5 [min] 3.13 2.8 2.79 2.65 Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min S' min [dnm] 2.6 2.29 2.71 2.38 S' max [dnm] 14.12 16.37 14.84 17.62 t 1 [min].85.76.78.71 t 9 [min] 3.56 4.9 2.95 3.9 Vulcanization: min / 16 C, S2-Specimen Modulus 1 [] 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.9 Tensile Strength [] 11.7 11.3 11. 1.7 Elongation at Break [] 466 383 421 351 Hardness [Shore A] 66 67 68 69 Ageing 7 h / 125 C Tensile Strength [] 11.5 11.5 11.7 11.1 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 99 12 16 13 Elongation at Break [] 1 168 212 181 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 43 44 5 51 Hardness [Shore A] 73 75 74 74 Ageing 168 h / 1 C Tensile Strength [] 11.3 1.6 11.1 11.4 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 96 94 11 16 Elongation at Break [] 233 5 227 224 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 5 54 54 64 Hardness [Shore A] 73 73 73 73 Compression Set Vulcanization 3 min / 16 C 24 h / 1 C [] 46 34 38 29 38 Conclusion This set of experiments demonstrates that the use of EPDM types with higher ENB content in combination with our Deovulc accelerator blends leads to an improvement in the physical values because of the higher density of cross-linking. In many cases, exchanging EPDM types is relatively simple, since the other ingredients of the compound generally do not have to be adjusted. In comparison with the standard grades, by combining the high-enb products with Deovulc blends, one achieves a higher degree of crosslinking, which partly accompanies significant improvements in the physical values. For example, in this case there are better tension values and an optimized compression set. This potential for improvement can be recognized in all Deovulc accelerator blends. However, it should be noted that there is a shorter scorch time (t 1 ) as well as reduced elongation values. With the ageing process carried out here, only slight improvements were able to be achieved.

2.7 Application within coloured compounds Recipe 12E1 EG 3 4 phr EG 3 5 phr EG 28 EG 28 3,75 phr BG 187 5 phr BG 187 6 phr BG 287 5 phr Buna EP G 685 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Buna EP G 647 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Perkasil KS 3 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Clay 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Deolink TESPT 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. Polyethylene glycol 4 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. Paraffinic Oil 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. Stearic Acid 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. ZnO 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Deovulc EG 3 Powder 4. 5. Deovulc EG 28 Powder 3. 3.8 MBT 1. 1.3 Deovulc BG 187 Powder 5. 6. Deovulc BG 287 Powder 5. 6. Deosulf L 95 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Total phr 337. 338. 337. 338. 338. 339. 338. 339. BG 287 6 phr Mooney Scorch t5 (155 C) Time t5 [min] 3.96 3.51 4.13 3.97 4.5 3.85 4.16 4.53 Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min S' min [dnm] 2.57 2.54 2.53 2.49 2.44 2.47 2.42 2.36 S' max [dnm] 13. 13.55 13.23 13.67 13.57 14. 14.22 14.64 t 1 [min].76.71.76.76.86.83.92.9 t 9 [min] 3.85 3.37 3.59 3.18 3.86 3.66 3.62 3.17 Vulcanization: min / 16 C, S2-Specimen Modulus 1 [] 2.9 3.3 3.1 3.4 2.8 3. 3.1 3.1 Tensile Strength [] 15.7 15.2 16.3 16.3 16. 16.3 16.9 15.5 Elongation at Break [] 669 599 654 595 638 68 626 596 Hardness [Shore A] 62 63 64 66 61 63 63 64 Tear Strength ISO 34 A [N/mm] 14.1 11.4 11.8 9.8 1.9 9.1 9.9 7.8 Ageing 72 h / 125 C Tensile Strength [] 11.8 13.6 14. 13.7 12.8 11.9 11.8 12.1 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 75 89 86 84 8 73 7 78 Elongation at Break [] 396 42 432 44 366 335 342 342 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 59 67 66 68 57 55 55 57 Hardness [Shore A] 7 71 69 69 7 7 71 71 Ageing 168 h / 1 C Tensile Strength [] 14. 13. 15. 14.2 13.5 12.4 13.2 1.8 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 89 85 92 87 84 76 78 69 Elongation at Break [] 474 426 54 443 47 373 395 376 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 71 71 77 74 64 61 63 63 Hardness [Shore A] 69 69 69 7 69 7 69 69 Compression Set Vulcanization 3 min / 16 C 24 h / 7 C [] 25 21 22 21 17 16 19 16 24 h / 1 C [] 62 56 61 55 56 52 53 48 Conclusion With this test Recipe the known negative effect of the acidic character of light fillers become apparent, especially with the conventional systems Deovulc EG 3 and Deovulc EG 28. In contrast, both nitrosamine-nontoxic systems, Deovulc BG 187 and Deovulc BG 287, have an advantage due to their portion of accelerator with basic character, producing a good compression set at 7 C. The usage of Deolink TESPT as an activator for light, reinforcing fillers contributes substantially to the overall level of the physical values. 39

Kontakt 43 3. Application in Diene Rubber In addition to their usage in EPDM, the Deovulc accelerator blends also are suitable to be used in diene rubber. Due to the large amount of double bonds, the dosage of the Deovulc accelerator blends may be lower. 3.1 Deovulc EG 28 in NBR as an alternative to a conventional EV system Recipe 476A TMTD/ EG 28/ EG 28/MBTS Perbunan 3345 1. 1. 1. Carbon Black N 772 4. 4. 4. Carbon Black N 55... Deotack P 5. 5. 5. ZnO 5. 5. 5. Stearic Acid.5.5.5 TMQ 1. 1. 1. Vulkanox MB 2 1. 1. 1. Deoflow 821 1. 1. 1. TMTD 2. 2. 1.5 Deovulc EG 28 Powder 2.5 2.5 MBTS 1.5 Deosulf L 95.3.3.3 Total phr 177.8 177.8 177.8 Mooney Scorch t5 (155 C) Time t5 [min] 3.57 2.69 3.28 Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min S' min [dnm] 1.11 1.3 1.24 S' max [dnm] 13.41 11.85 11.96 t 1 [min].75.61.73 t 9 [min] 1.75 1.38 1.95 Ts 2 [min].8.68.83 Vulcanization: min / 155 C, S2-Specimen Modulus 1 [] 2.9 2.7 2.6 Tensile Strength [] 15.3 17.1 15.5 Elongation at Break [] 44 495 487 Hardness [Shore A] 61 61 61 Tear Strength ISO 34 A [N/mm] 13.8 14.9 15.4 Ageing 72 h / 125 C Tensile Strength [] 16.3 16.9 16.3 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 16 99 15 Elongation at Break [] 28 347 348 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 64 7 71 Hardness [Shore A] 69 66 66 Compression Set Vulcanization 3 min / 155 C 24 h / 1 C [] 16 17 16 24 h / 125 C [] 23 26 24 Conclusion Since Deovulc EG 28 is known to contain sulphur donors, it is thus suitable to be used as an EV system in NBR (nitrile rubber). The application of a secondary accelerator is then also obligatory. The recommended MBT for the EPDM should be substituted with or MBTS in order to increase the processing safety. In comparison to a traditional TMTD/ system, Deovulc EG 28 attains optimum ageing properties along with an excellent compression set. 4

3.2 Deovulc BG 187 as a Semi-EV system in NBR Recipe 476A BG 187/ BG 187/ BG 187/ Perbunan 3345 1. 1. 1. 1. Carbon Black N 772 4. 4. 4. 4. Carbon Black N 55.... Deotack P 5. 5. 5. 5. ZnO 5. 5. 5. 5. Stearic Acid.5.5.5.5 TMQ 1. 1. 1. 1. Vulkanox MB 2 1. 1. 1. 1. Deoflow 821 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Deovulc BG 187.5 1. 1.5 Deosulf L 95 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Total phr 176.5 177. 177.5 178. Mooney Scorch t5 (155 C) Time t5 [min] 3.31 3. 2.55 2. Rheometer MDR E 18 C / 6 min S' min [dnm] 1.26 1.3 1.3 1.31 S' max [dnm] 14.68 15.5 15.97 16.41 t 1 [min].69.63.59.55 t 9 [min] 2.66 2.14 1.81 1.56 Ts 2 [min].73.65.61.57 Vulcanization: min / 155 C, S2-Specimen Modulus 1 [] 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.4 Tensile Strength [] 19.3 19. 17.7 16.6 Elongation at Break [] 527 471 431 49 Hardness [Shore A] 63 64 64 66 Tear Strength ISO 34 A [N/mm] 15.8 13.7 12.8 11.1 Ageing 72 h / 125 C Tensile Strength [] 16. 16.4 16.9 17.6 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 83 86 95 17 Elongation at Break [] 21 214 216 227 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 4 45 5 55 Hardness [Shore A] 73 73 73 73 Compression Set, vulcanization 3 min / 155 C 24 h / 1 C [] 51 47 45 42 24 h / 125 C [] 77 71 68 64 Conclusion As a secondary accelerator in a semi-ev system, Deovulc BG 187 is excellently suited for usage in NBR. The application of Deovulc BG 187 enables a shortening of the cure time with increased dosage. Furthermore, a positive influence on the ageing resistance and compression set can also be seen. 41

Kontakt 43 3.3 Deovulc EG 3 and EG 28 in NR Recipe 956N EG 28 / MBTS EG 28 / MBTS EG 28/ EG 28/ EG 3 EG 3 SMR 1 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Carbon Black N 33 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Oil VivaTec 5 (TDAE) 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. Stearic Acid 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. ZnO 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 6PPD 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. TMQ 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Deovulc EG 28 Powder 1.6 2. 1.6 2. Deovulc EG 3 Powder 2. 2.5.6.5.6 MBTS.5.6 Deosulf L 95 2.3 1.25 1. 1.25 1. 1.25 1. Total phr 164.9 165.35 165.6 165.35 165.6 165.25 165.5 Rheometer MDR E 16 C / 3 min S' min [dnm] 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.98 1.92 1.81 1.89 S' max [dnm] 16.87 18.99 18.68 18.36 17.92 16.88 16.5 t 1 [min] 1.55.96.97 1.12 1.13.9.88 t 9 [min] 5.98 3.74 3.47 2.89 3.13 2.13 2.34 t @ Rev 95 [min] 15.73 > 3 > 3 > 3 > 3 > 3 > 3 Vulcanization: min / 15 C, S2-Specimen Modulus 3 [] 14.6 15.4 15.3 15.9 15.3 13.8 13.7 Tensile Strength [] 28.5 22.3 21.9 22.7 23.8 23.1 23.2 Elongation at Break [] 519 388 393 4 414 442 436 Hardness [Shore A] 64 67 68 66 67 66 65 Tear Strength ISO 34 A [N/mm] 24.6 14.7 1.7 14.5 14.6 12.5 13.8 Ageing 72 h / 1 C Tensile Strength [] 14.4 16.4 15.9 17.4 17. 17.1 17. Retention of Tensile Strength [] 5.6 73.8 72.7 76.6 71.6 73.8 73.1 Elongation at Break [] 249 224 234 261 258 287 288 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 48 58 59 65 62 65 66 Hardness [Shore A] 65 7 71 69 7 68 68 Compression Set, Vulcanization 3 min / 155 C 24 h / 7 C [] 25 14 13 14 14 16 16 24 h / 1 C [] 58 24 26 28 27 3 3 Conclusion As a semi-ev system in NR (natural rubber), both Deovulc EG 3 and EG 28 are characterized by an especially good reversion resistance. Throughout the duration of the measurement (3 min), the reversion rate remained under 5. Furthermore, Deovulc accelerator blends produce excellent ageing-resistance and a low compression set. 42

3.4 Deovulc BG 187 and BG 287 in NR Recipe 956N BG 187 BG 187 BG 287 BG 287 SMR 1 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Carbon Black N 33 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Oil VivaTec 5 (TDAE) 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. Stearic Acid 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. ZnO 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 6PPD 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. TMQ 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Deovulc BG 187 Powder 2. 2.5 Deovulc BG 287 Powder 2. 2.5.6 Deosulf L 95 2.3 1.5 1.25 1.5 1.25 Total phr 164.9 165.5 165.75 165.5 165.75 Rheometer MDR E 16 C / 3 min S' min [dnm] 1.78 1.79 2. 1.91 1.9 S' max [dnm] 16.87 14.62 14.39 14.84 14.64 t 1 [min] 1.55 1.2 1.1.93.88 t 9 [min] 5.98 2.79 2.5 1.74 1.75 t @ Rev 95 [min] 15.73 26.5 > 3 25.27 > 3 Physical Properties (Vulcanization min / 15 C, S2-Specimen) Modulus 3 [] 14.6 1.9 12. 12.3 12.7 Tensile Strength [] 28.5 28.2 27.5 28.1 27.5 Elongation at Break [] 519 577 535 56 537 Hardness [Shore A] 64 61 61 61 61 Tear Strength ISO 34 A [N/mm] 24.6 23. 17.9 1.7 16.3 Ageing 72 h / 1 C Tensile Strength [] 14.4 17.9 19.5 18. 17.5 Retention of Tensile Strength [] 5.6 63.4 71.1 64.2 63.5 Elongation at Break [] 249 354 373 371 353 Retent. of Elong. at Break [] 48 61 7 66 66 Hardness [Shore A] 65 63 65 63 63 Compression Set Vulcanization 3 min / 155 C 24 h / 7 C [] 25 19 18 15 14 24 h / 1 C [] 58 39 37 35 33 Conclusion Deovulc BG 187 and BG 287 are also suitable for use in NR. In this case, we recommend usage in semi-ev systems in order to produce shorter cure times and excellent heat-ageing and/or compression set. 43

add efficiency...in more than 8 countries worldwide Hamburg Issued February 12. Subject to modifications. Controzon, Deoflow, Deogum, Deolink, Deosec, Deosol, Deostab, Deosulf, Deotack, Deovulc, and Dispergum are registered trademarks of the DOG Deutsche Oelfabrik. Europe Asia America Africa Australia Albania Austria Belarus l Belgium Bosnia and Herzegowina l Bulgaria Croatia l Czech Republic l Denmark l Estonia l Finland l France l Germany l Great Britain l Greece l Hungary l Ireland l Italy l Latvia l Lithuania l Luxembourg l Macedonia l Malta l Moldova l The Netherlands l Norway l Poland l Portugal l Romania l Russia l Serbia l Slovakia l Slovenia l Spain l Sweden l Switzerland l Turkey l Ukraine l China (PRC) l India l Indonesia l Iran l Israel l Japan l Cambodia l Kazakhstan l Laos l Lebanon l Malaysia l Myanmar l Pakistan The Philippines l Singapore l South Korea l Sri Lanka l Taiwan (ROC) l Thailand l United Arab Emirates Vietnam l Argentina l Brazil l Belize l Bolivia l Canada l Chile l Colombia l Costa Rica l Ecuador l El Salvador l Guatemala l Honduras l Mexico l Nicaragua l Panama l Paraguay l Peru l USA l Uruguay l Venezuela l Morocco l South Africa l Zimbabwe l Australia l New Zealand l Distribution Partner for DOG Rubber Additives l Distribution Partner for DOG Lubricant Additives l Distribution Partner for DOG Coating Additives DOG Deutsche Oelfabrik Gesellschaft für chemische Erzeugnisse mbh & Co. KG Ellerholzdamm 5 D-457 Hamburg Germany Phone +49()4/31 18 5 Fax +49()4/31 18 5 88 E-Mail: info@dog-chemie.de Internet: www.dog-chemie.de