Migration and climate Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeiten adaptation theoretical framework and evidence from Pakistan Lisa-Michéle Bott 18 th of July 2013 U.S. military, public domain license
Research questions and methodology How can migration be integrated in climate adaptation? 1. How can migration as part of the solution contribute to climate adaptation from a theoretical perspective? Review of current research and literature 2. What are limits and barriers as well as potentials and opportunities in the case of Pakistan? Qualitative stakeholder interviews 3. How can migration be integrated in a broader climate adaptation strategy? 2
Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeiten 1. Theoretical framework of migration and climate adaptation
Theoretical framework (cf. Scheffran et al. 2012) Origin Pakistan Internal destination remittances, knowledge, awareness, technologies In-situ adaption knowledge, information Information, technologies Reduced population pressure Projects, governance Migration as adaptation Projects, governance, (urbanization) Migration for adaptation Networking External destination Cooperation, Co-development Own illustration. 4
Afghanistan Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeiten 2. Results from stakeholder interviews Pakistan India Wikimedia Commons; Creative Commons-Lizenz
Environmental impacts Environmental vulnerability (Disaster) preparedness Socio-economic vulnerability Floods Extreme weather events Cyclones Droughts Changing monsoon Sea water intrusion Dengue Destruction infrastructure & facilities Agriculture Fishery Water supply Social and economic Development CC has no priority Coping no prevention No coherent strategy Not enough warning You only see the army NGO do more relief action No shelters Weak governance Poverty Conflicts, war Lack of capacities Corruption Lack of jobs, education Low institutional cooperation Lack of urban management Lack of basic infrastructure 6
Driver and barriers of migration and climate adaptation In-situ adaption 7
In-situ adaptation to prevent forced migration Driver and barriers Barriers Drivers Attention and prioritization Local practices and knowledge Basic infrastructure Comprehensive strategies Strong social and spiritual bindings Medial facilities Migrant networks and transfers 8
Driver and barriers of migration and climate adaptation Migration as adaptation 9
Migration as adaptation Driver and barriers Barriers Gap in legal protection Vulnerability of migrants Urban management Skills of internal migrants Negative perception Drivers Upward social mobility More rural population than required in agriculture Knowledge about flood routes Forced migration is already happening 10
Required actions in-situ adaptation & migration as adaptation Rural development Governance Education, job opportunities Legal protection and security Basic income Infrastructure Shelter Building control Risk management plan Continuing process Involvement of local people Urban management small towns Training of skills Planned relocation Build entire villages One among other strategies Enabling and provision of a range of options make sure that migration is a choice rather than a survivalist s strategy (IP 2, 95) 11
Driver and barriers of migration and climate adaptation Migration for adaptation 12
Migration for adaptation Driver and barriers Barriers Low education of GULF migrants Informal transfers Low level of women empowerment Drivers Better housing Social mobility and participation Investments in education Increased learning capacity Relief contribution Positive image in Pakistan 13
Driver and barriers of migration and climate adaptation Cooperation, Co-development 14
Cooperation, Co-development Driver and barriers Barriers Drivers Mistrust, corruption Charity for social projects Security of investments Militant groups Cooperation in relief action Democracy Bad image of Pakistan We have not reached that level of our development where these environmental issues are discussed. (IP 6, 45) 15
Required actions: Migration for adaptation & cooperation, co-development Facilitation of circular and temporary migration Investing initiatives Embassy programs Easy money transfer More room for private sector Awareness about CC and provision of possible solutions Official migrant organizations We need to [ ] create awareness, and number two is to give them some of the possible solutions (IP 8, 91) 16
Parameters of migration and climate adaptation Origin Pakistan Internal destination remittances, knowledge, awareness, technologies In-situ adaption knowledge, information Information, technologies Reduced population pressure Projects, governance Migration as adaptation Projects, governance, (urbanization) Migration for adaptation Networking External destination Cooperation, Co-development 17
Parameters for migration to contribute to climate adaptation Financial transfer: Remittances contribute on household levels Charity Koran: Every Muslim should pay 2.5 % of possession every year Social projects in cooperation How to integrate climate or environmental engagement? Sustainability: linking social and environmental topics Benefit of environmental engagement for the greater good!!! Who are possible cooperation partners? 18
Parameters for migration to contribute to climate adaptation Social transfers (information and awareness): Social networks, forums, mailing lists Discussion of topics Transfer network exists How to get environmental topics into the discussion? Informative meetings by NGOs, or governments Media involvement, training of media editors 19
Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeiten Conclusion: 3. Integrating migration in climate adaptation planning
Responsibility Actor levels International community Pakistani Government NGOs Support of government and civil society Financial cooperation, trade International migration law Policies, strategy development Protection and regulation Implementation awareness rising development support relief action Civil Society Private initiatives Has to join hands with the government Diaspora, Migrants Social and monetary transfers Linking, networking Cultural exchange 21
Conclusion: migration in climate adaptation planning Do not develop a plan around migration and adaptation But enable migrants to contribute Recognize their importance especially in situations of weak governance Remittances are no aid Recognize different actor levels in adaption planning The presented strategies should happen despite climate change, for development, human rights and disaster preparedness in general I think welfare for everybody is important for many things not only in terms of migration but also for instance concerning overpopulation. (IP 3, 77) 22
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