Chapter 2 Ecology of Socialization
The childhood shows the man, as morning shows the day. John Milton
Socialization Processes
Aims of Socialization Develop self-concept Enable self-regulation Empower achievement Teach appropriate social goals Implement developmental skills
Terms Self-Concept An individual s perception of his or her identity as distinct from that of others Self-Esteem The value one places on his/her identity
Erikson s Theory of Psychosocial Name Development Developmental Stage Task Trust vs. Mistrust Infancy Develop a basic sense of trust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Early Childhood Develop autonomy Initiative vs. Guilt Play Age Develop initiative Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Identity Diffusion School Age Adolescence Develop feelings of competence Integrate early self with changing self Intimacy vs. Isolation Young Adulthood Establish intimacy Generativity vs. Self- Absorption Adulthood Establish and guide the next generation Integrity vs. Despair Senescence Reach end of life with positive self-esteem
Self-Regulation The ability to control one s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions... until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expression
AIMS of Socialization Empower Achievement Teach Appropriate Social Goals
Developmental Task A task that lies between an individual need and a societal demand
Agents of Socialization
Agents of Socialization Family School and Child Care Peers Mass Media The Community
Egocentrism The cognitive inability to look at the world from any point of view other than one s own
Cultural Differences Orientation Collectivist / Individualistic Coping Style Attitude Toward Authority Communication Style Active/Passive Submissive/ Egalitarian Open- Expressive/ Restrained- Private
Methods of Socialization
Methods Affective Operant Observational Cognitive Sociocultural Apprenticeship
Affective Methods Include responses to others feelings about self feelings about others expression of emotion
Attachment An affectional tie that one person forms to another person, binding them together in space and enduring over time
Operant Methods Operant: Producing an effect Reinforcement An object or event presented following a behavior that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur Extinction The gradual disappearance of a learned behavior following the removal of the reinforcement
Operant Methods Punishment Physical or psychologically painful stimuli or the temporary withdrawal of pleasant stimuli when undesirable behavior occurs Feedback Evaluative information, both positive and negative, about one s behavior
Observational Methods Modeling A form of imitative learning that occurs by observing another person (the model) perform a behavior and experience its consequence
Cognitive Methods Instruction Setting Standards Reasoning Giving explanations or causes for an act
Parenting Styles Authoritarian Parent-centered; Characterized by unquestioning obedience to authority Permissive Child-centered; Characterized by lack of directives or authority Authoritative Democratic; Authority is based on competence or expertise
Sociocultural Methods Group Pressure Symbols Tradition Rituals and Routines
Apprenticeship A process in which a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks Structuring Collaborating Transferring
Outcomes of Socialization
Outcomes Values Attitudes Motives and attributions Self-esteem Self-regulation/behavior Morals Gender roles