Harriett E. Green 217 Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines Harriett E. Green abstract: With the increase in unergrauate an grauate programs for creative writing at institutions of higher eucation in North America, literary journals an magazines now serve as leaing scholarly publishing outlets an research resources for creative-writing faculty an stuents. This stuy analyzes ten years of citations from nineteen leaing print an igital literary journals to examine the publication frequencies of acaemically affiliate writers an the representative strength of such writers in various literary genres. Through the citation analysis, the stuy proposes that library support of scholarship for the iscipline of creative writing in literary magazines can be achieve by promoting broaer iscovery an user access to literary magazines in library collections an revise collection evelopment strategies to strengthen the representation of literary journals in acaemic library collections. Introuction In 1975, there were 79 egree-granting creative-writing programs in North America.1 Toay there are approximately 880 egree-conferring creative-writing programs at North American colleges an universities. The programs grauate an average of 6,000 newly minte writers every year, accoring to the Association of Writers & Writing Programs, the professional association for creative-writing programs an authors. 2 Aitionally, a large majority of the 2,400 English epartments in North America offer courses if not formal programs in creative writing. 3 This exponential expansion in the number of programs in the fiel has resulte in an increase number of creative-writing faculty at institutions of higher eucation, many of whom have promotion an tenure consierations. As such, these statistics argue for a consieration of the scholarly activities occurring in creative-writing programs: What are faculty, teachers, an stuents in creative-writing programs utilizing for curricula? An where are the more than 4,500 portal: Libraries an the Acaemy, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2014), pp. 217 238. Copyright 2014 by Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD 21218.
218 Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines creative-writing teachers an faculty members publishing their works to prouce scholarship for the iscipline? 4 The AWP Hallmarks of a Successful MFA Program in Creative Writing notes that for creative-writing faculty, Respecte venues for publication may resie outsie the usual circle of university journals an presses that publish scholarship an theory. 5 Among the most prominent of these venues for the publication of creative writing is the literary magazine. The most frequently referre efinition of the literary magazine or little magazine is rawn from Freerick Hoffman, Charles Allen, an Carolyn Ulrich s The Little Magazine: A History an Bibliography, which efines the literary magazine as a magazine esigne to print artistic work which for reasons of commercial expeiency is not acceptable to the money-mine perioicals or presses. 6 As of 2010, there were 493 members of the Council of Literary Magazines an Presses, of which 274 were literary magazines an 55 members were online publishers. 7 The last Once consiere transitory upstarts an publications of last resort, online journals are now a rapily expaning an thriving branch of literary publishing. statistic is critical: the Internet an emergence of igital publishing platforms over the past two ecaes have resulte in the birth of open online literary journals that have marke an evolution in literary magazines. Once consiere transitory upstarts an publications of last resort, online journals are now a rapily expaning an thriving branch of literary publishing: Many onlineonly journals provie open access to a rich loe of literature written by both emerging an laue writers, an print literary journals leverage online platforms to showcase pieces from print issues, to publish wholly new content, or both. 8 This expansion in the breath an epth of literary publishing outlets, combine with the rising prominence of creative writing in acaemia, urges a renewe look at the role of literary journals an magazines in scholarship. This paper analyzes a selection of leaing literary journals an magazines to examine the role of literary perioicals in scholarship for the iscipline of creative writing. Through analysis of multiple years of compile citation ata from nineteen print an igital literary journals an magazines, this stuy will examine how scholarly publications may appear more frequently than previously known in literary magazines, an what the publication frequencies reveal about the stanings of literary journals as publishing outlets for creative-writing scholars an faculty. This paper aims to ultimately examine how acaemic libraries can become more attune to faculty research agenas that require publication in literary journals through reconsieration of collection evelopment philosophies for literary magazines an enabling more effective moes of user access to literary magazines in print an igital forms. Literature Review The stuy of isciplinary scholarship as networks of acaemic communications has prouce a substantial boy of literature. Scholarly communications itself has vari-
Harriett E. Green 219 ous efinitions, an Dennis Dillon efines such communications by three factors: the limite market for the authors content; publications for which funing sources are not principally riven by consumers; an the system of peer review, which is the basis of faculty evaluation an is the eterminant of the success or failure of an acaemic career. 9 These criteria can serve as a working efinition for this stuy s consieration of literary journals as conuits of scholarly communications for acaemic faculty. Literary journals an magazines, Stuies also have examine the feasibility of journals as a channel of learne however, have largely been absent in communications, incluing as a reflection of social an intellectual networks the ominant analyses of acaemic in the sciences an social sciences. communications for isciplinary 10 Digital scholarly communication tools scholarship. have been explore as well in recent ecaes, incluing the role of electronic journals in acaemic communication forums; an the role of e-mail listservs that is, electronic mailing lists an igital resources in the exchange of scholarly information for isciplines in the social sciences an humanities. 11 Literary journals an magazines, however, have largely been absent in the ominant analyses of acaemic communications for isciplinary scholarship. Scholars in sociology, cultural stuies, an critical theory have examine the moes of information prouction, networks of publication an exchange, an metrics of prestige an value in literature an the arts. Decaes of work by Pierre Bourieu an others reveal the complex social issues involve in the role of literary magazines for isciplinary scholarship an creative prouction. These stuies inclue Alisa Craig an Sébastien Dubois s stuy of the influence of public poetry reaings on poets careers an economic status, which explores the scholarly an evaluative networks within which writers operate; Katherine Giuffre s examination of social networks of artists an art galleries; an Marc Verboor s analysis of prestige in literary works an publications via reference works, literary prizes, an publishing houses. 12 In recent years, several stuies have explore literature an art informatics, efine by Stephen Paling as the interisciplinary stuy of the esign, uses an consequences of information technologies that takes into account their role in the creative efforts of writers an artists to cover the organization an issemination of literary an artistic works. 13 While these stuies are primarily focuse on the impact of technology on practices in literary publishing, Paling s stuies of the uses of information technology by eitors an literary authors reveal the changing nature of publication for literary journals an magazines. 14 Otherwise, limite library an information science research has aresse the preservation an iscoverability of alternative magazines. A few stuies have ealt with the curation an accessibility of e-zines an similar online publications in libraries. Others have escribe a metaata schema a labeling, tagging, or coing system to improve retrieval of information, such as an inex of new literary works. 15 An several stuies have examine literary magazine publishing itself, incluing a stuy of the sustainability of leaing perioicals an literary magazines, an features in library an information science journals on literary artists an presses. 16
220 Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines This boy of literature has create a context in which to examine the current representations of the acaemic community in literary journals, an how their publications in these magazines relating to a fiel of acaemic stuy influence the role of literary magazines in library collections. As such, the following analysis of citation ata begins to explore how frequently acaemically affiliate writers publish their isciplinary scholarship in literary journals. Methos Data Set This stuy analyzes citations from a selection of nineteen literary journals an magazines, consisting of seventeen primarily print perioicals an two online-only publications. For the selection of perioicals in this analysis, a literary journal is efine, in Paling s wors, as a serial publication that has an eitorial review process an features primarily literary work, e.g., poetry, fiction, an essays. It may also feature artwork, auio, vieo, or multimeia works. 17 Bibliographic citations were compile for works publishe in the following journals from 2000 to 2010: Antioch Review, Callaloo, Chicago Review, Georgia Review, Huson Review, Kenyon Review, Literary Review, Massachusetts Review, Michigan Quarterly Review, North American Review, Paris Review, Ploughshares, Salmaguni, Sewanee Review, Shenanoah, Southern Humanities Review, an TriQuarterly (through 2009). Citations also were collecte from two Web-base literary journals, Blackbir an The Cortlan Review, for works publishe from 2006 to 2012. Citations for the primarily print literary journals were ownloae from Thomson Reuters s Web of Science atabase inex. Citations for the two Web-base literary journals were gathere an inexe manually by the author. Methoology The bibliographic citation ata were analyze for each journal an across the entire sample set of citation ata by works an by authors, specifically: The percentage of total publishe works by acaemically affiliate authors compare to those by nonacaemic authors; The percentage of works by acaemically affiliate authors as ivie by the four major types of works publishe in literary journals: poetry, fiction, articles, an reviews or commentary; The percentage of authors with acaemic affiliations versus nonacaemics; The percentage of acaemically affiliate authors publishe within the categories of poetry, fiction, articles, an reviews or commentary. Acaemically affiliate authors were ientifie in the ata by two methos: For the citations retrieve from Web of Science, the full bibliographic citation reports inclue an organization fiel that liste institutional affiliations for each author where applicable. Citation reports were also generate for tabulate lists of acaemic institutions publishe in each journal, an these lists were analyze to ientify eucational institutions preominantly represente in the journals. For the two igital journals, institutional
Harriett E. Green 221 affiliations liste in the authors biographical summaries were manually gathere with the bibliographic citations. Given the iffering time perios an isparate number of recors among the seventeen primarily print journals an two online-only journals, the two sets of citations were analyze separately an are presente here as separate analyses before being compare together. The Web of Science citation recors for the primarily print journals provie the number of works, or recors, that were publishe in the journals. Web of Science only parse authors by recors, an multiple authors for one work were clustere together. As will be explaine in the paper, ajustments in analysis were conucte to account for this formatting of the ata. Analysis Analysis of Works The number of publishe works by acaemics can reveal the representative strength of acaemically affiliate authors in the literary journals. To assess the representation of such authors through the works publishe, the citation ata were analyze per year an as cumulative averages for each journal. Per year, the percentage of publishe works by The journal with the most consistently acaemically affiliate authors varie wiely among the print journals (see Table 1). The journal with the most consistently high percentage of works by authors from acaemic institutions was Callaloo, with at least 40 percent of its publishe works every year authore by writers who hel positions in higher eucation. Other journals with notably high publication rates overall for works by acaemically affiliate authors were Michigan Quarterly Review, Massachusetts Review, Shenanoah, an Kenyon Review, which ha at least 25 percent of their publishe works written by each year by authors who hel acaemic positions. Salmaguni an Southern Humanities Review also were among the journals with relatively strong representation of works by acaemically affiliate authors, with only one year when less than 20 percent of the works publishe were by such authors. The average publication rates of works by acaemically affiliate authors among the journals prouce a similar istribution (see Figure 1). The five journals in the sample that publishe the highest average percentage of works by authors holing acaemic positions between 2000 an 2010 were Callaloo at an average of 60 percent, Michigan Quarterly Review at 51 percent, Shenanoah at 45 percent, Salmaguni at 42 percent, an Kenyon Review at 39 percent. The five journals in the sample with the lowest average percentages of works by acaemically affiliate authors were Literary Review an Chicago Review with averages of 23 percent, North American Review with an average of 19 percent, Paris Review at 16 percent, an Sewanee Review at 13 percent. Yet the majority of the publications incluing Southern Humanities Review, Massachusetts Review, Ploughshares, an Salmaguni average moerate percentages of works by acaemically affiliate authors, with significantly higher publication rates of such authors works in some years an notably lower percentages of works in other years. high percentage of works by authors from acaemic institutions was Callaloo.
222 Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines Table 1. Publication Percentages of Works by Acaemically Affiliate Authors by Year, 2000 2006 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Antioch Review 24% Callaloo 56% Chicago Review 12% Georgia Review 29% Huson Review 15% Kenyon Review 61% Literary Review 31% 28% 25% 26% 27% 21% 12% 20% 34% 31% 25% 60% 57% 47% 66% 66% 50% 48% 61% 69% 78% 33% 4% 15% 8% 28% 25% 26% 34% 34% 36% 4% 27% 15% 24% 12% 34% 37% 37% 67% 45% 12% 20% 25% 27% 10% 5% 24% 16% 26% 36% 40% 37% 32% 32% 32% 39% 32% 38% 50% 36% Massachusetts Review 30% Michigan Quarterly Review 61% North American Review 8% Paris Review 21% Ploughshares 41% Salmaguni 36% Sewanee Review 49% Shenanoah 41% 25% 29% 21% 19% 15% 17% 14% 26% 42% 16% 31% 34% 48% 40% 32% 36% 28% 31% 46% 51% 50% 61% 58% 47% 40% 58% 33% 47% 61% 42% 29% 26% 28% 16% 13% 10% 18% 20% 17% 19% 16% 19% 15% 16% 2% 18% 5% 19% 27% 16% 33% 29% 37% 28% 28% 24% 3% 34% 30% 39% 31% 44% 64% 51% 37% 42% 17% 42% 41% 55% 42% 50% 32% 40% 24% 38% 54% 46% 50% 71% 40% 31% 37% 39% 39% 36% 36% 38% 27% 18% Southern Humanities Review 12% 10% 8% 21% 25% 6% 22% 7% 13% 6% 16% TriQuarterly 30% 43% 4% 18% 6% 19% 24% 31% 30% 33%
223 ac ce pt e fo rp ub lic at io n,p or ta l1 4. 2. Harriett E. Green an Figure 1. Yearly publication rates of works by acaemically affiliate authors in the print journals Th is m ss.i s pe er re vi ew e,c op ye i te The citation recors were also analyze by four major types of works: poetry, fiction or creative prose, articles, an reviews or commentaries. The first three categories were preefine in the Web of Science ata, an the latter category of reviews or commentaries is the combination of citations for book reviews an eitorial material. By genre, the representation of works by acaemically affiliate authors significantly fluctuate per genre (see Figure 2). Across all journals, the lowest percentages of works by authors holing acaemic positions were in citations for poetry an for fiction or creative prose. A few journals ha relatively strong representations of such authors, incluing Callaloo s publication of 49 percent of poetry an 54 percent of fiction or creative prose works; Shenanoah with 38 percent of poetry works an 43 percent of fiction or creative prose works; Michigan Quarterly Review with 35 percent of the poetry an 39 percent of the fiction or creative prose works; an Ploughshares with 35 percent of its poetry an 32 percent of its fiction or creative prose works written by authors from acaemic institutions. As such, the highest percentages of works by acaemically affiliate authors were in the genres of articles an of reviews or commentaries. In the analysis, the percentage of works in this category by authors in higher eucation was often close to equal or slightly higher than those written by nonacaemic authors. In some cases, the ratio was strikingly high, especially when compare to the poetry an the fiction or creative prose percentages. In the Southern Humanities Review, 48 percent of the publishe articles an 77 percent of the publishe reviews an commentaries were by acaemically affiliate authors, compare to 2 percent of the publishe works of poetry. Other notable
224 ac ce pt e fo rp ub lic at io n,p or ta l1 4. 2. Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines an Figure 2. Publication rates of works by acaemically affiliate authors by journal an genre Th is m ss.i s pe er re vi ew e,c op ye i te examples are the Massachusetts Review with 56 percent of its articles written by authors from acaemic institutions, compare to 29 percent of publishe fiction or creative prose works; an TriQuarterly with 41 percent of its publishe articles by acaemically affiliate authors, compare to 25 percent of the publishe fiction or creative prose. The reasons for these imbalances partly lie in the raw numbers of works publishe: For example, the Southern Humanities Review citations containe only 7 works of poetry written by authors holing acaemic posts out of a total of 434 publishe pieces of poetry, which contrasts to the 34 articles by acaemically affiliate authors from a total of 71 publishe articles. These numbers also reveal a istinct ifference in the numbers of works publishe for each genre: every journal ha far higher numbers of publishe poetry an fiction pieces than publishe essays an book reviews. Thus the significant ifference ratios of publication by genre may lie in the limite publication of articles an of reviews an commentaries, an the higher representation of acaemically affiliate authors in these more formal genres. The numbers of publishe works, however, certainly o not provie the full picture of representation of acaemically affiliate authors in literary journals. The gathere citation ata often inclue multiple citation recors for one author, for example, an author who publishe multiple poems in one issue. Some writers also are publishe far more frequently than others, a statistical factor that may result in a slight overrepresentation of nonacaemic authors versus acaemically affiliate authors in the ata set. These factors augment the nee to count the number of publishe iniviuals an thus etermine the representation of authors from acaemic institutions as iniviual writers.
Harriett E. Green 225 To calculate the number of authors, the ata from the full Web of Science recors were processe in Excel an parse own to the iniviual authors, their liste institutional affiliations, the genre of each work publishe, an the year of publication for each work. Then multiple works by an author uring one year were eliminate as uplicates. The percentage of acaemically affiliate authors publishe in the journals reflecte similar representation to the percentage of the publishe works by such authors (see Figure 3). The journal with the highest average percentage of acaemically affiliate authors was Callaloo, with an average of 61 percent of its authors from acaemic institutions. The lowest was Paris Review, with an average of 14 percent of acaemically affiliate authors (see Figure 4). Across the entire sample, most publications ha overall averages of 30 to 40 percent of their authors holing acaemic posts. When the percentages are examine per year, the journals proportion of acaemically affiliate authors fluctuate; in some of the journals, the percentage of such authors markely increase in the later years of the sample citation ata (see Table 2). The five journals with the most significant upticks in the publication of acaemically affiliate authors inclue the Huson Review with a 32-point increase from 8 percent in 2006 to 40 percent in 2010; the Paris Review with a 19-point jump from 5 percent in 2006 to 24 percent in 2009; an the Chicago Review with a 31-point increase from 9 percent in 2004 to 42 percent an 38 percent in 2009 an 2010, respectively. Across the sample citation ata, however, the percentages of publishe acaemically affiliate authors were similar to the percentages of publishe works by acaemics. Figure 3. Average percentages of acaemically affiliate authors in print journals from 2000 to 2010
226 ac ce pt e fo rp ub lic at io n,p or ta l1 4. 2. Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines an Figure 4. Percentage of acaemically affiliate authors by literary genre Th is m ss.i s pe er re vi ew e,c op ye i te When analyze by genre, the percentages of iniviual acaemically affiliate authors were again similar to percentages of their works publishe in each genre (see Figure 5). Journals publishe the highest percentages of such authors in the categories of articles an of reviews or commentary. A number of journals ha notably high numbers of acaemically affiliate authors in these genres, incluing Callaloo, with more than 70 percent of its authors who wrote articles an 68 percent of its writers of reviews an commentary holing acaemic positions; in the Southern Humanities Review, 81 percent of the authors of reviews or commentary an 48 percent of the article authors were acaemically affiliate; an 62 percent of authors of articles an 57 percent of authors of reviews in the Massachusetts Review hel acaemic posts. But while the genres of poetry an of fiction or creative prose still ha lower percentages of acaemically affiliate authors represente, several journals ha markely more equal numbers of acaemic an nonacaemic authors across all genres, especially when compare to the number of works publishe. Approximately 40 to 50 percent of Shenanoah s writers in every genre were acaemically affiliate; Kenyon Review writers were acaemically affiliate 35 to 45 percent of the time across all genres; an at least 25 percent of writers in every genre for North American Review hel acaemic positions. Overall, the notable percentages of acaemically affiliate authors in the genres of articles an of reviews or commentaries suggest that acaemics have mae the eepest inroas in what might be characterize as the most formal sections of literary journals. This representation is particularly notable in literary publications with strong eitorial ties
Harriett E. Green 227 Table 2. Publication Percentages of Acaemically Affiliate Authors by Year, 2000 2006 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Antioch Review 31% Callaloo 57% Chicago Review 17% Georgia Review 41% Huson Review 14% Kenyon Review 39% Literary Review 46% 36% 43% 31% 36% 30% 16% 31% 44% 31% 32% 60% 66% 52% 69% 65% 49% 53% 51% 75% 68% 38% 7% 15% 9% 31% 28% 34% 34% 42% 38% 32% 27% 17% 23% 13% 32% 39% 41% 52% 45% 17% 30% 23% 30% 14% 8% 24% 24% 27% 40% 37% 37% 34% 29% 29% 37% 40% 38% 47% 41% Massachusetts Review 31% Michigan Quarterly Review 58% North American Review 8% 24% 24% 15% 21% 15% 18% 17% 22% 33% 15% 31% 38% 46% 40% 33% 35% 30% 33% 42% 43% 54% 57% 55% 46% 43% 56% 36% 46% 62% 47% 28% 26% 28% 15% 13% 9% 17% 20% 15% 18% Paris Review 16% 16% 18% 16% 19% 5% 7% Ploughshares 37% Salmaguni 36% Sewanee Review 21% Shenanoah 42% Southern Humanities Review 40% TriQuarterly 29% 5% 16% 24% 14% 36% 29% 39% 26% 28% 25% 43% 32% 34% 35% 31% 40% 61% 49% 37% 33% 17% 40% 40% 55% 15% 11% 20% 32% 9% 27% 10% 11% 9% 15% 48% 50% 33% 42% 27% 42% 53% 54% 52% 56% 36% 37% 38% 35% 40% 34% 31% 39% 26% 21% 45% 5% 24% 10% 28% 34% 41% 40% 30%
228 Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines Figure 5. Percentage of acaemically affiliate authors publishe in igital literary journals between 2006 an 2012 to universities an acaemic settings, such as Callaloo, Ploughshares, Southern Humanities Review, an Michigan Quarterly Review. These tabulations might be consiere a more accurate representation of acaemically affiliate authors in literary journals, as this analysis counte each iniviual who place at least one work in the literary journals. As such, the representation of authors from universities an other acaemic institutions in literary journals is slightly stronger than irect publication recors might suggest. The representation of such authors can be further explore in the igital journals that are rapily establishing a major role in literary publishing. The avent of born-igital literary journals over the past two ecaes has opene even more rich avenues of publication an prominence for creative-writing faculty an stuents. For this stuy, two online literary journals were analyze as a sampling of igital literary journals: Blackbir an The Cortlan Review were selecte for being among the longest-running an most highly regare igital literary journals in publication toay. Approximately six years of citations were collecte manually an analyze for the years 2006 through 2012. In these Web-base literary journals, the percentage of acaemically affiliate authors among the publishe works an authors was highly similar to the print journals. The yearly percentages of acaemically affiliate authors compare to nonacaemic authors publishe in these journals were comparable to the print journals (see Figure 5).
Harriett E. Green 229 Blackbir containe a stronger representation of acaemically affiliate authors compare to The Cortlan Review, as there were only two years when less than 40 percent of its publishe authors hel acaemic appointments. On average over the six-year perio, 41 percent of Blackbir s authors have hel acaemic posts, while The Cortlan Review ha an average of 29 percent. The journals citations were also analyze by genre. Given the iverse types of works that online journals publish, five genres were ientifie for this analysis: poetry, fiction, nonfiction, book reviews, an art (which inclue vieo, photography, an multimeia). The compile citations were manually inexe by these ientifie genres, an then were analyze per works an per authors by the totals of the six-year span. The percentages by works an by authors were essentially ientical, an of the two, Blackbir was more evenly istribute: acaemic authors comprise 47 percent of its publishe authors of poetry, 51 percent of the authors of nonfiction, 32 percent of fiction authors, an 32 percent of proucers of art. The Cortlan Review publishe acaemic authors as 33 percent of the nonfiction authors, 30 percent of the poetry authors, 21 percent of fiction authors, an 17 percent of the reviews. The citations for the Web-base literary journals were combine with the print journals citations to ientify the publications with the overall highest representations on average of acaemically affiliate authors (see Figure 6). The five journals with the highest representations of acaemic authors were Callaloo, Michigan Quarterly Review, Shenanoah, Blackbir, an Salmaguni, respectively. On average, at least 40 percent of the publishe authors in each of these journals were affiliate with acaemic institutions. Figure 6. Percentages of acaemically affiliate authors in both print an online journals
230 Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines The total citations were also analyze for the most frequently represente institutions in this sampling of literary journals. The leaing institutions were the University of Michigan, with 165 authors publishe between 2000 an 2010, followe by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with 109 authors, the University of Virginia with 94 authors, an the University of Massachusetts with 91 authors. Yet the tabulations presente here are but one way to isplay how acaemic authors are represente among the journals, an graphic visualizations of the citation ata can present a ifferent perspective. Visualizations Visualizations also offer a way of analyzing the publication rates of acaemically affiliate authors. For this stuy, visualizations were generate to show which institutions an journals containe the highest representations of authors with acaemic affiliations an the percentages of acaemically affiliate authors who publishe in each genre of work. Two types of visualizations were generate: bubble graphs, which show values an amounts as circles of ifferent sizes an in ifferent places in relation to the horizontal an vertical axes; an tree maps, which isplay ata as a set of neste rectangles. A bubble graph was create to analyze the journals by the percentages of acaemically affiliate authors publishe in them (see Figure 7). Callaloo is the most prominent with 61 percent of its publishe authors from acaemic institutions, followe by Michigan Quarterly Review, Shenanoah, an Blackbir. The bubble graph reveals that in the sample citation ata, there are two tiers of journals for acaemic representation. The top thir of the journals have an average representation of acaemically affiliate authors of at least 30 percent or higher, while the bottom thir of the journals have representations in percentages of mi-twenties an lower an are smaller circles. The tree map visualization (Figure 8) isplays the total representation of acaemically affiliate authors an nonacaemic authors as ivie among the four major genres analyze in the citation ata: poetry, fiction, nonfiction, an reviews. The ata for this visualization were generate through combining all the citations for works publishe an then calculating the proportions of authors by acaemic affiliation an genres. The most prominent group is nonacaemic poetry at 37 percent, with acaemic poetry being the secon largest grouping at 16 percent. One interesting result is that the fourth largest area is nonacaemic reviews at 9 percent, which is three percentage points higher than acaemic reviews. This is notable because in the earlier analyses of iniviual journals, acaemically affiliate authors frequently equale or outnumbere nonacaemics in the authorship of articles an reviews or commentaries. The reason may lie in the fact that some journals, such as the Paris Review an North American Review, ha very low percentages of works by authors from acaemic institutions, incluing articles an reviews an commentaries. Thus when all of the citations from all journals are combine, the strong an weak representations of acaemic authors balance out; in the en, nonacaemic authors still outnumber acaemically affiliate authors by one to three percentage points. When calculate in aggregate, nonacaemic authors make up 67 percent of the authore works in the four major genres, while acaemic authors make up 33 percent. The less than 1 percent not reflecte in this graph are the artworks an multimeia
231 fo rp ub lic at io n,p or ta l1 4. 2. Harriett E. Green Th is m ss.i s pe er re vi ew e,c op ye i te an ac ce pt e Figure 7. Bubble graph showing the percentages of acaemically affiliate authors publishe in the journals as circles of ifferent sizes Figure 8. Tree map showing the representation of acaemically affiliate authors an nonacaemic authors among the four major genres
232 Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines pieces also publishe in the journals. These visualizations offer an alternative metho of viewing the compile citation ata, an they provie perspectives on how significantly acaemically affiliate authors are represente in the leaing literary journals, an in which journals such authors are most heavily concentrate. This analysis presents a case for the existence of a not-insignificant representation of acaemically affiliate authors in literary magazines an journals. With this evience, how shoul libraries respon to this expaning publication sector for scholarship in acaemic isciplines? Discussion: Users of Literary Magazines in the Library Collections Access The frequency of acaemically affiliate authors publications in this stuy s sampling of literary journals suggests that library holings of such journals are critical for facilitating scholarship relate to the iscipline of creative writing. For this iscussion, the operating efinition of a collection will be an accumulation of information resources evelope by information professionals intene for a user community or a set of communities. 18 The act of builing collections is a value-laen activity, an as Michael Bucklan notes, If collection evelopment is seen as eciing which items to privilege, then the nee for those with that ability woul appear to increase as a local paper collections iminish relative to networke electronic collections. 19 Thus espite the fluiity of the igital environment, there still is a strong nee for library collections to acquire carefully selecte materials to inicate to users the particular scholarly value of certain perioicals an research resources. 20 In stuies of serials collection evelopment, the most ominant metrics for evaluating serials collections are concerne with economic efficiency an usage information such as usage statistics, citation analyses, an cost analyses. Notable stuies inclue the six cost moels for electronic an print journal access in the University of California system, a value score system evelope by Jason Dewlan an Jessica Minhan for evaluating journals base on usage an cost, an the usage factor project evelope for libraries in the Unite Kingom that consoliates regular access statistics with other factors to evaluate usage of igital journals. 21 For literary magazines an journals, however, economic metrics o not provie an aequate picture of journal usage an other patron nees for these materials. Rather, the concept of a collection as a user-centere environment may provie a better framework for eveloping literary magazine an journal collections. The user community is critical to shaping the collection, as a number of recent stuies argue, an the collection evelopers must consier how users will interact with The frequency of acaemically affiliate authors publications in this stuy s sampling of literary journals suggests that library holings of such journals are critical for facilitating scholarship relate to the iscipline of creative writing.
Harriett E. Green 233 the items. 22 As such, a usable collection shoul be oriente aroun users behaviors an nees, an must interact with other materials as well. 23 The consieration of user engagement with the materials has alreay prove to be an effective guie for builing library collections of zines. A zine is an inexpensively prouce, self-publishe or online publication often evote to an unconventional or specialize subject. Zines are similarly complex to literary magazines in their creative content an nontraitional format. Several stuies have examine strategies for collecting alternative press publications an zines in libraries, incluing onations from users, builing library connections with the alternative press communities an venors, an purchasing iniviual issues where available. 24 While literary magazines are often easier to fin than zines, librarians can employ similar strategies to critically engage users an the local communities in efforts to acquire an integrate print an igital literary journals into their collections. The integration of open-access igital literary magazines is a particularly challenging issue that must be consiere an aresse. Stuies on the integration of free an openaccess journals into library collections suggest that there is a rich corpus of open-access scholarly publications that libraries nee to catalog an inex. Collection There is a rich corpus of open-access evelopment criteria can be equally applie to select open-access igital scholarly publications that libraries literary journals for the collection, nee to catalog an inex. an through the use of online recors an Web links, libraries can provie patrons with opportunities to use open-access igital journals through their collections. 25 In this work to integrate igital an print literary journals into collections, sustainability an preservation are especially critical given the ephemerality of little magazines both in print an igital form. In an analysis of the stability of e-zines, Jen Stevens proposes a preictive moel that offers useful criteria for evaluating igital literary journals in collection evelopment an cataloging for a library collection. 26 Other stuies on cataloging an preserving zines in library collections also she light on how unique strategies can be pursue for ensuring the sustainability of nontraitional perioicals in circulating library collections. 27 Strategies for interisciplinary collection evelopment also can inform the acquisition of literary journals, incluing broa nees assessments of user an information moels that reflect the journal usage an research workflows of faculty an stuents. 28 In light of these moels an analyses, librarians can begin to formulate strategies for the incorporation of literary magazines an journals into collections. Yet after literary magazines an journals are integrate into the holings, another challenge remains: how to facilitate user iscovery an access to the materials. Discovery Literary magazines an journals long have lacke exposure in establishe research resources when compare to scholarly journals from other isciplines an specializations in the humanities. Of the major humanities bibliographies an research inexes, the Annual Bibliography of English Language an Literature (ABELL) an the MLA [Moern
234 Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines Language Association] International Bibliography both inex well-establishe literary an arts journals such as Antioch Review, Kenyon Review, Salmaguni, an Huson Review; while Humanities International Complete, a atabase that inclues all ata from the Humanities International Inex, also contains a selection of newer journals such as Tin House. But given that there are currently 918 listings in the Poets & Writers Literary Magazines an Journals Database, there is a large segment of journals that acaemics still nee to access for scholarly communications an publishing, but may not fin through stanar inexes an bibliographies. 29 Thus a nee exists for better user access to literary magazines an journals. There are several inepenent inexes for literary journals an magazines: the most authoritative an accessible sources are the Council of Literary Magazines an Presses CLMP Literary Press an Magazine Directory on the Web an in print, The International Directory of Little Magazines & Small Presses, an the Poets & Writers Literary Magazines an Journals Database that is openly available online. 30 There are other Web sources as well, incluing the commercial atabase Duotrope an Web sites such NewPages. com. 31 While resources such as the Literary Press an Magazine Directory are mainstays of library reference collections, these shoul not be the only iscovery tools for faculty an stuents who publish in literary magazines. Stuies on how libraries can enhance iscovery an access to igital resources an alternative press publications may reveal insights for enhancing availability an use of literary magazines. In efforts to ientify how acaemic communities ieally shoul access scholarly resources toay, stuies have examine the reaing behaviors of acaemics with journals an ientifie the leaing igital tools they use for accessing perioical literature, such as Google Scholar. 32 Stuies also have examine methos for improving access to online journals, an a number of stuies have examine user fining an retrieval of journal literature through Web-scale iscovery systems an new catalog interface tools. 33 Yet literary journals contain amalgamations of creative an multi-formatte content that pose complex challenges for cataloging an inexing, as examine in Tom Murphy s stuy of inexing fiction an poetry, an Paling s examination of improving the inexability of literary texts by using fuzzy sets, an extension of the mathematical concept of set theory in which members belong to a set to a greater or lesser egree. 34 As note earlier, the challenges of literary journals complex content an format are similar to zines, an stuies of cataloging processes for zines also can serve as potential moels for iscovery an access of literary magazines. Libraries Literary journals contain amalgamations of creative an multi-formatte content that pose complex challenges for cataloging an inexing. have aopte iverse strategies for enabling access to zines beyon catalog entries, such as cataloging zines in separate atabases, creating special subject lists, processing zines as archival materials, an shelving them in easily accessible file folers an archival boxes for circulation among patrons in the builing. 35 Rowena Koh also consiers the challenges in facilitating iscovery an access to print an online alternative literature, with an analysis of various subject heaings assigne to zines an a proposal to create online guies with links to e-zines. 36
Harriett E. Green 235 As evience in these stuies, there are many ifferent possibilities for enabling access to literary magazines an journals comparable to that for traitional scholarly publications from establishe isciplines. Libraries must evaluate the iscovery moels for their collection an strategize ways to integrate literary journals, which coul inclue explicit aition of literary magazines into atabase inexes. Libraries might also urge Libraries must evaluate the the aggregators who offer packages of content iscovery moels for their from many sources to inclue literary journals more prominently. collection an strategize Libraries support of isciplinary scholarship in literary magazines through improve ways to integrate literary iscovery tools an reconfigure collection evelopment strategies will pivot upon selections journals. of literary journals an magazines etermine to have especially critical scholarly value. Authoritative sources such as the MLA International Bibliography an Literary Magazines an Presses Directory provie reliable guiance for initial ecisions in reconfiguring collection content an access, but the notably flui nature of publication venues for literature an art may require new an hybri strategies for monitoring scholarly communications in creative writing. Future Research an Conclusion Literary Information Science] This analysis of publications by acaemically affiliate authors in literary magazines ultimately seeks to respon to issues raise concerning information networks in literary publishing an the work practices of authors an eitors. These stuies she light on future avenues of stuy for the isciplinary scholarship in literary journals an magazines. In particular, the theory of intensifying use of technology (IUT) in writing an eitorial practices propose by Paling has implications for the evolving role of igital an print literary magazines for scholarship in acaemic isciplines. 37 Accoring to this Proucers in creative genres often theory, proucers in creative genres often use new technology to prouce highly innovative poetry, fiction, an other work. highly innovative poetry, fiction, use new technology to prouce Drawing upon Pierre Bourieu s iea of markers of consecration to efine an other work. prestige in literary worl, Paling an his coauthors examine how IT by itself cannot change human values. However, by creating new artistic possibilities, IT makes it possible for authors to create new literary practices that can become new stanars of value. 38 The rise of open-access igital perioicals in literary publishing will have significant impact on the scholarly practices for creativewriting faculty in literary publications. The two igital journals examine in this stuy, Blackbir an Cortlan Review, notably feature auio recorings, vieo essays, an other multimeia features that are nearly impossible to convey in the print meium. As such, future stuies might explore the types of works that creative-writing faculty members
236 Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines are publishing in these igital venues an the consequent implications for scholarly publishing in these isciplinary areas. Conclusion Future analyses of isciplinary scholarship publishe in literary journals an magazines also must take into account several other challenging factors for ata gathering an analysis. As note earlier, online literary magazines are a rapily expaning, yet all too often ephemeral, publication universe. Many journals are not inexe in stanar humanities bibliographies, yet these publications must be accounte for in future analyses that examine larger ata sets than the ata presente here. Citation references an coauthoring are infrequent for most works publishe in literary magazines, such that possible analyses of creative-writing faculty publications may require ifferent strategies than stanar bibliometric stuies. But with the appropriate ata sets, analyses coul be conucte to ientify the networks of scholarly communications an prestige in literary publishing for scholarship in acaemic isciplines. Katherine Swiggart notes that the challenge for online journals, an for print journals seeking to iversify, is how to establish creibility. For some, this creibility has to o with maintaining the eitorial stanars set by their print counterparts. For others, creibility epens on originality an innovation. 39 This issue of creibility lies at the heart of knowlege creation: Critical acceptance for literary magazines an journals has been built by their immense contributions to the fiel of literature, an toay, literary journals serve the scholarly aims for writers in acaeme as they seek promotion an tenure. In this initial examination of how literary journals are becoming publication outlets for isciplinary scholarship, this early analysis suggests that iscovery tools an collections access to literary journals an magazines must become a critical consieration for research library services an resources. Literary journals, in print an increasingly igital forms, ultimately are a key facet in the changing scholarly communications lanscape for the humanities. Online literary magazines are a rapily expaning, yet all too often ephemeral, publication universe. Critical acceptance for literary magazines an journals has been built by their immense contributions to the fiel of literature, an toay, literary journals serve the scholarly aims for writers in acaeme as they seek promotion an tenure. Harriett E. Green is the English an igital humanities librarian an an assistant professor of library aministration at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; she may be reache by e-mail at: green19@illinois.eu.
Harriett E. Green 237 Notes 1. Association for Writers & Writing Programs, AWP Director s Hanbook: Guielines, Policies, an Information for Creative Writing Programs (Fairfax, VA: Association for Writers & Writing Programs, 2012), 104. 2. Ibi. 3. Ibi. 4. Association for Writers & Writing Programs, Association for Writers & Writing Programs Strategic Plan 2010 2020 (Fairfax, VA: Association for Writers & Writing Programs, 2012), 5. 5. Association of Writers & Writing Programs, AWP Hallmarks of a Successful MFA Program in Creative Writing, accesse August 29, 2013, https://www.awpwriter.org/library/irectors_ hanbook_hallmarks_of_a_successful_mfa_program_in_creative_writing. 6. Freerick J. Hoffman, Charles Allen, an Carolyn F. Ulrich, The Little Magazine: A History an a Bibliography (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1946), 2. 7. Council of Literary Magazines an Presses, Membership Facts, accesse March 17, 2013, http://www.clmp.org/about/member_facts.html. 8. Gabe Habash, Literary Magazines Aapt to the Digital Age, Publishers Weekly (March 10, 2013): 4 5. 9. Dennis Dillon, Han Wringing in Paraise: Scholarly Communication an the Intimate Twinges of Conscience, Journal of Library Aministration 52, 6 7 (2012): 609 25. 10. Davi Minguillo, Towar a New Way of Mapping Scientific Fiels: Authors Competence for Publishing in Scholarly Journals, Journal of the American Society for Information Science an Technology 61, 4 (2010): 772 86. 11. Rob Kling, Geoffrey McKim, an Aam King, A Bit More to It: Communication Forums as Socio-Technical Interaction Networks, Journal of the American Society for Information Science an Technology 54, 1 (2003): 47 67; John C. Navin an Jennifer M. Vanever, The Market for Scholarly Communication, Journal of Library Aministration 51, 5 6 (2011): 455 63; Jenny Fry an Sanna Talja, The Intellectual an Social Organization of Acaemic Fiels an the Shaping of Digital Resources, Journal of Information Science 33, 2 (2007): 115 33. 12. Marc Verboor, Classification of Authors by Literary Prestige, Poetics 31 (2003): 259 81; Wouter e Nooy, The Dynamics of Artistic Prestige, Poetics 30 (2002): 147 67. 13. Stephen Paling, Fuzzy Sets an the Organization of Literary Texts: A Conceptualization an Two-Stage Pilot Stuy, Journal of Documentation 67, 4 (2011): 610 23. 14. Ibi. 15. Stephen Paling, Technology, Genres, an Value Change: Literary Authors an Artistic Use of Information Technology, Journal of the American Society for Information Science an Technology 59, 9 (2008): 1238 51; Stephen Paling an Crystle Martin, Transformative Use of Information Technology in American Literary Writing: A Pilot Survey of Literary Community Members, Journal of the American Society for Information Science an Technology 62, 5 (2011): 947 62; Stephen Paling an Michael Nilan, Technology, Genres, an Value Change: The Case of Little Magazines, Journal of the American Society for Information Science an Technology 57, 7 (2006): 862 72. 16. Steve Black, Failure Rates an Publication Status: Perioicals Reviewe in Library Journal (1980 2005) an Database Accuracy, Serials Review 36 (2010): 210 13; Jen Stevens, Long Term Literary E-Zine Stability: Issues an Access in Libraries, Technical Services Quarterly 22, 1 (2004): 21 32; Alan May, From Print to Online to Print, Serials Librarian 49, 4 (2008): 125 34; Alan May, Interview with Jake Berry, Eitor of Outré, Artifact Collective Texts, Anomaly, the Experioicist, an Currently 9th St. Laboratories, Serials Librarian 55, 1: 296 303. 17. Stephen Paling, Technology, Genres, an Value Change, 1238. 18. Hur-Li Lee, What Is a Collection? Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51, 12 (2000): 1106 13. 19. Michael Bucklan, 6: Supplement, Reesigning Library Services: A Manifesto, accesse August 20, 2013, http://sunsite.berkeley.eu/literature/library//reesigning/supplement.html.
238 Literature as a Network: Creative-Writing Scholarship in Literary Magazines 20. James Currall, Michael Moss, an Susan Stuart, What Is a Collection? Archivaria 58 (2005): 131 46. 21. Michael Cooper, The Costs of Proviing Electronic Journal Access an Printe Copies of Journals to University Users, Library Quarterly 76, 3 (2006): 323 51; Jason Dewlan an Jessica Minhan, Collective Serials Analysis: The Relevance of a Journal in Supporting Teaching an Research, Technical Services Quarterly 28, 3 (2011): 265 82; Oliver Pesch, Usage Factor for Journals: A New Measure for Scholarly Impact, Serials Librarian 63, 3 4 (2010): 261 68. 22. Hur-Li Lee, What Is a Collection? 1106 13. 23. Tony Horava, Challenges an Possibilities for Collection Management in a Digital Age, Library Resources & Technical Services 54, 3 (2010): 142 52. 24. Colleen Hubbar, DIY in the Stacks: A Stuy of Three Public Library Zine Collections, Public Libraries 48, 3 (2005): 351 54; Richar Stoart an Teresa Kiser, Zines an the Library, Library Resources an Technical Services 48, 3 (2004): 191 98; Rowena Koh, Alternative Literature in the Libraries: The Unseen Zine, Collection Builing 27, 2 (2008): 48 51; Karen Gisonny an Jenna Freeman, Zines in Libraries: How, What, an Why? Collection Builing 25, 1 (2006): 26 30. 25. Koh, Alternative Literature in the Libraries, 51. 26. Jen Stevens, Long-Term Literary E-Zine Stability, 21 32; Jen Stevens an Sarah McCor, Long-Term E-Zine Stability: A Preictive Moel, Technical Services Quarterly 22, 3 (2005): 29 45. 27. Stoart an Kiser, Zines an the Library ; Koh, Alternative Literature in the Libraries, 49 51; Gisonny an Freeman, Zines in Libraries. 28. Cynthia Dobson, Jeffrey D. Kushkowski, an Kristin H. Gerhar, Collection Evaluation for Interisciplinary Fiels: A Comprehensive Approach, Journal of Acaemic Librarianship 22, 4 (1996): 279 84. 29. Poets & Writers Literary Magazines an Journals Database, accesse August 30, 2013, http://www.pw.org/literary_magazines. 30. Council of Literary Magazines an Presses CMLP Directory, http://clmp.org/irectory/; Poets & Writers Literary Magazines an Journals Database. 31. Duotrope, accesse August 15, 2013, https://uotrope.com/inex.aspx. 32. Carol Tenopir an Donal W. King, Reaing Behaviour an Electronic Journals, Learne Publishing 15, 4 (2002): 259 65. 33. Steve Hitchcock, Les Carr, Stephen Harris, J. M. N. Hey, an Weny Hall, Citation Linking: Improving Access to Online Journals, in Proceeings of the Secon ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries (Philaelphia: Association for Computing Machinery [ACM], 1997): 115 22; Heather Hessel an Janet Fransen, Resource Discovery: Comparative Survey Results on Two Catalog Interfaces, Information Technologies an Libraries 31, 2 (2012): 21 44; Carol Pitts Dierichs, Discovery an Delivery: Making It Work for Users, Serials Librarian 56 (2009): 79 93. 34. Tom Murphy, Exploring Fiction an Poetry Through Inexing, The Inexer 23, 4 (2003): 216 17; Paling, Fuzzy Sets an the Organization of Literary Texts. 35. Stoart an Kiser, Zines an the Library. 36. Koh, Alternative Literature in the Libraries, 48 51. 37. Alisa Craig an Sébastien Dubois, Between Art an Money: The Social Space of Public Reaings in Contemporary Poetry Economics an Careers, Poetics 38 (2010): 441 60. 38. Paling, Technology, Genres, an Value Change: Literary Authors an Artistic Use of Information Technology, 1238 51. 39. Katherine Swiggart, A Sorcery of Circuitry: Behin the Screens of Online Magazines, Poets & Writers 31, 5 (September/October 2003): 63 68, http://www.pw.org/content/sorcery_ circuitry_behin_screens_online_magazines.