MOLD INVESTIGATION REPORT Prepared For CBS Atlanta C/O Adam Murphy Subject Property Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA Inspection Date: January 9, 2014 Prepared by # M-3008 reviewed by:
TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTIONS SECTION 1 SECTION 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIENT AND PROJECT INFORMATION 2.1 Client & Contact 2.2 Property Address 2.3 Scope of Work 2.4 Remediation Contractor 2.5 Date of Visit 2.6 Background Information SECTION 3 INVESTIGATION 3.1 Visual Inspection 3.2 Moisture 3.3 Humidity SECTION 4 SECTION 5 SAMPLE RESULTS CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 4 PHOTOGRAPHS LAB RESULTS MOLD DESCRIPTIONS MOLD BACKGROUND Disclaimer: This report includes test results, findings and recommended measures to remediate the mold and reduce the possibility of future mold growth. The report is intended for the sole use of the initial client and is not to be used without the consent of the initial client. Recommendations and/or suggestions given in this report are based on standard industry practices and information obtained from various Health Departments, EPA etc. As results may vary depending on contractors, cleaning methods and other factors, Heaton Environmental does not infer, suggest or warrant the success or results of any remediation. If post remediation sampling does not provide proper clearance levels, additional investigational work may be necessary. Mold growth and contamination may recur following the remediation and post remediation sampling if conditions again become conducive to mold growth. Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SECTION 1 Per the request of Adam Murphy of CBS Atlanta, Heaton Environmental Inc. visited the Randolph Residence on January 9, 2014 to investigate reported/suspected mold growth. It was reported that a leak from the washing machine in the unit above the subject unit caused water and mold damage to the subject unit. Heaton observed evidence of moisture intrusion, and air samples indicated elevated mold spore counts in the dining room. Excess moisture was detected in several areas. Relative humidity in the unit was normal. Recommendations include ensuring that all excess moisture is removed and that further water intrusion is prevented, remediation in the dining and living rooms, cleaning horizontal surfaces and air scrubbing in the unit, and retesting to ensure mold levels are at acceptable levels. Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA
CLIENT & PROJECT INFORMATION SECTION 2 2.1 Client & Contact: CBS Atlanta C/O Adam Murphy 2.2 Property Address: Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA 2.3 Scope of Work: Investigation of reported/suspected mold growth 2.4 Remediation Contractor: N/A 2.5 Date of Visit January 9, 2014 by Caleb Weiler 2.6 Background Information It was reported that water originally entered the subject unit from a washing machine in the unit above. Much of the ceiling had come down with the water intrusion. The ceiling was repaired, but another water intrusion occurred shortly thereafter. The ceiling was then repaired again. Mr. Randolph documented with photographs the elapse of time since the original water intrusion. He also purchased some home mold test kits, which he set up in the unit. It was reported that no air scrubbers were running during the repair process. Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA
INVESTIGATION SECTION 3 Heaton Environmental Inc. visited the subject property on January 9, 2014 to conduct an investigation of reported/suspected mold growth. Heaton s investigation encompassed a visual inspection, moisture detection, and humidity measurement. Visual Inspection: The ceiling had been repaired prior to Heaton s visit. There were still a few discolored areas on the ceiling where the water intrusion had occurred. The replaced portions of the ceiling appeared to be wet in some areas. There were patches in some of the sheetrock walls. Some of the carpet padding had been removed where the carpet got wet. Moisture: Moisture detection devices are used to identify high moisture levels in normal building materials. Devices can measure on two different scales, a relative scale and a Wood Moisture Equivalent, or WME, scale. The relative scale is a measurement of moisture relative to the surrounding materials. Moisture measured on the Wood Moisture Equivalent scale should be maintained below 20% WME. When moisture elevates above 20% WME, the material and the surrounding areas become conducive to mold growth. There was excess moisture in the carpet in some areas (20% - 98.3% WME). The patches in the walls also contained excess moisture. Thermal images taken indicated that much of the repaired ceiling appeared to have excess moisture as well. Humidity: Weather conditions at the time of the investigation were cloudy and cold. Test results and humidity levels reflect the conditions at the time of the visit and may not reflect the worst case scenario. Relative humidity levels should be maintained at levels < 60% to reduce the possibility of mold growth. Air conditioning acts as a natural dehumidifier and should be running regularly throughout the humid months. A de-humidifier may also be helpful in maintaining appropriate humidity levels. Low humidity is the key to prevent mold growth. Relative humidity in the unit was 50%. Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA
SAMPLE RESULTS SECTION 4 The EPA s guidelines for mold sampling are guidelines rather than standards due to the fact that there are no established normal levels of mold which are harmful to all individuals. There also are no known established levels of mold which could not be harmful to someone. General EPA guidelines imply that the mold levels inside should be less than the mold levels outside. Sometimes the mold levels outside are measured at 0 or at very low levels. This condition makes it nearly impossible or financially impracticable to create a condition where the indoor levels are less than the outdoor levels. Environmental consulting firms often use different criteria with regards to the allowable or acceptable levels of mold within a home or facility. Heaton s sampling criteria and acceptable levels are based on a conservative approach originally presented by Daniel Baxter. Mr. Baxter has conducted extensive research into mold sampling and is the inventor of the Air-O-Cell spore trap. He is one of the few individuals who, based on his research, has published what he considers acceptable mold levels for normal living environments. Based on Mr. Baxter s research, he has concluded that some mold is expected to be in a normal living environment. His research has supported the theory that an acceptable mold level or clean building would include conditions where the total spore count is less than 2000 sp/m 3 of air and the *Penicillium/Aspergillus levels were less than 700 sp/m 3 with an outdoor total spore count of less than 500 sp/m 3. (This information was presented in mold training courses provided by the Environmental Institute March 2002.) *Penicillium/Aspergillus are the most common mold types typically encountered in indoor environments. Heaton Environmental has a goal of 0 Stachybotrys during post remediation sampling and verification. It is expected that efforts will be made (within financial reason) to eradicate Stachybotrys if possible. Air Samples: Air samples which are tested for mold are basically a snapshot in time and may not reflect all conditions and levels of mold. Mold levels vary during the day depending on relative humidity, temperature, wind speeds and direction, surrounding vegetation, moisture content of soil and many other factors. The samples taken during this sampling period compare inside conditions to outside conditions at that time. A total of four (4) samples were recorded during the investigation. Two inside samples were recorded side-by-side in the dining room. Two samples were recorded side-by-side outside the building as background samples. The accepted protocol for air sampling is to compare the inside samples to the outside samples. If the sample levels taken from inside the unit exceed the outside levels, an elevated condition exists where it is expected that Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA
mold is actively growing. Conversely, lower mold levels inside compared with outside levels indicate a clean environment. These samples were collected on a non-viable slit impactor. The samples were analyzed by Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Inc. in Ft. Lauderdale, FL (see attached results). Some mold spores were identified inside in very low levels that were either not identified outside or only slightly higher than outside. Active mold growth, with the exception of Stachybotrys Chartarum, typically generates spore counts in the thousands. Due to the commonly perceived health effects associated with Stachybotrys Chartarum, even relatively small spore counts are treated seriously and eradicated. The mold levels in this table show areas of concern. These mold levels indicate an elevated airborne mold spore count in the subject unit. Area of Concern Mold Type Sample Results Spores/Meter 3 Dining Room Penicillium/Aspergillus Sample 1: 2,300 Sample 2: 1,600 Average: 1,950 Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA
CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS SECTION 5 Air samples taken indicate that the subject unit had elevated airborne mold spore counts. This count may temporarily increase during remediation but can be reduced by having negative pressure/hepa machines running throughout the remediation process. It was reported that no air scrubbers were running during the repair process. This is likely a contributing factor to the mold spore counts being elevated. When mold is disturbed, spores are released and become airborne. Air scrubbers filter the air of the mold spores, helping to maintain proper air quality. Some of the carpet still had excess moisture, which may indicate that the padding and/or subflooring underneath may have excess moisture as well. The repaired ceiling still had excess moisture. This may still have been wet from the spray-on application, but it should be ensured that the excess moisture is not coming from the unit above. Recommendations include the following: Ensure that all water leaks are fixed and that further water intrusion is prevented. Remove all excess moisture. Dehumidifiers and fans should be placed to dry out the work area until the excess moisture is evaporated. Any wet framing or other building materials between the subject unit and the unit above should be fully dried out. Fully contain the affected area in the dining and living rooms to prevent crosscontamination to any other part of the unit during remediation. All openings in the contained areas should be sealed off/contained. Remove the household contents from the containment area. Remove all wet or moldy carpet, carpet pad, and ceiling material. Consider testing the popcorn ceiling for asbestos before removing it. Treat all areas affected by mold growth. Wipe down and HEPA vacuum all framing, ceiling joists, walls, floors, and surfaces in the containment areas. Framing and hardto-reach areas may be encapsulated. Clean horizontal surfaces in the unit. Place air scrubbers throughout the unit during and after remediation. The contained area should be under negative pressure during remediation and static pressure after remediation. Allow air scrubbers to scrub sufficiently to reduce airborne mold spore content. Clean salvageable items before putting them back in the unit. Ensure that relative humidity in the unit remains below 60%. Post-remediation air testing is recommended to ensure that mold spore counts are reduced to appropriate levels. Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA
PHOTOGRAPHS APPENDIX 1 Date: January 9, 2014 Taken by: Caleb Weiler Comments: There were still a few discolored areas on the ceiling where the water intrusion had occurred Date: January 9, 2014 Taken by: Caleb Weiler Comments: The replaced portions of the ceiling appeared to be wet in some areas. Date: January 9, 2014 Taken by: Caleb Weiler Comments: There were patches in some of the sheetrock walls, and they appeared to be wet. Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA
Date: January 9, 2014 Taken by: Caleb Weiler Comments: There was excess moisture in the carpet in some areas (20% - 98.3% WME). Date: January 9, 2014 Taken by: Caleb Weiler Comments: Thermal images taken indicated that much of the repaired ceiling appeared to have excess moisture. It may still have been wet from the spray-on application, but it should be ensured that the excess moisture is not coming from the unit above. Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA
LAB RESULTS APPENDIX 2 Three easy steps to reading your Spore Trap results: I. Identify the sample numbers and locations. (Figure 1.1) II. Compare interior spore counts to exterior, or background, spore counts. (Figure 1.2) III. Identify the spore type relating to the elevated spore counts. (Figure 1.3) Three important areas of information on the MoldSTAT results: There are three important areas on the MoldSTAT sample results. The first is MoldSCORE (Figure 2.1). When the MoldSCORE number is near 300, it represents a greater likelihood that the spores present have originated from an interior source. When the MoldSCORE number is near 100, there is low possibility of an interior source. The second important information is the spore types (Figure 2.2). These spore types were found to be most prominent in the related sample location. The Friedman chi-square test (Figure 2.3) examines if multiple interior samples are similar. The interior samples are similar when the critical value exceeds the result. The interior samples are different when the result exceeds the critical value. Randolph Residence 3405 Club Place Duluth, GA
Report for: Mr. Caleb Weiler Heaton Environmental, Inc. 2898 Mountain View Road Snellville, GA 30078 Regarding: Project: 3008; Randolph Residence EML ID: 1158870 Approved by: Dates of Analysis: Spore trap analysis: 01-14-2014 Lab Manager Baluswamy Krishnan Service SOPs: Spore trap analysis (1038) AIHA-LAP, LLC accredited service, Lab ID #173067 All samples were received in acceptable condition unless noted in the Report Comments portion in the body of the report. Due to the nature of the analyses performed, field blank correction of results is not applied. The results relate only to the items tested. EMLab P&K ("the Company") shall have no liability to the client or the client's customer with respect to decisions or recommendations made, actions taken or courses of conduct implemented by either the client or the client's customer as a result of or based upon the Test Results. In no event shall the Company be liable to the client with respect to the Test Results except for the Company's own willful misconduct or gross negligence nor shall the Company be liable for incidental or consequential damages or lost profits or revenues to the fullest extent such liability may be disclaimed by law, even if the Company has been advised of the possibility of such damages, lost profits or lost revenues. In no event shall the Company's liability with respect to the Test Results exceed the amount paid to the Company by the client therefor. EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 1 of 3
Client: Heaton Environmental, Inc. C/O: Mr. Caleb Weiler Re: 3008; Randolph Residence SPORE TRAP REPORT: NON-VIABLE METHODOLOGY Location: 300801: Dining Room 1 EMLab P&K 6301 NW 5th Way, Suite 2850, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 (877) 711-8400 Fax (954) 776-8485 www.emlab.com Date of Sampling: 01-09-2014 Date of Receipt: 01-10-2014 Date of Report: 01-14-2014 300802: Dining Room 2 Comments (see below) None None Lab ID-Version : 5240120-1 5240121-1 Analysis Date: 01/14/2014 01/14/2014 raw ct. % read spores/m3 raw ct. % read spores/m3 Alternaria 1 100 7 Ascospores Basidiospores Bipolaris/Drechslera group 1 100 7 Chaetomium 3 100 20 1 100 7 Cladosporium 5 25 130 3 25 80 Curvularia 1 100 7 1 100 7 Nigrospora Other brown 2 100 13 Other colorless Penicillium/Aspergillus types 87 25 2,300 60 25 1,600 Pithomyces 1 100 7 Rusts Smuts, Periconia, Myxomycetes 5 100 33 Stachybotrys Stemphylium Torula Ulocladium Zygomycetes Background debris (1-4+) 4+ 3+ Hyphal fragments/m3 47 47 Pollen/m3 < 7 < 7 Skin cells (1-4+) 1+ 1+ Sample volume (liters) 150 150 TOTAL SPORES/m3 2,500 1,700 Comments: Spore types listed without a count or data entry were not detected during the course of the analysis for the respective sample. The spores of Aspergillus and Penicillium (and others such as Acremonium, Paecilomyces) are small and round with very few distinguishing characteristics. They cannot be differentiated by non-viable sampling methods. Also, some species with very small spores are easily missed, and may be undercounted. Background debris indicates the amount of non-biological particulate matter present on the trace (dust in the air) and the resulting visibility for the analyst. It is rated from 1+ (low) to 4+ (high). Counts from areas with 4+ background debris should be regarded as minimal counts and may be higher then reported. It is important to account for samples volumes when evaluating dust levels. The analytical sensitivity is the spores/m3 divided by the raw count. The limit of detection is the analytical sensitivity multiplied by the sample volume divided by 1000. For more information regarding analytical sensitivity, please contact QA by calling the laboratory. A "Version" indicated by -"x" after the Lab ID# with a value greater than 1 indicates a sample with amended data. The revision number is reflected by the value of "x". Total Spores/m3 has been rounded to two significant figures to reflect analytical precision. EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 2 of 3
Client: Heaton Environmental, Inc. C/O: Mr. Caleb Weiler Re: 3008; Randolph Residence SPORE TRAP REPORT: NON-VIABLE METHODOLOGY Location: 300803: Outside 1 EMLab P&K 6301 NW 5th Way, Suite 2850, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 (877) 711-8400 Fax (954) 776-8485 www.emlab.com Date of Sampling: 01-09-2014 Date of Receipt: 01-10-2014 Date of Report: 01-14-2014 300804: Outside 2 Comments (see below) None None Lab ID-Version : 5240122-1 5240123-1 Analysis Date: 01/14/2014 01/14/2014 raw ct. % read spores/m3 raw ct. % read spores/m3 Alternaria Ascospores 2 100 13 Basidiospores 4 100 27 Bipolaris/Drechslera group 2 100 13 Chaetomium 1 100 7 Cladosporium 5 100 33 Curvularia Nigrospora 1 100 7 Other brown 3 100 20 Other colorless Penicillium/Aspergillus types 15 100 100 Pithomyces Rusts Smuts, Periconia, Myxomycetes 10 100 67 1 100 7 Stachybotrys Stemphylium Torula 1 100 7 Ulocladium Zygomycetes Background debris (1-4+) 2+ 2+ Hyphal fragments/m3 27 27 Pollen/m3 < 7 < 7 Skin cells (1-4+) < 1+ < 1+ Sample volume (liters) 150 150 TOTAL SPORES/m3 110 190 Comments: Spore types listed without a count or data entry were not detected during the course of the analysis for the respective sample. The spores of Aspergillus and Penicillium (and others such as Acremonium, Paecilomyces) are small and round with very few distinguishing characteristics. They cannot be differentiated by non-viable sampling methods. Also, some species with very small spores are easily missed, and may be undercounted. Background debris indicates the amount of non-biological particulate matter present on the trace (dust in the air) and the resulting visibility for the analyst. It is rated from 1+ (low) to 4+ (high). Counts from areas with 4+ background debris should be regarded as minimal counts and may be higher then reported. It is important to account for samples volumes when evaluating dust levels. The analytical sensitivity is the spores/m3 divided by the raw count. The limit of detection is the analytical sensitivity multiplied by the sample volume divided by 1000. For more information regarding analytical sensitivity, please contact QA by calling the laboratory. A "Version" indicated by -"x" after the Lab ID# with a value greater than 1 indicates a sample with amended data. The revision number is reflected by the value of "x". Total Spores/m3 has been rounded to two significant figures to reflect analytical precision. EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 3 of 3
Client: Heaton Environmental, Inc. C/O: Mr. Caleb Weiler Re: 3008; Randolph Residence MoldRANGE : Extended Outdoor Comparison Outdoor Location: 300803, Outside 1 EMLab P&K 6301 NW 5th Way, Suite 2850, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 (877) 711-8400 Fax (954) 776-8485 www.emlab.com Date of Sampling: 01-09-2014 Date of Receipt: 01-10-2014 Date of Report: 01-14-2014 Fungi Identified Outdoor Typical Outdoor Data for: Typical Outdoor Data for: data January in Georgia (n =462) The entire year in Georgia (n =6466) spores/m3 very low low med high very high freq % very low low med high very high freq % Generally able to grow indoors* Alternaria - 7 7 13 29 40 24 7 13 27 67 120 54 Bipolaris/Drechslera group 13 7 7 13 36 53 9 7 7 13 40 87 35 Chaetomium - 7 7 10 53 70 6 7 7 13 27 67 6 Cladosporium - 20 33 130 560 1,200 92 53 130 620 1,900 3,500 96 Curvularia - 7 7 13 28 40 16 7 10 27 67 150 44 Nigrospora 7 7 7 7 13 33 12 7 7 13 33 53 29 Other brown 20 7 7 13 27 40 38 7 7 13 38 53 34 Penicillium/Aspergillus types - 25 40 110 320 530 81 27 53 160 510 940 81 Pithomyces - 7 7 13 26 40 10 7 7 13 40 81 24 Stachybotrys - - - - - - < 1 7 7 13 44 87 1 Torula - 7 7 7 38 53 7 7 7 13 29 53 13 Seldom found growing indoors** Ascospores - 13 27 67 310 710 81 33 80 320 1,300 2,400 94 Basidiospores - 27 67 330 2,500 5,400 98 120 290 1,400 5,400 11,000 99 Rusts - - - - - - 4 7 7 13 40 67 19 Smuts, Periconia, Myxomycetes 67 7 7 20 57 120 52 13 13 47 120 220 76 TOTAL SPORES/m3 110 The 'Typical Outdoor Data' represents the typical outdoor spore levels for the location and time frame indicated. The last column represents the frequency of occurrence. The very low, low, med, high, and very high values represent the 10, 20, 50, 80, and 90 percentile values of the spore type when it is detected. For example, if the frequency of occurrence is 63% and the low value is 53, it would mean that the given spore type is detected 63% of the time and, when detected, 20% of the time it is present in levels above the detection limit and below 53 spores/m3. These values are updated periodically, and if enough data is not available to make a statistically meaningful assessment, it is indicated with a dash. Total Spores/m3 has been rounded to two significant figures to reflect analytical precision. * The spores in this category are generally capable of growing on wet building materials in addition to growing outdoors. Building related growth is dependent upon the fungal type, moisture level, type of material, and other factors. Cladosporium is one of the predominant spore types worldwide and is frequently present in high numbers. Penicillium/Aspergillus species colonize both outdoor and indoor wet surfaces rapidly and are very easily dispersed. Other genera are usually present in lesser numbers. ** These fungi are generally not found growing on wet building materials. For example, the rusts and smuts are obligate plant pathogens. However, in each group there are notable exceptions. For example, agents of wood decay are members of the basidiomycetes and high counts of a single morphological type of basidiospore on an inside sample should be considered significant. n = number of samples used to calculate data. Interpretation of the data contained in this report is left to the client or the persons who conducted the field work. This report is provided for informational and comparative purposes only and should not be relied upon for any other purpose. "Typical outdoor data" are based on the results of the analysis of samples delivered to and analyzed by EMLab P&K and assumptions regarding the origins of those samples. Sampling techniques, contaminants infecting samples, unrepresentative samples and other similar or dissimilar factors may affect these results. In addition, EMLab P&K may not have received and tested a representative number of samples for every region or time period. EMLab P&K hereby disclaims any liability for any and all direct, indirect, punitive, incidental, special or consequential damages arising out of the use or interpretation of the data contained in, or any actions taken or omitted in reliance upon, this report. EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 1 of 2
Client: Heaton Environmental, Inc. C/O: Mr. Caleb Weiler Re: 3008; Randolph Residence MoldRANGE : Extended Outdoor Comparison Outdoor Location: 300804, Outside 2 EMLab P&K 6301 NW 5th Way, Suite 2850, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 (877) 711-8400 Fax (954) 776-8485 www.emlab.com Date of Sampling: 01-09-2014 Date of Receipt: 01-10-2014 Date of Report: 01-14-2014 Fungi Identified Outdoor Typical Outdoor Data for: Typical Outdoor Data for: data January in Georgia (n =462) The entire year in Georgia (n =6466) spores/m3 very low low med high very high freq % very low low med high very high freq % Generally able to grow indoors* Alternaria - 7 7 13 29 40 24 7 13 27 67 120 54 Bipolaris/Drechslera group - 7 7 13 36 53 9 7 7 13 40 87 35 Chaetomium 7 7 7 10 53 70 6 7 7 13 27 67 6 Cladosporium 33 20 33 130 560 1,200 92 53 130 620 1,900 3,500 96 Curvularia - 7 7 13 28 40 16 7 10 27 67 150 44 Nigrospora - 7 7 7 13 33 12 7 7 13 33 53 29 Other brown - 7 7 13 27 40 38 7 7 13 38 53 34 Penicillium/Aspergillus types 100 25 40 110 320 530 81 27 53 160 510 940 81 Pithomyces - 7 7 13 26 40 10 7 7 13 40 81 24 Stachybotrys - - - - - - < 1 7 7 13 44 87 1 Torula 7 7 7 7 38 53 7 7 7 13 29 53 13 Seldom found growing indoors** Ascospores 13 13 27 67 310 710 81 33 80 320 1,300 2,400 94 Basidiospores 27 27 67 330 2,500 5,400 98 120 290 1,400 5,400 11,000 99 Rusts - - - - - - 4 7 7 13 40 67 19 Smuts, Periconia, Myxomycetes 7 7 7 20 57 120 52 13 13 47 120 220 76 TOTAL SPORES/m3 190 The 'Typical Outdoor Data' represents the typical outdoor spore levels for the location and time frame indicated. The last column represents the frequency of occurrence. The very low, low, med, high, and very high values represent the 10, 20, 50, 80, and 90 percentile values of the spore type when it is detected. For example, if the frequency of occurrence is 63% and the low value is 53, it would mean that the given spore type is detected 63% of the time and, when detected, 20% of the time it is present in levels above the detection limit and below 53 spores/m3. These values are updated periodically, and if enough data is not available to make a statistically meaningful assessment, it is indicated with a dash. Total Spores/m3 has been rounded to two significant figures to reflect analytical precision. * The spores in this category are generally capable of growing on wet building materials in addition to growing outdoors. Building related growth is dependent upon the fungal type, moisture level, type of material, and other factors. Cladosporium is one of the predominant spore types worldwide and is frequently present in high numbers. Penicillium/Aspergillus species colonize both outdoor and indoor wet surfaces rapidly and are very easily dispersed. Other genera are usually present in lesser numbers. ** These fungi are generally not found growing on wet building materials. For example, the rusts and smuts are obligate plant pathogens. However, in each group there are notable exceptions. For example, agents of wood decay are members of the basidiomycetes and high counts of a single morphological type of basidiospore on an inside sample should be considered significant. n = number of samples used to calculate data. Interpretation of the data contained in this report is left to the client or the persons who conducted the field work. This report is provided for informational and comparative purposes only and should not be relied upon for any other purpose. "Typical outdoor data" are based on the results of the analysis of samples delivered to and analyzed by EMLab P&K and assumptions regarding the origins of those samples. Sampling techniques, contaminants infecting samples, unrepresentative samples and other similar or dissimilar factors may affect these results. In addition, EMLab P&K may not have received and tested a representative number of samples for every region or time period. EMLab P&K hereby disclaims any liability for any and all direct, indirect, punitive, incidental, special or consequential damages arising out of the use or interpretation of the data contained in, or any actions taken or omitted in reliance upon, this report. EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 2 of 2
Client: Heaton Environmental, Inc. C/O: Mr. Caleb Weiler Re: 3008; Randolph Residence EMLab P&K 6301 NW 5th Way, Suite 2850, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 (877) 711-8400 Fax (954) 776-8485 www.emlab.com Date of Sampling: 01-09-2014 Date of Receipt: 01-10-2014 Date of Report: 01-14-2014 MoldSTAT : Supplementary Statistical Spore Trap Report Outdoor Summary: 300803: Outside 1 Species detected Outdoor sample spores/m3 Typical outdoor ranges Freq. <100 1K 10K >100K (North America) % Ascospores < 7 13-210 - 5,700 76 Basidiospores < 7 15-450 - 24,000 92 Bipolaris/Drechslera group 13 7-13 - 240 16 Cladosporium < 7 27-480 - 10,000 90 Nigrospora 7 7-13 - 240 16 Other brown 20 7-13 - 130 24 Penicillium/Aspergillus types < 7 13-170 - 2,700 68 Smuts, Periconia, Myxomycetes 67 7-53 - 930 64 Total 110 The "Typical outdoor ranges" and "Freq. %" columns show the typical low, medium, and high spore counts per cubic meter and the frequency of occurrence for the given spore type. The low, medium, and high values represent the 2.5, 50, and 97.5 percentile values when the spore type is detected. For example, if the low value is 53 and the frequency of occurence is 63%, it would mean that we typically detect the given spore type on 63 percent of all outdoor samples and, when detected, 2.5% of the time it is present in levels below 53 spores/m3. Indoor Samples Location: 300801: Dining Room 1 % of outdoor total Friedman chisquare* spores/m3 (indoor variation) Result: 2345% df: 1 Result: 1.7778 Critical value: 3.8415 Inside Similar: Yes Agreement ratio** (indoor/outdoor) Spearman rank correlation*** (indoor/outdoor) Result: 0.3636 df: 9 Result: -0.1167 Critical value: 0.5833 Outside Similar: No MoldSCORE**** (indoor/outdoor) Score: 296 Result: High Species Detected Spores/m3 <100 1K 10K >100K Alternaria 7 Chaetomium 20 Cladosporium 130 Curvularia 7 Other brown 13 Penicillium/Aspergillus types 2,300 Smuts, Periconia, Myxomycetes 33 Total 2,500 EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 1 of 2
Client: Heaton Environmental, Inc. C/O: Mr. Caleb Weiler Re: 3008; Randolph Residence MoldSTAT : Supplementary Statistical Spore Trap Report Location: 300802: Dining Room 2 % of outdoor total spores/m3 Friedman chisquare* (indoor variation) Agreement ratio** (indoor/outdoor) Result: 1596% df: 1 Result: 1.7778 Critical value: 3.8415 Inside Similar: Yes Species Detected EMLab P&K 6301 NW 5th Way, Suite 2850, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 (877) 711-8400 Fax (954) 776-8485 www.emlab.com Date of Sampling: 01-09-2014 Date of Receipt: 01-10-2014 Date of Report: 01-14-2014 Spearman rank correlation*** (indoor/outdoor) Result: 0.2000 df: 9 Result: -0.5250 Critical value: 0.5833 Outside Similar: No MoldSCORE**** (indoor/outdoor) Score: 278 Result: High Spores/m3 <100 1K 10K >100K Bipolaris/Drechslera group 7 Chaetomium 7 Cladosporium 80 Curvularia 7 Penicillium/Aspergillus types 1,600 Pithomyces 7 Total 1,700 * The Friedman chi-square statistic is a non-parametric test that examines variation in a set of data (in this case, all indoor spore counts). The null hypothesis (H0) being tested is that there is no meaningful difference in the data for all indoor locations. The alternative hypothesis (used if the test disproves the null hypothesis) is that there is a difference between the indoor locations. The null hypothesis is rejected when the result of the test is greater than the critical value. The critical value that is displayed is based on the degrees of freedom (df) of the test and a significance level of 0.05. ** An agreement ratio is a simple method for assessing the similarity of two samples (in this case the indoor sample and the outdoor summary) based on the spore types present. A score of one indicates that the types detected in one location are the same as that in the other. A score of zero indicates that none of the types detected indoors are present outdoors. Typically, an agreement of 0.8 or higher is considered high. *** The Spearman rank correlation is a non-parametric test that examines correlation between two sets of data (in this case the indoor location and the outdoor summary). The null hypothesis (H0) being tested is that the indoor and outdoor samples are unrelated. The alternative hypothesis (used if the test disproves the null hypothesis) is that the samples are similar. The null hypothesis is rejected when the result of the test is greater than the critical value. The critical value that is displayed is based on the degrees of freedom (df) of the test and a significance level of 0.05. **** MoldSCORE is a specialized method for examining air sampling data. It is a score between 100 and 300, with 100 indicating a greater likelihood that the airborne indoor spores originated from the outside, and 300 indicating a greater likelihood that they originated from an inside source. The Result displayed is based on the numeric score given and will be either Low, Medium, or High, indicating a low, medium, or high likelihood that the spores detected originated from an indoor source. EMLab P&Kreserves the right to, and may at anytime, modify or change the MoldScore algorithm without notice. Interpretation of the data contained in this report is left to the client or the persons who conducted the field work. This report is provided for informational and comparative purposes only and should not be relied upon for any other purpose. "Typical outdoor ranges" are based on the results of the analysis of samples delivered to and analyzed by EMLab P&K and assumptions regarding the origins of those samples. Sampling techniques, contaminants infecting samples, unrepresentative samples and other similar or dissimilar factors may affect these results. With the statistical analysis provided, as with all statistical comparisons and analyses, false-positive and false-negative results can and do occur. EMLab P&K hereby disclaims any liability for any and all direct, indirect, punitive, incidental, special or consequential damages arising out of the data contained in, or any actions taken or omitted in reliance upon, this report. EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 2 of 2
Client: Heaton Environmental, Inc. C/O: Mr. Caleb Weiler Re: 3008; Randolph Residence EMLab P&K 6301 NW 5th Way, Suite 2850, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 (877) 711-8400 Fax (954) 776-8485 www.emlab.com Date of Sampling: 01-09-2014 Date of Receipt: 01-10-2014 Date of Report: 01-14-2014 MoldSTAT : Supplementary Statistical Spore Trap Report Outdoor Summary: 300804: Outside 2 Species detected Outdoor sample spores/m3 Typical outdoor ranges Freq. <100 1K 10K >100K (North America) % Ascospores 13 13-210 - 5,700 76 Basidiospores 27 15-450 - 24,000 92 Chaetomium 7 7-13 - 160 9 Cladosporium 33 27-480 - 10,000 90 Penicillium/Aspergillus types 100 13-170 - 2,700 68 Smuts, Periconia, Myxomycetes 7 7-53 - 930 64 Torula 7 7-13 - 190 9 Total 190 The "Typical outdoor ranges" and "Freq. %" columns show the typical low, medium, and high spore counts per cubic meter and the frequency of occurrence for the given spore type. The low, medium, and high values represent the 2.5, 50, and 97.5 percentile values when the spore type is detected. For example, if the low value is 53 and the frequency of occurence is 63%, it would mean that we typically detect the given spore type on 63 percent of all outdoor samples and, when detected, 2.5% of the time it is present in levels below 53 spores/m3. Indoor Samples Location: 300801: Dining Room 1 % of outdoor total Friedman chisquare* spores/m3 (indoor variation) Result: 1293% df: 1 Result: 1.7778 Critical value: 3.8415 Inside Similar: Yes Agreement ratio** (indoor/outdoor) Spearman rank correlation*** (indoor/outdoor) Result: 0.5714 df: 10 Result: 0.3242 Critical value: 0.5515 Outside Similar: No MoldSCORE**** (indoor/outdoor) Score: 296 Result: High Species Detected Spores/m3 <100 1K 10K >100K Alternaria 7 Chaetomium 20 Cladosporium 130 Curvularia 7 Other brown 13 Penicillium/Aspergillus types 2,300 Smuts, Periconia, Myxomycetes 33 Total 2,500 EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 1 of 2
Client: Heaton Environmental, Inc. C/O: Mr. Caleb Weiler Re: 3008; Randolph Residence MoldSTAT : Supplementary Statistical Spore Trap Report Location: 300802: Dining Room 2 % of outdoor total spores/m3 Friedman chisquare* (indoor variation) Agreement ratio** (indoor/outdoor) Result: 880% df: 1 Result: 1.7778 Critical value: 3.8415 Inside Similar: Yes Species Detected EMLab P&K 6301 NW 5th Way, Suite 2850, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 (877) 711-8400 Fax (954) 776-8485 www.emlab.com Date of Sampling: 01-09-2014 Date of Receipt: 01-10-2014 Date of Report: 01-14-2014 Spearman rank correlation*** (indoor/outdoor) Result: 0.4615 df: 10 Result: 0.2364 Critical value: 0.5515 Outside Similar: No MoldSCORE**** (indoor/outdoor) Score: 278 Result: High Spores/m3 <100 1K 10K >100K Bipolaris/Drechslera group 7 Chaetomium 7 Cladosporium 80 Curvularia 7 Penicillium/Aspergillus types 1,600 Pithomyces 7 Total 1,700 * The Friedman chi-square statistic is a non-parametric test that examines variation in a set of data (in this case, all indoor spore counts). The null hypothesis (H0) being tested is that there is no meaningful difference in the data for all indoor locations. The alternative hypothesis (used if the test disproves the null hypothesis) is that there is a difference between the indoor locations. The null hypothesis is rejected when the result of the test is greater than the critical value. The critical value that is displayed is based on the degrees of freedom (df) of the test and a significance level of 0.05. ** An agreement ratio is a simple method for assessing the similarity of two samples (in this case the indoor sample and the outdoor summary) based on the spore types present. A score of one indicates that the types detected in one location are the same as that in the other. A score of zero indicates that none of the types detected indoors are present outdoors. Typically, an agreement of 0.8 or higher is considered high. *** The Spearman rank correlation is a non-parametric test that examines correlation between two sets of data (in this case the indoor location and the outdoor summary). The null hypothesis (H0) being tested is that the indoor and outdoor samples are unrelated. The alternative hypothesis (used if the test disproves the null hypothesis) is that the samples are similar. The null hypothesis is rejected when the result of the test is greater than the critical value. The critical value that is displayed is based on the degrees of freedom (df) of the test and a significance level of 0.05. **** MoldSCORE is a specialized method for examining air sampling data. It is a score between 100 and 300, with 100 indicating a greater likelihood that the airborne indoor spores originated from the outside, and 300 indicating a greater likelihood that they originated from an inside source. The Result displayed is based on the numeric score given and will be either Low, Medium, or High, indicating a low, medium, or high likelihood that the spores detected originated from an indoor source. EMLab P&Kreserves the right to, and may at anytime, modify or change the MoldScore algorithm without notice. Interpretation of the data contained in this report is left to the client or the persons who conducted the field work. This report is provided for informational and comparative purposes only and should not be relied upon for any other purpose. "Typical outdoor ranges" are based on the results of the analysis of samples delivered to and analyzed by EMLab P&K and assumptions regarding the origins of those samples. Sampling techniques, contaminants infecting samples, unrepresentative samples and other similar or dissimilar factors may affect these results. With the statistical analysis provided, as with all statistical comparisons and analyses, false-positive and false-negative results can and do occur. EMLab P&K hereby disclaims any liability for any and all direct, indirect, punitive, incidental, special or consequential damages arising out of the data contained in, or any actions taken or omitted in reliance upon, this report. EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 2 of 2
01-14-2014: 3008 EMLab P&K 6301 NW 5th Way, Suite 2850, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 (877) 711-8400 Fax (954) 776-8485 www.emlab.com Alternaria Ascospores Basidiospores Bipolaris/Drechslera group Chaetomium Cladosporium Curvularia Nigrospora Other brown Penicillium/Aspergillus types Pithomyces Smuts, Periconia, Myxomycetes Torula Comments: Note: Graphical output may understate the importance of certain "marker" genera. EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 1
01-14-2014: 3008 EMLab P&K 6301 NW 5th Way, Suite 2850, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 (877) 711-8400 Fax (954) 776-8485 www.emlab.com 300801: Dining Room 1 300802: Dining Room 2 300803: Outside 1 300804: Outside 2 Comments: Note: Graphical output may understate the importance of certain "marker" genera. EMLab P&K, LLC EMLab ID: 1158870, Page 1
MOLD DESCRIPTIONS APPENDIX 3 General characterization of mold is made with respect to their most common impact to human health. Many genuses of molds have species with varying characterizations. Letters next to the spore name will denote these genuses. These characterizations/types are: A: Allergenic - organisms typically associated with an allergic type response. P: Pathogenic - organisms capable of causing adverse health effects, primarily in the young, elderly and immune compromised segments of population. T: Toxigenic - some if not all organisms in this genus are capable of causing adverse health effect in all segments of population. ND: No Health Data Available - no health information is currently available. NM: Not Mold - organism is not a fungal spore. Fungal Spore Recognition Fungal Name Fungal Type and Effect Fungal Description Aspergillus / Penicillium A - T - P A wide number of organisms have been placed in the genus. Identification to species is difficult. Often found in aerosol samples. Commonly found in soil, food, cellulose, grains, paint, compost piles, carpet, wallpaper and in interior fiberglass duct insulation. It is reported to be allergenic and may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis, allergic alveolitis in susceptible individuals. Members of the genus are reported to cause ear infections. Many species produce mycotoxins, which may be associated with disease in humans and other animals. Toxin production is dependent on the species or a strain within a species and on the food source for the fungus. Some of these toxins have been found to be carcinogenic in animal species. Several toxins are considered potential human carcinogens. Common cause of extrinsic asthma (immediate-type hypersensitivity: type I). Acute symptoms include edema and brochiospasms; chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema. Algae NM Not a fungal organism, but indicative of either excessive moisture or air infiltration.
Fungal Spore Recognition Fungal Name Fungal Type and Effect Fungal Description Ascospores A Saprophytes and plant pathogens that are found everywhere in nature. Spores are predominantly forcibly discharged during periods of high humidity or rain. Allergenicity has been poorly studied; the vast majority does not cause disease. Basidiomycetes A/T Approximately 1200 different genera. Common allergen. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Lycoperdonosis (puffball spores), Mushroom culture hypersensitivity. Opportunistic and Pathogen qualities: Asexual forms may cause rare opportunistic infections. The yeast Cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycete. Potential toxin Production: Mushroom toxicosis (poisoning) is usually a result of ingestion of the following toxins: amanitins, monomethylhydrazine, muscarine, ibotenic acid, psilocybin. Often found in gardens, forests and woodlands. Individual species cause white and brown dry rot and may cause structural damage to buildings. Cladosporium sp. A Approx. 28-40 species. One of the most common genera, worldwide. Found in soil of many different types, plant litter, plant pathogen, leaf surfaces, old or decayed plants. Common and important allergen. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Hot tub lung, Moldy wall hypersensitivity Chaetomium A/P/T Spores are formed inside fruiting bodies. Spores are forced out an opening and spread by wind, insects, water splash. Not well studied as to allergen. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Uncommon agent of onychomycosis (nail infection). Chaetomin. Chaetomium globosum produces chaetoglobosins. Sterigmatocystin is produced by rare species. Other compounds produced (which may not be mycotoxins in the strict sense) include a variety of mutagens. N / A Colorless spores* ND Spores with no distinctive morphology. Health effects cannot be quantified.
Fungal Spore Recognition Fungal Name Fungal Type and Effect Fungal Description Curvularia spores A/P Reported to be allergenic. It may cause corneal infections, mycetoma and infections in immune compromised hosts. Epicoccum spores A/T (Swab Sample)A/T A common allergen. Found in plants, soil, grains, textiles and paper products. Ganoderma basidiospores ND The characterization indicates that the organism was either unable to be identified or was identified, but no information is available regarding health effects. All mold should be treated as potential allergens. N/A Hyphal Elements A Pieces of fungal organisms that cannot be identified as to what genus they are from. They can be considered to be allergenic and indicative of active or previous growth in the sampling vicinity. Smuts, Periconia, myxomycetes A Members of the Basidiomycetes and have two spore types: teliospores (dry, powdery stage) and basidiospores (yeast stage). Typically considered to be allergenic. Smut spores are agricultural spores generally associated with outdoor molds and are most likely present due to infiltration from outside sources. Smut teliospores cannot easily be distinguished from the myxomycetes and certain species of Periconia. Reported in the round, brown spore category of Smuts, Periconia, myxomycetes.
Fungal Spore Recognition Fungal Name Fungal Type and Effect Fungal Description Stachybotrys A/T Stachybotrys needs continuous water supply to thrive. Approx. 15 species. It may be found in soil, decaying plant substrates, decomposing cellulose (hay, straw), leaf litter, and seeds. Stachybotrys is a wet spore and may be diseminated through insects, water splash or the wind when dried out. Allergen properties are not well studied. Type I allergies reported. Regarding pathogenic properties, there are no reports of human infection. (No species grow well at 37 C.) May produce various toxins. Stachybotrys mycotoxicosis: human toxicosis has been described; may be characterized by dermatitis, cough, rhinitis, itching or burning sensation in mouth, throat, nasal passages and eyes. The best described toxicoses are from domestic animals that have eaten contaminated hay and straw or inhaled infected material from contaminated bedding. Commonly found indoors on wet materials containing cellulose, such as wallboard, jute, wicker, straw baskets, and other paper materials. Trichoderma A/T Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Hypocrea (Ascomycete). Found everywhere in nature. Spores are predominantly forcibly discharged during periods of high humidity or rain. Allergen: Highly variable, dependent on genus and species. Poorly studied. Potential Opportunist or Pathogen: Dependent on genus and species, but the vast majority do not cause disease. Potential Toxin Production: Very many, dependent on genus and species. Characteristics: Growth/Culture: While some ascomycetes sporulate in culture (Chaetomium, Pleospora), many are parasitic plant pathogens, and sporulate (grow) only on living host plants. Notes on Tape Lift Recognition: Many ascomycetes are distinctive, and readily identified on tape samples, especially if fruiting bodies are present. Torula spores A/T Reported to be allergenic and possibly toxigenic.
MOLD BACKGROUND APPENDIX 4 Mold has and always will be around us. It is a natural part of our environment and a critical element in the decay process. There are hundreds of varieties of mold. For every imaginable environment, there is likely a species of mold which will grow and perhaps thrive. This section presents information about mold, associated health effects, and procedures used to identify and protect against it. It is important to remember that it is natural in the environment and that we are exposed to spores each day. There are some species which can cause significant health problems, but most are simply irritants or have no effect on us at all. If a person s health or immune system has been compromised or in a case of hypersensitivity, some of the more common molds may cause significant health problems. Generally speaking, all homes and buildings have mold spores of one kind or another. The homes we and our parents grew up in had mold spores. These spores are carried in by moving air when doors or windows are opened. We can find spores on our clothes, groceries, toys from the yard and anything that enters our home. Recently, media attention over some specific frightening mold stories has raised our awareness of mold issues. This awareness has the potential to instill fear and sometimes panic because of what we do not know. Heaton Environmental does not recommend panic or complacency, but rather recommends a common sense approach to mold issues. What is Mold? Molds are fungi. Molds grow throughout the natural and built environment. Tiny particles of mold are present in indoor and outdoor air. In nature, molds help break down dead materials and can be found growing on soil, foods, plant matter, and other items. Molds produce microscopic cells called "spores" which are very tiny and spread easily through the air. Live spores act like seeds and form new mold growths (colonies) when they find the right conditions. What does mold need to grow? Mold only needs a few simple things to grow and multiply: Moisture Nutrients Suitable place to grow Temperature (Individual species of molds may thrive at different temperatures) Of these, controlling excess moisture is the key to preventing and stopping indoor mold growth. Should I be concerned about mold in my home or office? Mold should not be permitted to grow and multiply indoors. When this happens, health problems can occur and building materials, goods and furnishings may be damaged.
Is there an acceptable level of mold for an indoor environment? (Information from the Environmental Institute s Mold Assessment and Remediation in Buildings course manual) There are no regulatory standards for acceptable levels of fungi in the indoor environment. The correlation between the presence of airborne fungi and health effects has not been clearly established due to the lack of knowledge by the scientific and medical community. It is known that as concentrations of fungi increase in a building that some individuals will experience an increase in allergic reactions, and extensive mold contamination in a building can cause other health effects. In mechanically ventilated buildings, the concentrations of fungi are usually lower than the outdoor concentration due to the filtration of some of the airborne spores. In naturally ventilated buildings (in the absence of building-associated sources), indoor fungal air concentrations may nearly equal outdoor concentrations. Indoor fungi concentrations that are higher than outdoor levels indicate that amplification has occurred indoors, usually due to a moisture source. In environments without indoor reservoirs, amplifiers, or disseminators, the types of fungi found indoors should be nearly the same as those found outdoors. Conditions where there is a significant presence of fungi in the indoor air that are not present or are a minor component of the outdoor air are considered as unacceptable from a health and building performance point of view. Other applicable guidelines are those published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), which call for the removal of visible fungi growth whenever it is encountered in occupied indoor environments. HEALTH EFFECTS Can mold make my co-workers or members of my family sick? Mold can affect the health of people who are exposed to it. People are mainly exposed to mold by breathing spores or other tiny fragments. People can also be exposed through skin contact with mold contaminants (for example, by touching moldy surfaces) and by swallowing it. The type and severity of health effects that mold may produce are usually difficult to predict. The risks can vary greatly from one location to another, over time, and from person to person. Molds have been divided into three characterizations or types and are identified in the sample results as such. The three types are: Allergenic molds are normally not dangerous, but they can cause allergic or asthmatic symptoms such as wheezing or runny nose. These molds can normally be abated safely without the assistance of a professional. It is suggested that personal protection, in the form of gloves
and disposable particulate-removing respirator be used, especially in those who experience allergies and/or asthma. Mycotoxic molds can cause serious health effects in humans and animals. Health effects range from short-term irritation to immuno suppression to cancer and even death. If any toxic molds are identified in this report, it is suggested that you seek the advice of an Industrial Hygienist or other mold professional for guidance. The abatement of these types of mold should not be attempted unless the person is aware of the proper protection and remediation techniques needed. Pathogenic molds can cause serious health effects in persons with suppressed immune systems, those taking chemotherapy, those with HIV/AIDS, or auto-immunity disorders. If any pathogenic molds are identified in the report, it is suggested that you seek the advice of an Industrial Hygienist or other mold professional for guidance. The abatement of these types of mold should not be attempted by the average homeowner. What symptoms might I see? The most common health problems caused by indoor mold are allergy symptoms. Although other and more serious problems can occur, people exposed to mold commonly report problems such as: nasal and sinus congestion cough wheeze/breathing difficulties sore throat skin and eye irritation upper respiratory infections (including sinus) Are the risks greater for some people? There is wide variability in how different people are affected by indoor mold. However, the long-term presence of indoor mold growth may eventually become unhealthy for anyone. The following types of people may be affected more severely and/or sooner than others: infants and children elderly people individuals with respiratory conditions or sensitivities such as allergies and asthma persons having weakened immune systems (for example, people with HIV infection, chemotherapy patients, organ transplant recipients) Those with special health concerns should consult a medical professional if they feel their health is affected by indoor mold. Are some molds more hazardous than others?
Some types of mold can produce chemical compounds (called mycotoxins) although they do not always do so. Molds that are able to produce toxins are common. In some circumstances, the toxins produced by indoor mold may cause health problems. However, all indoor mold growth is potentially harmful and should be removed promptly, no matter what types of mold is present or whether it can produce toxins. MOLD INVESTIGATION How do I tell if I have a mold problem? The most practical way to find a mold problem is by using your eyes to look for mold growth and by using your nose to locate the source of a suspicious odor. If you see mold or if there is an earthy or musty smell, you should assume a mold problem exists. Other clues are signs of excess moisture or the worsening of allergy-like symptoms. Look for visible mold growth (may appear cottony, velvety, granular, or leathery and have varied colors of white, gray, brown, black, yellow, green). Mold often appears as discoloration, staining, or fuzzy growth on the surface of building materials or furnishings. When mold is visible, testing is not recommended. Search areas with noticeable mold odors. Look for signs of excess moisture or water damage. Look for water leaks, standing water, water stains, and condensation problems. For example, do you see any watermarks or discoloration on walls, ceilings, carpet, woodwork or other building materials? Search behind and underneath materials (carpet and pad, wallpaper, vinyl flooring, sink cabinets), furniture, or stored items (especially things placed near outside walls or on cold floors). Sometimes destructive techniques may be needed to inspect and clean enclosed spaces where mold and moisture are hidden; for example, opening up a wall cavity. Should I test for mold? You should assume there is a problem whenever you see mold or smell mold odors. Testing should not take the place of visual inspection. Sometimes however, mold growth is hidden and difficult to locate. In such cases, a combination of air (outdoor and indoor air samples) and bulk (material) samples may help determine the extent of contamination and where cleaning is needed. Testing does provide information as to the types of mold which may be present. How do I test for mold? Tests available for mold include viable tests for culturing and non-viable direct reading analysis. The methodology and media used for testing vary and should be determined before testing begins. The culture tests take a minimum of 14 days in a laboratory and are generally considerably more expensive than the non-viable direct read tests. Due to the cost and time, most investigation analysis is performed using the non-viable testing. Non-viable tests do have
limitations in that not all molds can be identified to specific species. The mold is identified to groups or genus. Cultured samples may be required to detect specific species of mold. The following table lists various types of non-viable tests which are commonly used. This list may not be all inclusive. Type Surface (Swab) Sample Bulk Sample Non-Viable Mold Tests Description Sterile swab is moistened and drawn over a specific area. Swab is then analyzed using Direct Microscopic Analysis. A piece of the infested area is removed such as piece of sheet rock, carpet, wood, etc. Material is then analyzed using Direct Microscopic Analysis. Tape Lift Sample Tape is used to lift the mold off the substrate material. This can be used with most visible mold unless excessive moisture conditions are present. Vacuum Sample Air Sample High volume pump and a special filtered cassette is used to vacuum a certain area on carpet or other type of material. The cassette is then analyzed using Direct Microscopic Analysis. Air is drawn using a high volume pump and directed to impact on a pre-prepared slide or other media. Air samples represent a snap shot in time and may not be exactly replicated if subsequent samples are taken. Indoor sample is used in comparison to outdoor sample. If the indoor sample counts exceed the outdoor sample, there exists a strong possibility that there is mold growth in the area. Can I use Ozone to kill the mold? Some air cleaners are designed to produce ozone which is a strong oxidizing agent and a known irritant of the lungs and respiratory system. Studies have shown that ozone, even at high concentrations, is not effective in killing airborne mold or surface mold contamination. Even if mold was killed by ozone, the health threats would not be reduced until mold contaminants are removed through cleaning. Health experts do not recommend the use of ozone to address mold or any other indoor air problems.