Chapter 9 David G. Myers

Chapter 9 David G. Myers

Nature and Power of Prejudice Social Sources of Prejudice Motivational Sources of Prejudice Cognitive Sources of Prejudice Consequences of Prejudice Reducing Prejudice

Prejudice a negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members Stereotype beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people Typically overgeneralized and inaccurate Discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group or its members Racism Sexism Heterosexism Ageism Weight Bias

Changing Prejudice racial and gender attitudes have become more positive in the last 30 years 90% say people should be treated fairly w/out discrimination Only 14% say they are highly prejudiced

Publicly people may not admit to prejudice, but studies show it still exists Color Blind vs Color Aware? 53% of African-Americans feel excluded on college campuses Name Discrimination vs Reverse Racism Profiling Drug War

Gender Stereotypes typically are stronger than racial stereotypes (Feminism?) Ambivalent Sexism mix of hostile and benevolent attitudes Sexism is even more severe in other countries

Dual Attitudes and Prejudice - automatic reactions (implicit) still occur regardless of one s conscious (explicit) level of prejudice Automatic reactions are affected by stereotype activation (priming)

Modern Prejudice subtle and unconscious forms of discrimination, revealed through preferences and associations, and judgments Biased judgments, Less Positive Facial expressions, vocal tones, eye contact, body posture Modern Sexism & Racism - discrimination that occurs when it s able to hide behind other motives

Prentice-Dunn Shocking Study Teacher Discipline

Hart et al (2000). Impression Study

Black children are 80% less likely to receive pain medication in ER (appendicitis)

Shooter Bias Studies

How do you know if you have negative implicit/automatic associations? Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures conscious and unconscious associations Predicts hiring decisions, medical decisions, interpersonal interactions, biased judgments https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/

Round One Left Hand African American Name Round Two Left Hand Positive Adjective Right Hand Caucasian Name Right Hand Negative Adjective

Round Three Left Hand African American name Negative Adjective Round Four Left Hand African American name Positive Adjective Right Hand Caucasian name Positive Adjective Right Hand Caucasian name Negative Adjective

Social Inequalities stereotypes are used to rationalize unequal status Social Dominance/Authoritarian Orientation motivation to have your group be dominant over others Religion and Prejudice religion is used an excuse for social injustice Religion does not cause prejudice

Conformity - prejudice is often maintained by public apathy and inertia Institutional Supports political leaders, organizations, and education reflect and reinforce attitudes Face-ism male ads focus more on faces and females focus more on the body

Comparing how Blacks and White women are portrayed in the top movies of 1996. White female movie characters shown using vulgar profanity: 17% Black female movie characters shown using vulgar profanity: 89% White female movie characters shown being physically violent: 11% Black female movie characters shown being physically violent: 56% A mug shot of a Black accused perpetrator will appear in a local TV news four times more often than when the accused White: 4X

Frustration and Aggression Hypothesis frustrations can lead to displaced aggressions Realistic Group Conflict Theory prejudice arises when groups are competing for scarce resources

Social Inequality can lead to prejudice Certain personality traits lead to higher levels of prejudice Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) Authoritarian Religious

Social Identity Theory our self-esteem is influenced by our membership in groups Categorization we simplify and organize our world by categorizing people into groups Rely on stereotypes when pressed for time, preoccupied, tired, emotionally aroused, and lacking experience

Attributions Group-Serving Bias we are lenient with ingroup members compared to outgroups Just-World Phenomenon false belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve

Stereotypes can bias attention, interpretation and memory We notice and remember more distinct people and events (Illusory Correlations)

Behavioral Confirmation negative expectations and behaviors cause others to confirm OUR stereotypes Emotional Consequences feelings of anger, fear, mistrust, disenfranchisement Stereotype Threat fear that one s behavior will verify a negative stereotype leads to poor performance

Knowledge and Awareness Internal Motivation to Avoid prejudice Seeking out diverse experiences Monitoring and Controlling the prejudice habit