Social and Behavioral Research and the Internet Advances in Applied Methods and Research Strategies Edited by Marcel Das CentERdata and Tilburg School of Economics and Management Tilburg University, the Netherlands Peter Ester Rotterdam University, the Netherlands Lars Kaczmirek CESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences Mannheim, Germany О Routledge дк Taylor &. Francis Group New York London
Contents Preface xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Marcel Das, Peter Ester, and Lars Kaczmirek References 7 Part I Methodology in Internet Survey Research Chapter 2 Internet Survey Methods: A Review of Strengths, Weaknesses, and Innovations 11 Jolene D. Smyth and Jennie E. Pearson 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 A Brief History of Internet Surveys 12 2.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Internet Surveys 14 2.4 Conclusions 37 References 39 Chapter 3 Internet Surveys as Part of a Mixed-Mode Design 45 Edith D. de Leeuw and Joop J. Hox 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Available Data Collection Methods 49 3.3 A Review of Empirical Evidence of Mode Equivalence 53 3.4 Consequences of Mixed-Mode Design for Questionnaire Development 61 3.5 Conclusions 65 References 72 Chapter 4 "True" Longitudinal and Probability-Based Internet Panels: Evidence From the Netherlands 77 Annette C. Scherpenzeel and Marcel Das 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Longitudinal Panel Surveys 78 v
vi Contents 4.3 New Developments in Survey Research 84 4.4 The LISS Panel 87 4.5 Conclusions 101 References 103 Chapter 5 How Representative Are Online Panels? Problems of Coverage and Selection and Possible Solutions 105 Annette C. Scherpenzeel and Jelke G. Bethlehem 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Problems in Online Panels 107 5.3 Can We Correct the Bias? Weighting Adjustment... 114 5.4 A Better Online Panel? 118 5.5 Conclusions 126 References 129 Chapter 6 Ethical Considerations in Internet Surveys 133 Eleanor Singer and Mick P. Couper 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Basic Ethical Principles: Confidentiality and Informed Consent '. 134 6.3 Obtaining Consent for the Collection of Paradata: Report of an Experiment 149 6.4 Conclusions 158 References 160 Part II Advanced Methods and Applications Chapter 7 How Visual Design Affects the Interpretability of Survey Questions 165 Vera Toepoel and Don A. Dillman 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 How Visual Information Is Processed 166 7.3 Research on How Visual Layout Influences Answers 170
Contents vii 7.4 Needed Research on Which Visual Layout Considerations Are Most Important 183 7.5 Conclusions 186 References 187 Chapter 8 Attention and Usability in Internet Surveys: Effects of Visual Feedback in Grid Questions 191 Lars Kaczmirek 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Background 192 8.3 Hypotheses, Design, and Implementation 196 8.4 Results 199 8.5 Conclusions 207 References 211 Chapter 9 Using Interactive Features to Motivate and Probe Responses to Open-Ended Questions 215 Marije Oudejans and Leah Melani Christian 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Theoretical Background and Hypotheses 216 9.3 Methods 222 9.4 Results 229 9.5 Conclusions 241 References 243 Chapter 10 Measuring Attitudes Toward Controversial Issues in Internet Surveys: Order Effects of Open and Closed Questioning 245 Peter Ester and Henk Vinken 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 Background 247 10.3 Design and Implementation 251 10.4 Results 253 10.5 Conclusions 263 References 266
viii Contents Part III Data Quality: Problems and Solutions Chapter 11 Challenges in Reaching Hard-to-Reach Groups in Internet Panel Research 271 Corrie M. Vis and Miquelle A. G. Marchand 11.1 Introduction 271 11.2 Hard-to-Reach Groups in Internet Panel Research...272 11.3 Hard-to-Reach Groups and the Recruitment of the LISS Panel 274 11.4 Hard-to-Reach Groups Participating in the LISS Panel 277 11.5 Response Rates in the LISS Panel 282 11.6 Conclusions 285 References 288 Chapter 12 Mode and Context Effects in Measuring Household Assets 291 Arthur van Soest and Arie Kapteyn 12.1 Introduction 291 12.2 The HRS Internet Experiment 295 12.3 Asset Ownership 302 12.4 Amounts Held 308 12.5 Regression Models for Ownership and Amounts Held 314 12.6 Conclusions 321 References 322 Chapter 13 Internet Survey Paradata 325 Dirk Heerwegh 13.1 Introduction 325 13.2 Types of Internet Survey Paradata 326 13.3 Potential Uses of Internet Survey Paradata 330 13.4 Collecting Internet Survey Paradata 334 13.5 Data Preparation and Analysis 335
Contents ix 13.6 Example Study: Use of Paradata to Assist in the Development of Theory 336 13.7 Conclusions 342 Disclaimer 344 References 344 Chapter 14 Use of Eye Tracking for Studying Survey Response Processes 349 Mirta Galesic and Ting Yan 14.1 Introduction 349 14.2 What Is Eye Tracking? 351 14.3 What Can Eye Tracking Do? 354 14.4 What Can Eye Tracking Do That the Other Methods Cannot? 356 14.5 What Has Been Done With Eye Tracking? 357 14.6 Conclusions 366 References 368 Chapter 15 Can Biomarkers Be Collected in an Internet Survey? A Pilot Study in the LISS Panel 371 Mauricio Avendano, Annette C. Scherpenzeel, and Johan P. Mackenbach 15.1 Introduction 371 15.2 Rationale for the Collection of Biomarker Data 373 15.3 The LISS Panel Biomarker Pilot 381 15.4 Results 388 15.5 Conclusions 403 References 409 Chapter 16 Discussion and Conclusions 413 Marcel Das, Peter Ester, and Lars Kaczmirek Author Index 419 Subject Index 427