dictators World War II (before Pearl Harbor) Chapter 16 Events leading to war 1928: Pact signed by 62 nations promising never to make war again. all disputes would be solved defensive wars only no means of Took the form of a god Japan s Manifest Destiny was to expand into and the rest of. took many of Japan s markets Emperor Hirohito 1
Japan before WWII Japan did not have many. Dependent on other countries for citizens looking for war Will take resources by force Japanese attack for its coal and iron deposits (1931) 5 condemned the action. 5 Japan leaves the League. 5 No means of stopping Japan short of war 5 Remember World War I fears! Doctrine (1932) 5 US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force. 5 So, U.S. still considered Manchuria to be a part of China, not Japan 5 Japan was infuriated because the US had 2
1931 into Manchuria 1937 into China (Rape of Nanking) 1937, U.S. refused trade with Japan until they 1940 invaded Indochina US froze Japanese assets, refused to trade oil, gasoline and steel. Growing hostility between Japan and U.S. The Versailles Treaty Treaty that punished Germany for WWI Had to admit war was Had to for war Germany had much of taken away Most of German military taken away Allies put an unpopular government that answered to them Caused economic and political turmoil in Germany in the 1920s Germany before WWII German economy shaky in the 20s and early 30s Germany depended on aid from U.S. inflation, unemployment mark was worthless U.S. stopped sending aid when hit in 1929 3
Problems in Germany After WWI Great Depression Economic = people were Political = weak governments could not solve problems in their countries Social = time of unrest people look for a. The Rise of Adolf Hiler v Born in Austria v Fought in WWI for Germany and was bitter towards the Treaty of Versailles Rise of Adolf Hitler v v Discovered Began to work himself into the leadership positions of the Nazi party v v v v Party that represented German Promised to return prosperity to Germany & avenge Gained popularity with struggling Germans Gaining seats in the 4
dictators FREEDOMS LOST Hitler, appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933 Reichstag is burnt to the ground month later Blamed fire on enemies of Germany (Communists) Hitler talked the President of Germany into Hitler given powers after President dies. Won 90% of vote in special election. FREEDOMS LOST FREEDOM OF SPEECH NAZI S CENSORED WHAT YOU COULD READ. DUE PROCESS COULD BE ARRESTED WITHOUT PROBABLE CAUSE NO TRIAL BY JURY NAZI S PRACTICED RACISM AND PERSECUTION TOWARDS THE JEWS. THEY WERE STRIPPED OF THEIR CIVIL RIGHTS... The Nazis used a political police to arrest those who spoke out to gain total power. Anti-Nazi leaders were arrested. 5
Fascism a political movement characterized by the belief that You give up for the good of the country. Totalitarianism totalitarianism: have complete control over the people of a nation In order for fascism to work, you need to have tight control over the people Some will not want to give up their rights Need to quiet enemies Put total control in one decision maker and what he says is the law! A Common Enemy Hitler blamed and for problems of Germany Loss of WWI German Economic Depression Germans educated to hate : Laws that discriminated against people who were Jewish nuremberg 6
German Propaganda against the Jews. "The Jew: The inciter of war, the pro-longer of war." German children were taught in school that Jews were inferior. dictators 1922/Italy---Facism Revive the Roman Empire Will become an important ally of Germany in 1939 7
Italy Attacked, 1935 Germany Invaded the March 7, 1936 Violation of Treaty of Versailles fear war and do nothing The Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939 Francisco Franco revolted against democratic government in Spain U.S. and other European countries did nothing Franco won and became Supported by Germany and Italy Growth in and decline of caused fear in Europe (but not enough for war) 8
, 1936 Mussolini and Hitler U.S. remained neutral Isolationism U.S. passed two Neutrality Acts in 1935 and 36 U.S. would not to nations at war ( 35) U.S. would not loan to nations at war ( 36) attempt to stop that got U.S. in WWI And Like a Good Neighbor Agreed that no country had the right to intervene in the affairs of another Applied in FDR s restraint in using military force improved U.S.- LaGn American relagons 9
1937: Speech FDR concerned about movement of other countries Disagreed with Quarantine Speech: democratic countries need to ban together to quarantine aggressors Called a warmonger by the isolationists Incident (1937) 5 December 12, 1937. 5 bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River. 5 The river was an international waterway. 5 Japan was testing US resolve! 5 Japan, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks. 5 Most Americans were with the apology. 5 Results à Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests. Crisis Deepens--Hitler s March Hitler s March Take over countries and their resources for war Add to German empire March, 1938: Hitler annexed (union) European countries did nothing--fear war 10
Munich Conference Czechoslovakia Summer, 1938: Germany annexed western part of Czech. was center Was taken from Germany in Leaders met in Munich to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia Hitler believed should be part of Germany. Leaders of France, Great Britain, Germany and Italy meet to discuss the situation Hitler promised the world if he received the Sudetenland, here would be no. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost. Chamberlain gave into Hitler Hitler got the Sudetenland. Now we have peace in our time! Later in 1939, Hitler will invade Czech. 11
Non-Aggression Pact Aug. 1939: and Germany sign nonaggression pact they agreed not to they would then split this would allow Germany to focus on a Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 [ Lightning War ] Sept. 39: Hitler attacked Poland Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler attacked Poland 9/3/39: France and GB on Germany (too late) U.S. remained Beginning of 12
War in Poland Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) dive-bomber attacks on Poland followed by armored attack USSR joined from the east Poland surrendered in less than 1939 Act 5 In response to Germany s invasion of Poland. 5 US to aid Great Britain and France in a limited way: The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a basis. FDR was authorized to proclaim which US ships and citizens could not enter (to keep them from being attacked). 5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act: The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the in Poland 1. Jews were either killed or confined to ghettoes 2. 1941: began sending Jews to labor (concentration) camps 3. beginning of Holocaust 2 million in Poland alone 13
Germany attacked France (1940) Germany blitzkriegs in May, 1940 June, 1940: declared war on France and Britain France surrendered to Germany and Italy France Surrenders June, 1940 Axis: The Tripartite Pact September, 1940 14
Germany turns toward Britain Hitler then turns attention to GB He thought GB would see the situation as hopeless and surrender quickly Prime Minister Took over when Neville Chamberlain resigned in May, 1940 Battle of Britain Germany bombed every night and day for two months in 1940 RAF fought back Churchill used to boost morale Heavy damage, but Britain would not! Battle of Britain: The Blitz 15
USA (1940) Congress authorized $37 billion to FDR authorized first FDR won third term in 1940 (449 to 82) U.S. began sending to GB in 1940 U.S. Prepares for War Policy (1941) U.S. would lend or lease arms and goods to countries whose was vital to U.S. U.S. spent Though officially neutral, there was no question that we were supporting the U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941 Great Britain...$31 billion Soviet Union...$11 billion France...$ 3 billion China...$1.5 billion Other European...$500 million South America...$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000 16
Operation : Hitler s Biggest Mistake Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 y 3,000,000 German soldiers. y USSR joined the The Atlantic Charter y signed treaty of friendship in August 1941. y Solidified alliance. y FDR promised to help Great Britain y Fashioned after Wilson s. y Called for League of Nations type organization. y ( Allies ) signed the charter 17
U.S. No Longer Neutral U.S. attacked by Germany in 1941 Oct. 1941: FDR issued order in Atlantic Nov. 1941: Congress repealed Problems with Japan Oct. 1941: became Premier of Japan Demanded U.S. Japanese assets U.S. no longer trading to Japan Japan would need to attack Needed to drive U.S. out of Pacific Japan remembered U.S. reaction after incident U.S. knew Japan would attack somewhere Pearl Harbor 18
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy! USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War (Dec.11, 41) 19