1. Internet exchange(ix)

1. Internet exchange(ix) The Korea Internet exchange service is provided by NCA (KIX, www.kix.ne.kr), Korea Telecom (KTIX, www.kix.net), Dacom (DIX, www.bora.net), and Korea Internet Neutral exchange (KINX, www.kinx.net). The nonprofit public Internet networks are mainly interconnected to KIX of the NCA while commercial ISPs are linked to KTIX, DIX, or KINX. KTIX and DIX are founded and operated by KT and Dacom Corp., both of which are backbone communication companies also involved in the ISP business, while KINX is operated by KINX Inc. which was established by a small and medium size ISP Association. Diagram 4-01 IX Connectivity Map Non commercial n e t w o r k I S P s K I X K T I X 2 G b p s ( D W D M ) > 1 5 G b p s K I N X D I X I S P s I S P s Table 4-01 State of IX bandwidth N o n - C o m m e r c i a l C o m m e r c i a l O p e r a t i n g Number of T o t a l Total peak Traffic I X I S P s C o n n e c t i o n A g e n c y Connected B a n d w i d t h V o l u m e N a t i o n a l K I X C o m p u t e r i z a t i o n 15 11 G b p s 4 G b p s A g e n c y K T I X Korea Telecom 54 53 G b p s 45 G b p s D I X D a c o m 63 45 G b p s 35 G b p s K I N X K I N X 35 35 Gbps 19 G b p s (Source : National Computerization Agency) 2. Internet Backbone Network 2.1 Commercial Network Currently, Korea commercial networks are provided by 94 ISPs including Korea Telecom (KORNET), Dacom Corp. (BORANET), Onse Telecom Corp. (Shinbiro), Hanaro Telecom Corp. (hananet), Thrunet Corp. (Thrunet), GNG Networks (GNGIDC), SK Telecom (SKSpeedNet), Dreamline (DreamX), and Powercomm Corp. (POWERCOMM). Considering that the total number of ISP was 40 in 1999 and 83 in 2000, the rapid growth in the number of Internet service providers is evident. 54 2002 Korea Internet White Paper

Table 4-02 C o m p a n y K o r e a Dacom Onse Hanaro S e r v i c e N a m e K O R N E T B O R A N E T S H I N B I R O H A N A N E T Network Connection Network State D o m e s t i c F o r e i g n Total nodes (Total bandwidth of IX : 15.2Gbps Overseas Links nationwide: 100 DIX : 15Gbps (Total 4,655 M) Links between KIX(NCA): 200Mbps) U.S. (UUNET and 8 companies) : 3,720M major cities: 5 10Gbps (Total Domestic Japan(NTT,C&WIDC,KDDI) : 490 M Links between Connected ISPs China (China Telecom) : 92 M small and : 41, 724 M b p s ) Hong Kong(CW-HKT) : mid-sized 45M Taiwan(CHT-D, CHT-1) : 45 M c i t i e s : 5 6 22 M b p s Singapore(SingTel) : 45 M Australia and New Zealand (Telstra, Optus, TNZI) : 12M Southeast Asia (Indisat,Tmnet): 5.5M, Europe (LINX): 45M Total nodes nationwide: 59 (Total bandwidth of IX :15.2Gbps Overseas Links(Total 1,675 Mbps) Links between major cities KT-IX : 15Gbps U.S. (Qwest and 8companies) : 5Gbps KIX(NCA) :200Mbps) 1. 085 M b p s Links between small and (Domestic Connected Asia: 590 Mbps mid-sized cities: ISPs :14,604Mbps) ( J a p a n, 206 M b p s )( C h i n a, 155 M b p s ( S i n g a p 45 1 55 M b p s o r e, 45 M b p s ) (Hong Kong,45Mbps)(Australia, 45Mbps) ( T a i w a n, 47 M b p s ) (Malaysia,2Mbps)(Thail a nd, 45Mbps) Total nodes (Total bandwidth of IX : 5G Overseas Links(Total 413Mbps) nationwide: 22 KT-IX : 1G U.S. : Onse US POP 361Mbps Links between major nodes: KINX : 2G Japan (Japan Telecom): 51Mbps 155 Mbps 1 G b p s DIX : 310M ) Hong Kong (NWT): 1Mbps Links between (Total bandwidth of ISPs : 155M) small and mid-sized cities: 6 4 5 M b p s Links between major cities: (Total bandwidth of IX : 20Gbps Overseas Links(1.6Gbps) 2. 5 40Gbps KINX : 4Gbps U.S.: 1,465Mbps Links between small and DIX : 5Gbps Japan: 90Mbps mid-sized cities: 155Mbps KT-IX : 10Gbps China: 45Mbps 2. 5 G b p s KIX(NCA) : 1Gbps) (Total bandwidth of ISPs : 15.5Gbps) Thrunet T h r u n e t Total nodes nationwide: 120 (Total bandwidth of IX : 8Gbps Overseas Links(Total 1,240 Mbps) I n c. Links between major KNIX : 2Gbps U.S. (UUNET,Abovenet, PAIX) : 1,085 c i t i e s : 5 ~ 1 0 G b p s KT-IX : 5 Gbps M b p s DIX : 1Gbps) Asia Transit Node (DACOM) : 155 Mbps (Total bandwidth of ISPs : 16.4Gbps) GNG G N G I D C Total nodes nationwide: 63 (Total bandwidth of IX : 9Gbps Overseas Links Neworks Links between major cities: KT-IX : 5Gbps (Total 310Mbps) I n c. 2. 5 G b p s DIX : 1Gbps U.S. (Abovenet, 155M) KINX : 3Gbps) (XO, 155M) : 310Mbps (Total bandwidth of ISPs : 7.15Gbps) Chapter 4 Internet Infrastructure 55

C o m p a n y S e r v i c e N a m e Network State D o m e s t i c Network Connection F o r e i g n SK S K S p e e d N e t Seoul (ITC), Bundang, (Total bandwidth of IX : 310Mbps Overseas Links(Total 45Mbps) Daejeon link 622 Mbps KT-IX : 155Mbps Hanaro Telecom (Leased): 45Mbps other links 155Mbps DIX : 155Mbps) (Total bandwidth of ISPs : 355Mbps) D r e a m l i n e D r e a m X Total 155Mbps 2 G b p s (Total bandwidth of IX : 3.5Gbps Overseas Links(Total 135Mbps) Major node links 45 KT-IX : 2.5Gbps Hanaro Telecom : 90Mbps PSInet : 1 5 5 M b p s KINX : 1Gbps) 4 5 M b p s (Total bandwidth of ISPs : 3.5Gbps) Powercom P O W E R C O M M Built large fiber optical I n c. network using steel towers Links between major cities: 2.5Gbps (Source : National Computerization Agency) 2.2 Non-Profit Network KII Network PUBNET- Korea Telecom(KT) The high-speed Internet leased line provider PUBNET provided a router-oriented network in 1997 and commercial service for public institutions beginning January 1998 in order to meet the rapidly increasing demands in the public sector in connection with constructing the KII project. In addition, from 1998 it has promoted the establishment and advancement of ATM switching networks and Internet networks based upon an ATM. The government agencies offer Internet services by leasing frame relay, leased lines, and ATM circuits from PUBNET. The Internet backbone network is composed of 18 PoPs that were completed at the end of 2001 and are linked together by an ATM network. Additionally, the backbone network linking major cities is based on an ATM network and provides connection speeds of 155Mbps ~ 622Mbps between major cities and 155Mbps between small and mid-sized cities. A plan to advance the speed beyond 2.5Gbps in core backbone areas in node regions and interconnected sections is being pursued for the future. Diagram 4-02 PUBNET Network E u i j u n g b u S o w t h I n c h o n W e s t K w a n g j u S u w o n C h e o n g j u D a e j o n North Jeonju North Kwangju D a e g u W o n j u East Masan Gigabit Rauter Middle Rauter B u s a n 56 2002 Korea Internet White Paper

PUBNETPLUS - DACOM PUBNETPLUS is providing high-speed Internet service for national and public institutions through ATM networks as part of KII project. Internet service via ATM switch networks have provided commercial services after IPOA (IP over ATM) Internet trial service was implemented in September 1999, using the ATM network that was completed as the second stage of the KII project. Internet backbone networks are forming redundant networks based on ATM networks in 15 regions nationwide. Leased lines, frame relay, and ATM via ATM subscriber switch based on the integrated ATM in 60 regions is offered to government agencies. Most domestic PoPs have been constructed with emphasis on providing secure services by redundancy. The speed of the lines are 45Mbps, 155Mbps, and 622Mbps. International lines are connected to foreign countries at 355Mbps through KIX of NCA. HPCNet/KREONET - KISTI HPCNet HPCNet is a backbone network which was built to provide KISTI s supercomputer infrastructure to all supercomputer users in the country. HPCNET helps government agencies, educational agencies, public and corporate laboratories to utilize supercomputers by improving the backbone network continuously. The network enhancement project for 2000 supports the ATM network linking PoPs and upgrades the speed of the backbone network. Thereby, the project will complete the construction of the GRID network which will be accessible to domestic researchers. Diagram 4-03 PUBNETPLUSE Network E u i j u n g b u H y e h w a ( K w a n g w h a m u n ) 155 M 155 M Y o u n g s a n C h u n c h o n I n c h o n S u n g n a m A n s a n S u w o n A n y a n g W o n j u 2. 5 G 622 M C h u n g j u 622 M D a e j u n G u m i C h e o n g j u C h o n j u 155 M 622 M D a e g u1 55 M A n d o n g U l s a n K w a n g j u 155 M 622 M B u s a n M a s a n New Gigabit Rauter Gigabit Rauter C h e j u Middium Rauter KREONET KREONET is one of the 5 national backbone networks which interconnects domestic government laboratories, science and technology related public agencies, university and corporate laboratories. It is a nonprofit ISP which seeks to enhance research productivity by sharing computer resources and promoting exchange of research data. The HPCNET is a backbone network shared among 300 subscriber universities and laboratories. KREONet2 KREONet2 has been in service from 2001 aiming to provide an advanced network service of existing research computer networks. Working together with the APII Testbed project supervised by MIC, it provides research-only network services to 300 or so domestic KOREN and research institutes via high-speed 45Mbps link with the global research network gateway STAR Chapter 4 Internet Infrastructure 57

TAP. Abilene (a global research network) and the IPv6 native network such as 6TAP, 6NGIX, and KOREN are linked to KREONet2. In 2002, it plans to promote a link with the Dutch R&D network, SURFnet, and play a key role in international joint research. 6KANet - NCA As part of a project to increase the size of the subscriber network of IPv6, 6KANet was constructed and is providing IPv4/IPv6 Internet service by using IPv6 supporting routers and OS. Currently, there are 38 organizations subscribing 6KANet services. EDUNET - KERIS EDUNET allows access to educational information that is in constant demand by students, teachers, parents as well as the general public. It is the nation s largest educational information system which provides various IT services. Together with its reorganization into a comprehensive education portal site in 1999, EDUNET is providing Internet service at a speed of 56Kbps through construction of a nationwide 01444 network. Also, it is constructed on 11 PoPs across the country connected at 4~6Mbps between main PoPs and 512Kbps~2Mbps between small and medium PoPs. 58 2002 Korea Internet White Paper

3. Access Network 3.1 Wired Internet Currently, most households and companies access the Internet via cable telecommunication networks such as leased lines, dial-up, ISDN, xdsl, and HFC network. Of these, the most common is xdsl which connects 56.8% of all Internet users. The use of broadband connections such as xdsl and HFC network has increased twofold since the previous year. It is predicted that as the Metro Ethernet service becomes more commonly used through cyber-apartment services and construction of optical cables, high-speed and quality wired Internet services will grow at an even faster rate. Dial-Up, ISDN Service In order to access the Internet from companies or households without a leased line, PC communications services at 56/128Kbps must be used via dial-up modem or ISDN TA/NT terminal. Although Internet access via dial-up modem is available in all regions with telephone service, it is rapidly being replaced by high speed Internet (xdsl, HFC) because there are limitations in transfer speeds when transferring large files or receiving multimedia services. Broadband Internet Service The number of broadband subscribers at the end of 2001 was 7.8 million, a rapid growth of 194% from the previous year. This shows that over half of 14.4 million total households have broadband connections, which is the highest percentage among OECD Countries. However, at the end of 2001, the rate of increase appeared to be slowing down, showing that the number of high speed Internet subscribers has reached a saturation point. Cable Modem Internet Service HFC(Hybrid Fiber Coax) Internet service network is comprised of fiber optical cable connections between the broadcasting station to the fiber optical nodes, and a coaxial cable connections from the fiber optical nodes to each subscriber. Since the introduction of HFC Internet connection services in July of 1998, Hanaro Telecom, Thrunet, Dreamline, SKT, Dacom, and Onse Telecom are currently providing these services as well. The frontrunner, Thrunet has a stronghold on the market and Hanaro Telecom is right on its heels. HFC high-speed networks are divided into Powercom s HFC high speed networks, cable networks of wired cable providers, and private Table 4-03 Subscribers to DSL or Cable Modem services J a n. F e b. M a r. A p r. M a y. J u n. J u l y. A u g. S e p t.. O c t. N o v. D e c. 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 D S L 2, 763 3, 029 3, 303 3, 717 3, 989 4, 108 4, 244 4, 396 4, 572 4, 685 4, 822 5, 076 C a b l e 1, 491 1, 581 1, 757 1, 747 1, 862 2, 109 2, 218 2, 327 2, 428 2, 533 2, 659 2, 723 (Source : Ministry of Information and Communication) Chapter 4 Internet Infrastructure 59

HFC networks of each telecommunications company. ADSL Service xdsl technology is classified into ADSL (Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line), HDSL (High-bit-rate DSL), SDSL (Symetric DSL), VDSL (Very high-speed DSL) according to data transfer speeds. Amongst them, the one that is clearly at the center of attention is ADSL. Presently, the ADSL market is dominated by KT and Hanaro Telecom and has experienced rapid development through the competition between the two companies. In the future, the ADSL market will attempt to spread through KT s opening of subscriber networks, as well as focusing on developing additional services such as home networking and VOD through existing ADSL networks. Cyber Apartment Service Cyber apartment offers a high-speed Internet service based upon fiber optical and ethernet technology which connects apartment complexes with 45M/115M/1G/bps trunks according to the number of its residents, and connects the LAN switch placed in the apartment computer room to each building using optical cables. In addition, it connects each household with UTP cables. KT continues to provide this service under the name Megapass Ntopia since starting commercial service in December 2000, and as of the end of 2001 it has secured 64,000 subscribers. Hanaro Telecom s HanaFOS e-valley went through trial service from July to August 2001 and commenced commercial service in September 2001. As of the end of 2001 it has secured 4,500 subscribers. Both companies plans to provide services to newly built apartments through cooperation with construction companies. It looks as though they will play a leading role in interapartment high-speed Internet. Leased Line Service Internet leased line service connects the customer s network to the Internet using a leased line enabling Internet access 24 hours a day. Currently, service is being provided at wired speeds such as N 64. T1,E1, DS3, STM-1 using TDM based SDH equipment, and a new service titled Metro Ethernet has recently been added. The main service providers are KT (Kornet) s LAN connection service, Dacom s Boranet, Hanaro Telecom s Hananet Internet Direct, and Thrunet s Alpha Service. Table 4-04 Status of ADSL services K o r e a H a n a r o T h r u n e t D r e a m l i n e T o t a l Number of Subscribers to 3, 340, 526 1, 010, 715 2, 471 98, 877 4, 452, 589 A D S L (Source : Ministry of Information and Communication) 60 2002 Korea Internet White Paper

3.2 Mobile Internet Services Satellite Internet Mobile Internet The types of mobile communication networks currently being provided are cellular phones, TRS, mobile data, and mobile paging. The number of domestic mobile communication subscribers as of December 2001 totals 29.5 million. Cellular phone are the mainstream, comprising 98.3% with 29 million users. Consequently, the mobile Internet service market is making growth centered around cellular phone networks. Since the selection of CDMA as the standard for 2nd generation mobile communications, SK Telecom is carrying out the cellular business, and KTF and LG Telecom are carrying out the PCS business at the present time. In addition to services through 2nd generation cellular phone networks, these 3 companies are also providing mobile Internet services via cdma2000 1x, the 3rd generation network in 2001. The mobile web browser market can be divided largely into WAP (Mobile Application Protocol), ME (Mobile Explorer), and i-mode. In Korea, SK Telecom and LG Telecom is using WAP, and KTF is using the ME. Satellite Internet is a communications service which enables high speed Internet access at a maximum 3Mbps using the Mugungwha Satellite. It is currently being provided by SK Telecom under the name Satellite Megapass and as of December 2001 it has secured 12,000 subscribers since it was commercialized in June 2000. As the provision of high-speed Internet using ADSL and CATV has been widely spread, the demand for satellite Internet service is mainly occurring in mountainous and remote isolated regions where it is difficult to provide high-speed Internet services. Broadband Mobile Local Loop (BWLL) KT, Hanaro Telecom, and Dacom were selected in 1999 as BWLL providers, and Hanaro Telecom is providing services in Seoul, Busan, Jeju, and parts of the Gyeonggi region after implementing service in July 2000. KT has been providing services as of February 2001 and a plan has yet to surface on Dacom s service implementation. At the end of 2001, the Korean BWLL market has yet to be fully activated with merely 30,000 subscribers. Table 4-05 Number of Domestic Mobile Communication Subscribers Number of subscribers Mobile Carriers Mobile Phone service 29, 045, 596 SK Telecom, KTF, LG Telecom T R S 182, 834 Korea Telecom Powertel, Anam Telecom, Seoul TRS, Daegu TRS, Powertel TRS, Sebang Telecom, Jeju TRS Mobile data services 79, 855 Airmedia, Intec Telecom Mobile pager service 235, 628 Intec Telecom, Each local carrier T o t a l 29, 543, 913 (Unit : people) (Source : Ministry of Information and Communication, December 2001) Chapter 4 Internet Infrastructure 61

Mobile Local Loop(WLL) WLL is a network which provides Internet service to subscribers using a 2.3GHz frequency as opposed to cable. Hanaro Telecom and KT implemented trial services after being appointed as 2.3GHz range WLL service providers in December 1998, but commercial service never begun. Accordingly, the government is examining the withdrawal of the WLL frequency for efficient use of frequencies. Mobile LAN Mobile LAN refers to the technology which supplements the deficiencies of the existing cable LAN through mobile transfer technology and expands LAN to environments in which the installation of cable LAN through mobile channels. The Korean mobile LAN market is built around self networks such as university campuses, hospitals, department stores, and discount stores, and equipment construction for PC rooms is actively in progress. There are 10 or so domestic and foreign companies competing in the Korean mobile LAN equipment market. Presently, the foreign companies are dominant with the American Avaya having more than 50% share of the market. However, with the domestic companies developing self-solutions and getting serious about capturing not only the domestic but also international markets. 3.3 International Submarine Cables Presently, the international submarine optical cables connected to Korea are composed of a total of 12 underwater cables (JKC, HJK, RJK, CKC, APCN, FLAG, SMW-3, CUCN, APCN-2, C2C, EAC, FNAL), and its total capacity amounts to 16.75Terabps. The domestic submarine cable relay stations are distributed in 8 regions (Busan, Jeju, Geoje, Taean, Goheung, Namhae, Hosan, Ulleung), and its total capacity amounts to 133.48Gbps. It is predicted that after 2002, the reliance on submarine optical cables will reach 98% of international transfer lines, exceeding that of satellite communications. In 2002, five new submarine fiber optical cables (AAN, KJCN, Japan-US, Tycom Global Network, FLAG/Tiger) will be planned for construction. Three of these planned cables will be connected to Korea's wired cables (AAN, JJCN, FLAG/Tiger). Altogether, there are 29 existing submarine fiber optical cables around the world that link the U.S., Canada, Japan, France, Singapore and other Table 4-06 Subscribers to Internet via Satellite services (Korea Telecom) (Unit: people) June 2000 Dec. 2000 June 2001 Dec, 2001 Number of subscribers 7, 439 9, 036 9, 789 12, 020 Table 4-07 Subscribers of BWLL (Unit: people) Sept. 2000 Dec. 2000 Mar. 2001 June 2001 Sept. 2001 Dec. 2001 Korea Telecom - - 831 950 1,020 989 Hanaro Telecom 4, 156 11, 540 16, 564 22, 843 26, 798 30, 409 T o t a l 4, 156 11, 540 17, 395 23, 793 27,818 31,398 62 2002 Korea Internet White Paper

countries to each other. In 2002, the total global capacity of submarine fiber optical cables will surpass several 10 Terabps. Table 4-08 International Submarine Optical Cables I n t e r - n a t i o - n a l D o m - e s t i c C a b l e Constructed Sections System Capacity Length (km) Beginning Date of service J K C K o r e a - J a p a n 3 6 M 2 0 0 Feb. 1981 H J K Korea-Japan-Hong Kong 2 8 0 M 1 4, 5 8 7 May 1999 R J K K o r e a - J a p a n - R u s s i a 5 6 0 M 2 1, 7 6 2 Jan. 1995 C K C K o r e a - C h i n a 5 6 0 M 2 5 4 9 Jan. 1996 A P C N Korea-Taiwan-Malaysia-Australia and 10 countries 1 0 G 2 1 1, 8 3 9 Jan. 1997 F L A G S M W - 3 Korea-Japan-Hong Kong-Middle East-Europe and 13 countries Korea-Northeast Asia-Southeast Asia-Middle East-Europe and 35 countries 5 G 2 2 7, 9 4 3 Sept. 1997 4 0 G 3 8, 0 0 0 Dec. 1999 C U C N K o r e a - U. S. - C h i n a - J a p a n - T a i w a n - G u a m 2 0 G 4 2 6, 0 0 0 Jan. 2000 A P C N - 2 Korea-Japan-China-Hong K o n g - T a i w a n - S i n g a p o r e - M a l a y s i a 2. 5 6 T e r a 2 0, 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 E A C Korea-Japan-Taiwan-Hong Kong 2. 5 6 T e r a 1 0, 6 0 0 Sept. 2001 C 2 C Korea-Japan-Taiwan-China-Hong K o n g - T a i w a n - S i n g a p o r e - M a l a y s i a 7. 6 8 T e r a 1 7, 0 0 0 Nov. 2001 F N A L Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong 3. 8 T e r a - Latter half of 2002 No. 1 Jeju-Continental Korea U l l u n g - c o n t i n e n t a l K o r e a No. 2 Jeju-Continental Korea No. 3 Jeju-continental Korea J e j u - G o h e u n g 2 8 0 M 3 1 6 9 Apr. 1990 U l l u n g - H o s a n 1 4 0 M 1 5 9 Dec. 1993 Jeju-Goheung 2. 5 G 2 1 9 1 Dec. 1996 J e j u - N a m h a n g 2. 5 G 3 2 3 6 May 2000 Chapter 4 Internet Infrastructure 63

Digram 4-04 Structure of Korea Submarine Optical Cable Network U l l u n g H o s a n S e o u l S h a n t a u ( C h i n a ) T a i w a n / H o n g K o n g T a e a n J a p a n E A C S h i m a ( J a p a n ) N i h o d g g i ( R u s s i a ) Other 6 c o u n t r i e s C - K - C S h a n g h a i ( C h i n a ) O k i n a w a ( J a p a n ) M u m b a i ( I n d o n e s i a ) G u e m s e y (United Kingdom) United Kingdom S E A - M E - W E - 3 K o h e u n g P u s a n K e o j e N a o e t s u ( J a p a n ) J a p a n ( C l o s e d ) M i y a z a k i ( J a p a n ) A m e r i c a G u a m M i u r a ( J a p a n ) A m e r i c a Hong Kong Other 35 countries A m e r i c a T P C - 5 ( N ) A m e r i c a N P C F L A G S h a n g h a i ( C h i n a ) N i n o m i y a ( J a p a n ) M i u r a ( J a p a n ) Hong Kong(Hong Kong) C h e j u S a n g h a i S h i m a ( J a p a n ) S i n g a p o r e / I n d o n e s i a B a n d o n ( A m e r i c a ) C h i k u r a ( J a p a n ) A m e r i c a C h o n g m i n g ( C h i n a ) Hong Kong Other 8 c o u n t r i e s Twan, Guam S i n g a p o r e Poscomo(United Kingdom) C h i k u r a ( J a p a n ) Other 12 countries 64 2002 Korea Internet White Paper