CONTENTS NOTE TO THE READER......... LIST OF PARTICiPANTS............... 3 PREAMBLE...... 9 Background............... 9 Objective and Scope................ 9 Selection of T opics for Monographs.................. 10 Data for Monographs.................. 11 The W orking Group............... 11 W orking Procedures...... 11 Exposure Data.................. 12 Studies of Cancer in Humans.................... 14 Studies of Cancer in Experimental AnimaIs... 17 Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and Its Mechanisms... 20 Summary of Data Reported............ 21 Evaluation............ 23 References............... 27 GENERAL REMARKS............ 31 THE MONOGRAPHS Wood dust...................................................... 35 1. Exposure data........................ 35 1.1 Composition of wood..................... 35 1.1.1 Classification and nomenclature......... 35 1.1.2 Anatomical featues... 38 1. 1.3 CeU wall structure and distribution of components of wood... 41 1.1.4 Chemical components... 41 (a) Macromolecular components........................ 48 (b) Low-relative-molecular-mass components...... 48 1.2 Wood-related industries and occupations... 51 1.2.1 Major woodworking pro cesses... 53 (a) Debarking.................. 53 (b) Sawing............................ 54 ( c ) Sanding............ 55-11-
iv larc MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 62 (d) Planing, jointing, moulding and shaping... 55 (e) Turning (lathing)...... 55 (f) Boring (driuing), routing and carving...55 (g) Mortising and tenoning......... 56 (h) Veneer cutting... 56 (i) Chipping, flaking, hogging and grinding... 56 U) Mechanical defibrating..................... 57 1.2.2 SawmiUing...... 57 1.2.3 Manufacture of plywood and other boards... 59 (a) Plywood manufacture......... 59 (b) Manufacture of particle-board and related boards......... 60 (c) Fibre-board manufacture.................. 60 1.2.4 Wooden furniture manufacture and cabinet-making... 61 1.2.5 Manufacture of other wood products...... 63 1.2.6 Construction, carpentry and other wood-related occupations... 63 (a) The construction industry.................. 63 (b) Maintenance and repair... 64 (c) Pattern and model making... 65 (d) Wood shop teachers and arists... 65 1.3 Analytical methods......... :...... 65 1.3.1 Characterization and measurement of wood dust... 65 (a) Type of wood....:.................. 66 (b) Airborne dust concentrations.................. 66 (c) Paricle size distribution... 67 (d) Other characteristics of wood dust... 68 1.3.2 Chemical analysis of wood constituents...... 68 (a) Extractives............ 68 (b) Inorganic compounds in ash... 69 ( c ) Polysaccharides...... 69 (d) Lignin........................ 70 1.4 Exposure to wood dust and other agtnts in the workplace... 70 1.4.1 General influences on occupational exposure to wood dust... 70 1.4.2 Extent of exposure to wood dust... 71 1.4.3 Exposure during sawmiling... 72. 1.4.4 Exposure during the manufactue of plywood and other boards... 74 1.4.5 Exposure during wooden futue manufacture and cabinet-makng... 78 1.4.6 Exposure during the manufactue of other wood products... 82 1.4.7 Exposure in other wood-related occupations... 86 1.4.8 Paricle size distribution of wood dust in workroom air... 88 1.5 Regulations and guidelines............ 93
CONTENTS v 2. Studies of cancer in humans...... 94 2.1 Case reports............ 94 2.2 Descriptive studies... 0... 95 2.3 Cohort studies... 101 2.4 Case--ontrol studies...,... 0... 102 2.4.1 Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses............ 102 (a) Exposure to wood dust... 102 (b) Occupational group...... 111 2.4.2 Cancers of other parts of the respiratory system... 127 (a) Nasopharyngeal cancer...... 127 (b) Pharyngeal cancer other than cancer of the nasopharynx... 129 (c) Larngeal cancer......... 132 (d) Lung cancer......... 136 2.4.3 Cancers of the lymphatic and haematopoeitic system... 146 (a) Non-Hodgkin' s lymphoma...... 146 (b ) Hodgkin' s disease............ 152 ( c) Multiple myeloma... 154 ( d) Leukaemia... 156 2.4.4 Cancers of the digestive tract............ 158 (a) Exposure to wood dust.................. 158 (b) Occupational group......... 164 3. Studies of cancer in experimental animais... 165 3.1 Inhalation...... 165 3.1.1 Rat..................... 165 3.1.2 Hamster........................ 169 3.2 lntraperitoneal injection... 169 3.3 Administration with known carcinogens or other modifying factors... 169 3.3.1 Rat.................. 169 3.3.2 Hamster..................... 170 3.4 Skin application of wood dust extracts... 171 3.5 Experimental data on wood shavings... 173 4. Other data relevant to an evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms... 173 4.1 Deposition and clearance.................. 173 4.1.1 Humans........................ 173 4.1.2 Experimental systems... 173 4.2 Toxic effects....................... 173 4.2.1 Humans............ 173 (a) Effects on the nose... 173 (b) Effects on the lung... 177 ( c) Other effects... 183 4.2.2 Experimental systems......... 184
Vi larc MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 62 4.3 Genetic and related effects... 185 4.3.1 Humans......... 185 4.3.2 Experimental systems............ 185 5. Summary of data reported and evaluation............ 191 5.1 Exposure data............... 191 5.2 Human carcinogenicity data........ 192 5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data...... 193 5.4 Other relevant data..................... 193 5.5 Evaluation...... 194 6. References................. 194 Formaldehyde......... 217 1. Exposure data............... 217 1.1 Chemical and physical data............ 217 1.1.1 Nomenclature................... 217 1.1.2 Structural and molecular formulae and relative molecular mass... 217 1.1.3 Chemical and physical properties of the pure substance... 217 1.1.4 Technical products and impurities......... 218 1.1.5 Analysis... 218 1.2 Production and use... 219 1.2.1 Production... 219 1.2.2 Use............... 221 1.3 Occurrence............... 223 1.3.1 Natural occurence............ 223 1.3.2 Occupational exposure............... 224 (a) Extent of exposure.................. 224 (b) Manufactue of formaldehyde, formaldehyde-based resins and other chemical products............... 224 (c) Manufacture of wood products and paper... 225 (d) Manufactue of textiles and garents...231 (e) Manufacture of metal products, minerai wool and other products... 232 (f) Mortares, hospitals and laboratories... 237 (g) Building, agricultue, forestry and other activities... 240 1.3.3 Ambient air......... 242 1.3.4 Residential indoor air..................... 242 1.3.5 Other exposures.........;............ 243 1.4 Regulations and guidelines.................. 243 2. Studies of cancer in humans... 246 2.1 Case report... 246 2.2 Descriptive studies.................. 246 2.3 Cohort studies...... 246 2.3.1 Professional groups............... 247 2.3.2 Industral groups............ 251
CONTENTS vu 2.4 Case-control studies............. 262 2.4.1 Cancers of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharnx, oropharnx and pharnx (unclassified)...262 2.4.2 Cancers of the lung and larynx...~............ 272 2.4.3 Cancers at other sites... 275 2.5 Meta-analyses......... 282 3. Studies of cancer in experimental animais...282 3.1 Inhalation............... 282 3.1.1 Mouse.............. 282 3.1.2 Rat............ 284 3.1. 3 Hamster... 289 3.2 Oral administration............ 289 3.3 Skin application........................ -292 3.4 Subcutaneous injection......... 292 3.5 Administration with known carcinogens and other modifying factors... 292 3.5.1 Mouse............ 292 3.5.2 Rat........................ 293 3.5.3 Hamster..................... 293 4. Other data relevant to an evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms... 294 4.1 Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion... 294 4.1.1 Humans.................. 294 4.1.2 Experimental systems..................... 295 4.2 T oxic effects.................. 301 4.2.1 Humans...... 302 (a) Acute effects......... 302 (b) Chronic effects............... 304 (c) AUergy............... 308 4.2.2 Experimental systems............... 308 (a) Acute effects.................. 309 (b) Chronic effects......... 315 (c) Immunotoxicity........................ 319 4.3 Reproductive and developmental effects... 319 4.3.1 Humans........................ 319 4.3.2 Experimental systems........................ 320 4.4 Genetic and related effects.................. 321 4.4.1 Humans..................... 321 (a) DNA-protein cross-links............... 321 (b) Mutation and allied effects...321 (c) Sperm abnormalities........................ 322 (d) Urinar mutagenicity......... 323
V11 larc MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 62 4.4.2 Experimental systems............ 323 (a) DNA-protein cross-links......... 323 (b) Mutation and alled effects... 323 (c) Mutational spectra.................. 330 5. Summary of data reported and evaluation... 332 5.1 Exposure data............ 332 5.2 Human carcinogenicity data......... 333 5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data.................. 334 5.4 Other relevant data............ 334 5.5 Evaluation............... 335 6. References........................... 335 APPENDlX 1. SUMMARY TABLE OF GENETIC AND RELATED EFFECTS... 365 APPENDlX 2. ACTIVlTY PROFILE FOR GENETIC AND RELA TED EFFECTS... 369 CUMULATIVE INDEX TO THE MONOGRAPHS SERIES... 377
NOTE TO THE READER The term 'carcinogenic risk' in the IARC Monographs series is taken to mean the probability that exposure to an agent will lead to cancer in humans. Inclusion of an agent in the Monographs does not imply that it is a carcinogen, only that the published data have been examined. Equally, the fact that an agent has not yet been evaluated in a monograph does not mean that it is not carcinogenic. The evaluations of carcinogenic risk are made by international working groups of independent scientists and are qualitative in nature. No recommendation is given for regulation or legislation. Anyone who is aware of published data that may alter the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of an agent to humans is encouraged to make this information available to the Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France, in order that the agent may be considered for re-evaluation by a future Working Group. Although every effort is made to prepare the monographs as accurately as possible, mistakes may occur. Readers are requested to communicate any errors to the Unit of Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation, so that corrections can be reported in future volumes. -1-