Chapter 18 Review Worksheet ANSWERS

Name: ANSWERS Date: Period: Chapter 18 Review Worksheet ANSWERS Topic Person, Place, Date, Term Description IMP What did Jose Marti, Luis Munoz Rivera, and Emilio Aquinaldo have in common? their people. IMP IMP IMP IMP IMP How was U.S. imperialism in the early 1900s similar to the concept of manifest destiny that was popular during the 1800s? How was it different? Define imperialism and explain why countries engaged in it. Where did U.S. and European countries want to gain territories? What were the three main reasons for Imperialism? Admiral Alfred T. Mahan IMP How did European imperialism affect Africa? Only two African nations remained independent; the rest of the continent was divided up among European nations AK Treaty of Cessation The treaty between the US and Russia that outlined the sale of Alaska to the US for $7.2 million All of these men wanted and fought for independence for their countries, which were controlled by Spain. They were concerned about the United States taking control of their countries. All were strong leaders with significant support from Both involved a need for new markets for goods. Both involved the use of force. In following their manifest destiny, Americans believed their European heritage made them superior and eased their minds as they took land from Native Americans and Mexicans. The same belief allowed them to discard the rights of Cubans, Hawaiians, Puerto Ricans, and Filipinos as they helped them. At the root of both manifest destiny and imperialism was the belief that any action was justified to allow Americans to control the continent and protect U.S. interests. On the other hand, most of the land taken as the Untied States fulfilled its manifest destiny was uninhabited or sparsely inhabited and was not settled in a way Europeans could relate to. While settlers wanted land for themselves, U.S. imperialism was not largely about settling land but about gaining markets and natural resources. Imperialism is the quest for colonies, an empire The United States was in a period of economic growth and expansion, and need new markets for goods (due to their current overproduction thanks to new industries and technology) and new sources of raw materials. There was also a need for naval refueling stations some distance form the continent so the navy could help protect far-flung military and economic interests. Asia, Latin America, and Africa 1. Industrial Needs Create Foreign Markets and Gain Raw Materials 2. Desire to Strengthen Military Expand Military and Establish Defense Bases 3. Belief in Cultural Superiority Spread Political Ideas and Spread Christianity a strong advocate of creating foreign markets (colonies) in order to strengthen the military He believed that having foreign markets would allow for strategic bases and a strong navy was essential in protecting these new foreign markets

AK William Seward Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson, was a supporter of American expansion; he negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia AK Seward s Folly or Seward s Icebox The nickname given for Alaska by the American people because they thought the purchase was a waste believing that Alaska was just wild, snowy, wilderness AK How did time prove that the purchase of Alaska was not an act of folly? King Kamehameha Alaska is rich in timber, minerals, and oil Hawaiian chief who united eight major islands and became its monarchy leader King Kalakaua elected in 1874 after the death of the He was elected and was not part of the hereditary monarchy had been previous king without any heir; by the 1870s Americans growing influence controlled most of Hawaii s land and trade as well as a over the king thus resulting in 1875 the Treaty of Reciprocity between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom was signed Queen Liliuokalani wanted to return power to native Kalakaua s sister who took over upon his death; annex Why did many Americans call for the US to annex Hawaii after the McKinley Tariff of 1890? Why did Hawaiian population decrease dramatically? What was the industry in which there were many American investors in Hawaii? Hawaiians and sought to overturn Bayonet Constitution; was forcibly removed before succeeding to incorporate territory into an existing country or state the tariff eliminated the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar (it made all sugar dutyfree) and even gave US sugar producers a subsidy of two cent per point so many business men wanted the islands annexed so that the plantations would also get the subsidy settlers and missionaries brought diseases that reduced the Hawaiian population from sugar: sugar production increased along with American influence foreigners and immigrant laborers outnumbered native Hawaiians about three to one about 300,000 in 1778 to fewer than 150,000 by 1819 by 1900 2

Work force in Hawaii was insufficient due the deaths planters brought in thousands of Japanese caused by disease, what was done to fix this problem? and Chinese workers An 1875 treaty exempted Hawaiian sugar from US Hawaii s promise not to grant territory or tariffs in exchange for special privileges in the islands to any other what? country 1886, US officials demanded control of Pearl Harbor in they formed the secret Hawaiian League to exchange for tax-free sugar; Kalakaua refused. What did overthrow the monarchy and persuade the many Americans living in Hawaii do? United States to annex Hawaii Kalakaua signed a treaty in July 1887: 1. limited the role of monarchy to 1. What did the treaty set native Hawaiian s right to hold office, forced up? 2. Why was there the U.S. Pearl Harbor controversy about the treaty and what did Constitution because some people call it? Kalakaua was forced to sign it or face harsh consequences McKinley Tariff permitted all countries to ship sugar dutyfree to the US; eliminated Hawaii s law advantage; also Subsidy a government bonus payment Why did John L. Stevens order Marines ashore in the overthrowing of the monarchy, Stevens Hawaii s steps to becoming a state annexed by the United States on July 7, 1898; became a US territory in 1900; became the 50 th state in 1959. What factors led to the annexation of Hawaii in US minister John L. Stevens organized a 1898? revolution that dethroned Hawaii s queen in 1891. American plantation owner Sanford B. Dole became head of the new government. In 1897 William McKinley 2. it agree to treaty that granted was called the Bayonet Stevens (with out authorization) ordered marines ashore and assisted gave a subsidy to producers in the US also (without authority) recognized Dole and the new government 3 a figurehead, limited Kalakaua to

What happened as a result of U.S. imperialism in Hawaii? Ambassador John L. Stevens Sanford B. Dole What occurred to cause the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani? What effect did the yellow journalism used by Hearst and Pulitzer before and during the Spanish- American have on American reactions to the situation in Cuba? José Marti General Valeriano Weyler Enrique Dupuy de Lome In 1896 Spain sent General Weyler to put down revolt; what did he do? Many in the United States were sympathetic to Cuban s struggle because of American press, especially two New York City newspapers encouraged war with Spain to free became president. He favored annexation. U.S. businessmen led a revolution against the Hawaiian monarch. The queen was deposed, and a government headed by an American took control. Hawaii was annexed by the Untied States. the US ambassador to Hawaii who ordered assist in the overthrow of the monarchy and president of the new Hawaiian government; he refused to step down when President Grover Cleveland asked him to after an investigation of how he got power push to adopt a new native friendly constitution ( Hawaii for Hawaiians ) and Dole and the new government supporters of annexation heard of her 4 (without authorization) marines ashore to as declare an end to the monarchy Yellow journalism helped create a base of support for war against Spain. It also (without authorization) recognized they forcibly occupied government buildings as well communicated a sense of the suffering of the Cuban people. False reports and exaggerations kept people from focusing on the real situation. People thought they knew what was going on but didn t when, for example the U.S.S. Maine exploded. a poet and journalist in exile in New York who became the Cuban leader of the independence movement; he was wrote about Cuban independence before returning to Cuba only to become a martyr after being killed sent by Spain in 1896 to put down revolt, he was called the Butcher by American press for his harsh his concentration camps Spain s minister to the United States who wrote a degrading letter about McKinley forced thousands of farmers and other citizens into concentration camps to keep them from aiding rebels and to separate them from the rebels; 200,000 Cubans died from starvation and disease in the camps similarities to American Revolutionary war yellow journalism was sensational style of reporting exaggerating in order to lure and enrage readers

Cuba; What was the name given to these types of media reports and what were they? De Lome Letter Why did Jose Marti encourage Cuban rebels to destroy sugar mills and plantations? The U.S.S. Maine Incident Who did the US blame and why? On April 20, 1898, Congress recognized Cuba s independence and voted to use military force to help them they also passed the Teller Amendment which stated what? What events increased the tension between the United States and Spain? Commodore George Dewey Emilio Aguinaldo How did the Spanish try to avoid war with the United States? Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders Spain surrendered and the terms were costly to Spain, what were the terms of the Treaty of Paris? What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris? Joseph Pulitzer a letter Enrique Dupuy de Lome wrote that ridiculed McKinley as weak, and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, the Journal called it the worst insult to the United States in its history Marti hoped to provoke the United States into helping Cuba win independence from Spain U.S.S. Maine was sent to Havana to protect US lives and property, on February 15 the Maine blew up killing 260 sailors citizens blamed Spain because US newspapers blamed Spain as they published articles with headlines ( Destruction of the war ship Maine was the Work of an Enemy ) and pictures showing how it was done stated that once Cuba won its independence from Spain, the United States would leave the government and control of the Island to its people publication of the de Lome letter, which criticized President McKinley, and the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine, which many Americans blamed on Spain defeated Spanish forces in the Philippines and enlisted help from rebels to take land battles leader of rebel army of Filipino patriots in the Philippines set up provisional government in the Philippines and proclaimed himself president of the new Philippine Republic the Spanish agreed to all the demands of the Untied States, including a six month cease fire resigned his naval post and led the charge of Rough Riders up San Juan Hill to help win a decisive battle in the Spanish-American a volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard wood and Theodore Roosevelt they fought a dramatic uphill charge of Kettle Hill which laid the way for an important strategic victory at San Juan Hill Rough Riders only played minor role in San Juan Hill battle; however, US newspapers made Roosevelt and the Rough Riders the heroes of the battle a. gave up claim to Cuba b. ceded Puerto Rico c. ceded Pacific island of Guam d. gave up control of Philippines in return for US payment of $20 million Spain freed Cuba and turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. Spain also sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 million. The owner of the New York World. He pioneered popular innovations such as large Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage, and women s news. 5

William Randolph Hearst Describe the event that led up to the Spanish- American. Emilio Aguinaldo The owner of the New York Morning Journal and the San Francisco Examiner. Hearst sought to outdo Pulitzer with exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty, etc. He was from a wealthy family, went to Harvard, father gave him the San Francisco Examiner, built a newspaper empire using yellow journalism Americans were sympathetic to the cause of Cuban rebels; the American media used sensationism and propaganda to increase public sympathy for the Cubans and to get the government to intervene; a letter (de Lome Letter) that was critical of President McKinley from Spain s minister to the Untied States was intercepted by a spy and published; and the United States blamed Spain for the destruction of the USS Maine. leader of rebel army of Filipino patriots in the Philippines who helped Dewy during the Spanish-American. He was outraged by the American annexation of the Philippines because he believed the US would give the Philippines their freedom after Spain was defeated. PR Luis Munoz Riveria A key statesman and publisher who was a strong advocate of Puerto Rican self rule PR General Nelson A. Miles let the Military government in Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American war PR Foraker Act Ended US military rule and established a civil government set up Puerto Rico s governor and upper house of the legislature which would be appointed by the United States; also established that a lower house which would be elected by Puerto Ricans PR Insular Cases the US Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not PR PR Jones Act of 1917 (besides apply to Philippines) also granted Puerto Ricans Why was Puerto Rico important to the United States? automatically apply to people in acquired territories; however, Congress retained the right to extend US citizenship and it did so in 1917 US citizenship and gave them the right to elect both houses of their legislature Puerto Rico was strategically important to the United States, both for maintaining a presence in the Caribbean and for protecting a future canal that American leaders wanted to build across the Isthmus of Panama CUB Teller Amendment stated that when the United States defeated the Spanish Occupants in Cuba, it would give the Cubans their freedom and independent control of their affairs. CUB How did American military government help Cuba? 1. provided food and clothing for thousands of families 2. help farmer spur land back into cultivation 3. help organize elementary schools 4. helped improve sanitation and medical research which helped eliminate yellow fever CUB Carlos Finlay Cuban doctor who theorized that mosquitoes spread yellow fever and he was right CUB Yellow fever A disease that killed hundreds of Panama Canal workers and delayed its construction. Dr. Carlos Finlay discovered that 6

the disease is carried by mosquitoes. Clearing out the mosquitoes breeding places helped eliminate the disease. One of the first people to join the American work in Panama was William C. Gorgas, a surgeon in the United States Army who had been involved in the early work on yellow fever, including a successful effort to rid Havana of the disease in 1902. He was joined by Ronald Ross, who in 1902 had been awarded the Nobel prize for his work on malaria. CUB General Leonard Wood appointed governor of Cuba, authorized construction of schools and sanitations system CUB Platt Amendment Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory The united States reserved the right to intervene in Cuba Cuba was not to go into debt The United States could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations (i.e. Guantanamo Bay) CUB protectorate meant the US promised to protect them from other nations but reserved the right to intervene in their affairs (protectorate a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger nation) CUB What happened as a result of U.S. imperialism in Cuba? The United States helped Cuba win independence from Spain. The U.S. government or U.S. companies fed and clothed Cubans, helped farmers, organized schools, improved sanitation, helped eliminate yellow fever, built railroads, developed sugar plantations, and invested in public utilities. The United States installed a temporary military government. Through the Platt Amendment, the Untied States retained a great deal of control over Cuban affairs and obtained the use of land for a naval base. Cuba became a U.S. protectorate. Cuba was not allowed true economic or political freedom. PHL Annex Philippines Pro s commercial and security reasons and bring democracy to argued Philippines PHL Annex Philippines Con s denying the Philippines independence, the United States 7

argued would violate its own ideals expressed in the Declaration of Independence PHL Philippine government Act also known as the Organic Act, established a governor and two-house legislature to rule the Philippines, the US would appoint the governor and the legislature s upper house while PL PHL What were the aims of the Filipinos? What were the aims of the Americans? What happened as a result of U.S. imperialism in the Philippines? Filipino voters would elect the lower house Filipinos wanted independence; the US wanted to govern the islands The Untied States helped the Philippines win independence from Spain. The Untied States annexed the Philippines, resulting in feelings of bitterness and betrayal among the revolutionaries. Filipinos were forced to live in designated areas where many died. PHL Jones Act of 1916 granted Filipino the right to elect both houses of their legislature PL Emilio Aguinaldo leader of rebel army of Filipino patriots in the Philippines set up provisional government in the Philippines and proclaimed himself president of the new Philippine Republic when he learned the US was not going to grant the Filipinos their independence John Hay Secretary of State and person who called for an Open Door Policy (Open Door Notes) In 1843 China officially opened five ports to trade with the United States and Europe; Japan attacked China which opened the door to what four other powers? Britain, France, Germany, and Russia spheres of influence special areas in which European powers demanded exclusive trading rights and exclusive rights over mines and railroads Open Door Policy (Open Door Notes) In the Open Door Policy, Hay wanted what three principles followed? policy written in letters by Secretary of State John Hay to the leaders of imperialist nations that proclaimed that all nations be given equal access to trade and investment in China; countries did not accept or deny so Hay called it a win 1. he asked that they keep all ports in their spheres open to all nations 2. he asked that Chinese officials be allowed to collect all tariffs and duties 8

Why did Secretary of State John Hay issue the policy known as the Open Door Policy (Open Door Notes)? China became resentful towards foreigners and their influence, what group was formed to combat foreigners and what did they do? Boxer Rebellion Foreign reaction to the rebellion The Boxer Protocol 3. he requested that they guarantee equal harbor, railroad, and tariff rates in their spheres to all nations trading in China to protect American access to Chinese markets and to help maintain the independence of China Fists of Righteous Harmony (Boxers) and they circulated handbills blaming foreigners and missionaries for China s troubles calling them foreign devils attacked Western missionaries and traders in also laid siege to walled-in the large, foreign settlement in Beijing international forces rescued the foreigners (including 2,500 American Soldiers); China retained its sovereignty but had to pay $333 million for damages in the spring of 1900, the Boxers northern China, killing about 300; this uprising was supported by some Chinese government officials; the Boxers This was the settlement of the Boxer Rebellion. 1. 2. Qing Agreed government agree to execute some Chinese officials and punish others to pay $332 million in damages (Us got $24.5 million which it later returned to be used to educate children in China and the US) Second Open Door Policy (Second Open Door Notes What three US beliefs did the Open Door Policies show? United States would safeguard for equal Hay announced that the the world the principle of and impartial trade of the Chinese Empire with all parts thus opening the door for greater American influence 1. growth of US depended on exports American believed that the the economy 2. felt the United States had a right to intervene they abroad 3. markets open feared that the closing of an area they to American products, citizens, or ideas threatened US survival IMP Anti-Imperialist League a league that believed it was wrong to rule other people without their consent; there were many prominent people in the league including Grove Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie, IMP Many people were against taking other nations as colonies of the United States, including such figures as Andrew Carnegie and Mark Twain. Discuss the possible reasons for their antiimperialist feelings. Jane Addams, Mark Twain, and many other leading writers Imperialism, as a whole led to resentment against the colonizing country. This resentment was caused when native people were denied the right to rule themselves and when the colonizing forces mistreated the natives. Often, colonization led to uprisings, wars, and revolutions, ending in casualties for both the colonizing and the colonized countries. Even though the Untied States tried to colonize other countries to open more markets, this colonization was mostly unnecessary as trade flourished without colonization. 9 to keep foreign

JPN JPN When did Japan s isolationism end? Whey did the Japanese eventually agree with Perry and allow for foreign trade? In addition, ruling and protecting the colonies became expensive because the United States needed to maintain a military presence in the countries and faced the threat of war to squelch uprisings. 1854 when Commodore Matthew Perry Japan s isolationism was first shattered in sailed forced US trade into Japan themselves and the Japanese leaders believed that if they did not, that the foreigners might seize control of their nation JPN What affect did trading with foreign nations have on it quickly transformed them into an industrial Japan? power and they built up their army and navy JPN Russo-Japanese Japanese troops attacked Russia forces in JPN What were the results of Roosevelt s negotiations with the Japanese and Russians? Manchuria (a Chinese territory); Japan agreed to let Japan take over Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea. In Japan received half of Sakhalin Island but no cash payment. Russia diplomatic talks. Roosevelt won the 1906 Nobel Peace Price four destroyers and 16 battleships that were pained a brilliant white Roosevelt fearing the newly built up Japanese Army, want to 10 sent the fleet on a 46,000 mile world cruise that included a stop in the Japanese port of Yokohama won several battles and then asked for help in negotiating peace. their and basically future years, the two nations continued JPN Russo-Japanese : Who did Japan ask for help from? President Theodore Roosevelt JPN Why did Japan ask for help in ending the war? Japan had started to run out of men and money and thus secretly wanted to reach a peace agreement JPN Russo-Japanese : Where did the negotiations take place? Portsmouth, New Hampshire JPN Russo-Japanese : What was Roosevelt awarded? Nobel Peace Prize JPN Russo-Japanese : What did Roosevelt do to deter Japan and other countries from having any war thoughts? Great White Fleet sent four destroyers and 16 battle ships to show off our might in a 46,000 world cruise JPN Great White Fleet a fleet remind them of the US of military power and PAN Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty an agreement signed between the US and the Republic of Panama that gave the United States complete and unending sovereignty over a 10- mile wide Canal Zone PAN Philippe Bunaue-Varilla A French engineer who help organize a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia after Colombia refused to give permission to the US to build the Panama Canal

PAN Panama Canal PAN What were some of the health measures necessary in order to construct the Panama Canal? PAN Torrijos-Carter Treaties PAN Discuss the actions the United States took in order to build the Panama Canal. PAN What problems did canal workers encounter in constructing the canal? A major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It One of the greatest challenges facing was originally proposed by the French; however, when they could not complete the construction the U.S. took over (after some political back-channeling). the builders of the Panama Canal was dealing with the tropical diseases rife in the area. The eventual success of the project is owed substantially to the health measures included general health care, the provision of taken during construction. These an extensive health infrastructure, and a major program to eradicate disease-carrying mosquitoes from the area. Signed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos of Panama on September 7, 1977, this set in motion the process of handing the canal over to Panamanian control. 31, Though 1999, and States negotiated with Colombia government supported a to Panamanian revolution for independence from Colombia to serve U.S. purposes. After builders fought diseases and the difficult removal of soft volcanic soil they also had to clear brush and drain swamps. control of the canal was handed over to the Panama Canal Authority (ACP). The United States first bought the claim to build from a French company that had made an attempt and had failed. Then, the United were so extreme, many people lost their lives in the building of the canal. gain the rights to build. When those negotiations broke down, the U.S. controversial within the U.S., the treaty led to full Panamanian control effective at noon on December agreeing upon a large price for the land, the United States began building. Because the conditions were so bad and the obstacles DOM Monroe Doctrine a statement issued in 1823 by President James Monroe that warned/demanded that European countries sty out of the affairs of Latin American DOM Roosevelt Corollary the United States would use force Roosevelt s foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere: An addition to the Monroe Doctrine by Theodore Roosevelt that said that to protect its economic interests in Latin DOM Roosevelt put into play a West African proverb America If a nation... keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States. Chronic wrongdoing... in the Western Hemisphere... may force the United States, however reluctantly,... to the exercise of an international police power. Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far 11

DOM DOM Why did Roosevelt issue the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? Other than just issuing the Roosevelt Corollary, how did the US prevent European nations from invading the Dominican Republic? the Dominican Republic was unable to repay its European lenders and he feared the Europeans would use force to collect their loans declaring that the U.S. would assume responsibility for ensuring that the nations of Latin America met their financial obligations. In January 1905, under this corollary, the U.S. assumed administration of the Dominican Republic's customs. Under the terms of this agreement, a Receiver-General, appointed by the U.S. President, kept 55% of total revenues to pay off foreign claimants, while remitting 45% to the Dominican government. DOM General Horacio Vásquez a general who returned to lead a new the rebellion against the current government DOM What was President an ultimatum hostilities and for Wilson s response after Vásquez started a agree on a new president, or have the U.S. rebellion? impose one. DOM Why did the United States Minister of staged a coup d'etat in April Desiderio Arías finally invade and occupy the Dominican Republic? 1916, providing a pretext for the U.S. to occupy the Dominican Republic. DOM Rear Admiral Harry was named the Military Governor of the Shepard Knapp Dominican Republic by President Wilson DOM What types of changes did many of the institutional the US implement in the Dominican Republic after of the tax system, their occupation? accounting and DOM Hughes-Peynado Plan process of U.S. withdrawal began. IMP Dollar Diplomacy Taft s foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere: US would avoid conflict and help Latin American countries avoid civil war by arranging for US banks to loan countries money and the US would guarantee the money Dollars for Bullets favoring economic influences over military influences as a means of protecting US interests in Latin America In June 1914 U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued implemented The American military government reforms carried out in the U.S. during the Progressive Era, including reorganization administration, expansion of primary education, 12 and Dominican Republic in 1913, to the two sides to end the construction of a national system of roads, Francisco Peynado, a Dominican lawyer, negotiated the plan with the US It stipulated immediate establishment of a provisional government pending elections, approval of all acts of the U.S. military government, and the continuation of the 1907 treaty until all the Dominican Republic's foreign debts had been settled: the Nicaragua IMP Missionary Diplomacy Wilson s foreign policy in MEX Why did President Wilson refuse to recognize including a highway linking Santiago to Santo Domingo. the Western Hemisphere: stated that the United States had the moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US intersts00this was used to pressure nations in the Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments Haiti Wilson was following his policy of missionary diplomacy.

Huerta s government? He considered Huerta a murderer because Huerta had ordered rebel leader Francisco Madero executed. MEX Porfirio Diaz came to power in 1876 after years of unrest, crushed opponents, recruited foreign investors MEX Emiliano Zapata one of four leaders of revolutionary armies who fought Huerta for Mexico led a rebel army in the south, demanded land for the mostly American Indian peasant population MEX Andres Molina Enriquez intellectual who opposed Diaz, wrote books calling for change MEX Francisco Madero was a wealthy landowner who sparked the Mexican Revolution that toppled the Diaz dictatorship, became the president of Mexico, overthrown by his own army general MEX Victoriano Huerta seized control of government from Madero, had Madero put in jail (where he was later killed), eventually he was kicked out of rebels and US MEX Venustiano Carranza one of four leaders of revolutionary armies who fought Huerta for Mexico; was recognized in 1915 and defeated Villa s army office by by US MEX Francisco Pancho Villa one of four leaders of revolutionary armies who fought Huerta for Mexico; later in response to US recognition of Carranza-Villa led men across the border to cause trouble MEX General John J. Pershing led forces into Villa s home state seeking to capture Villa but he never did and Wilson pulled US troops out of Mexico 13