PREHISTORIC IBERIA Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics
PREHISTORIC IBERIA Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics Edited by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena Hospital "12 de Octubre" Universidad Complutense Madrid, Spain Assistant Editors J orge Martinez-Laso Eduardo G6mez-Casado Hospital "12 de Octubre" Universidad Complutense Madrid, Spain SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Antonio Arnaiz-Villena e-mail: antonio.arnaiz@inm.hi2o.es Proceedings of an International Conference on Prehistoric Jberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics, held November 16-17, 1998, in Madrid, Spain ISBN 978-1-4613-6900-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-4231-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4231-5 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer AcademiclPlenum Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2000 AII rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher.
Contributors Alonso-Garcia J. Arnaiz-Villena A. Cabrera V.M. Castro Maria J. Fundacion de Estudios Geneticos y Lingiiisticos, Madrid, Spain. Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Can arias, Spain. Escacena Carrasco J. L. Prehistory and Archeology Department. University of Seville, Seville, Spain. Esteban E. Departament de Biologia Animal-Antropologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Fernandez-Santander A. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Flores C. Gomez-Casado E. Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Can arias, Spain. v
vi Gonzalez A.M. Gonzalez-Hevilla M. Hernandez M. KandilM. Longas J. Martinez-Laso J. MoralP. Onrubia Pintado J. RuhlenM. Sanchez-Mazas A. Valveny N. Varela P. Contributors Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Biologla, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain. Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain. Departement de Biologie, Faculte des Sciences, Universite Chouai"b Doukkali, EI Jadida, Morocco. Departament de Biologia Animal-Antropologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Letras, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain. Department of Program in Human Biology. Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA. Department of Anthropology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Departament de Biologia Animal-Antropologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by grants from the Ministerio de Educacion (PM95-57 and PM96-21) and Comunidad de Madrid (06/70/97 and 8.3/14/98). VB
Preface The symposium "Prehistoric Iberia: genetics, anthropology and linguistics" was held in the Circulo de Bellas Artes, Madrid on 16th -17th November 1998. The idea was bringing together specialists who could address not clearly resolved historic and prehistoric issues regarding ancient Iberian and Mediterranean populations, following a multidisciplinary approach. This was necessary in the light of the new bulk of genetic, archeological and linguistic data obtained with the new DNA technology and the recent discoverings in the other fields. Genes may now be easily studied in populations, particularly HLA genes and markers of the mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome. Basques, Iberians, North Africans, Berbers (Imazighen) and Mediterraneans have presently been widely studied. The genetic emerging picture is that Mediterraneans are closely related from West (Basque, Iberians, Berbers) to East (Jews, Lebanese, Cretans); however, Greeks are outliers in all the analyses done by using HLA genes. Anthropologists and archeologists showed how there was no people substitution during the revolutionary Mesolithic-Neolithic transition; in addition, cultural relationships were found between Iberia and predinastic Egypt (EI Badari culture). Basque language translation into Spanish has been the key for relating most Mediterranean extinct languages. The Usko-Mediterranean languages were once spoken in a wide African and European area, which also included parts of Asia. This was the "old language" that was slowly substituted by Eurasian languages starting approximately after the Bronze Age (or 2,000 years BC). We must thank the Basque people for preserving their cultural heritage throughout time in spite of strong pressures against it. I must say that understanding among different specialists was only apparently easy; however, the general way of doing and the different degree of internal self-criticism in different areas of knowledge was evidenced. Notwithstanding, this type of interdisciplinary meetings is necessary to radically addressing particular questions, such as the prehistory of Iberia in relation with other Mediterranean areas, particularly with North Africa. Some of the participants were themselves following interdisciplinary ix
x Preface approaches in their work since long time ago. This is the first meeting, as far as I know, in which scholars studying genetics, anthropology and linguistics gathered. The overall picture that emerged from the meeting is that during, between and after glacial peaks (the last one occurred about 18,000 years Be) important cultural and gene flow occurred among Mediterraneans. There were no Asian, African or European barriers and contacts were probably obtained by circum-mediterranean shipping. Evidences against the demicdiffusion model (i.e.: agriculturalist people from Middle East coming into western Europe and substituting hunter-gatherer people and old technology) were accumulated from the genetic, anthropological and linguistic point of view. The old Mediterranean community probably had a common genetic, cultural and linguistic substratum, which was taken by newcomers (the Greeks) after 2,000 BC. They took Minoan language and also Minoan, Middle East and Anatolian cultures and with their own organizative abilities were going to establish the bases of our extant western civilization. We must thank the great effort done for the meeting organization by Jorge Martinez-Laso, Manuel Martin-Villa, Pilar Varela, Ana Delgado, Javier Tnipaga, Isabel Gonzalez-Cham6n, and all components of the Biology (Universidad Complutense) at Hospital 12 de Octubre. The main conclusions of this meeting are reflected in the present book by the participants. Antonio Amaiz-Villena Madrid Septeniber 26, 1999
Contents Part I GENETICS 1. Genetic and Historical Relationships Among Mediterraneans J. Martinez-Laso, E. Gomez-Casado, P. Varela, M. Gonzalez-Hevilla, J. Alonso-Garcia, J. Longas, and A. Arnaiz-Villena... 3 2. Genetic Affinities Among Human Populations Inhabiting the Sub-Saharan Area, Northwest Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula C. Flores, M. Hernandez, A. M. Gonzalez, and V. M. Cabrera... 33 3. The History of Iberian and Moroccan Populations: Evidence from Genetic Data (DNA Studies and Classical Polymorphisms) P. Moral, M. Kandil, A. Fernandez-Santander, E. Esteban, and N. Valveny... 51 4. The Berbers of North Africa: Genetic Relationships According to lila and other Polymorphisms A. Sanchez-Mazas... 65 Part II ANTHROPOLOGY 5. Berber Ethnogenesis: The Origin of the First Berber-Speaking Social Formations J. Onrubia Pintado... 81 xi
xu Contents 6. Applications of Evolutive Archeology: Migrations from Africa to Iberia in the Recent Prehistory J. L. Escacena Carrasco... 125 Part III LINGUISTICS 7. Deciphering the Iberian-Tartesian Language J. Alonso-Garcia, Maria J. Castro, J. Martinez-Laso, and A. Arnaiz-Villena... 165 8. The Basque Language Is Included in the Dene-Caucasian Language Family M. Ruhlen... 197 9. The Usko-Mediterranean Languages A. Arnaiz-Villena and J. Alonso-Garcia... 205 Index... 247