Life Cycle Nutrition Part I Life Cycle Nutrition Nonruminants Breed Gestation Life Cycle Nutrition... Market Hog Grow/Finish 114 338 days 42 49 Feeder pig 21 Farrowing Weaning An individual animal s nutritional requirements change daily Requirements for: Maintenance Growth Reproduction Feeding Management: Weaning-Market Feed accounts for 6-7% of the total cost of production Things to consider when formulating swine diets: nutrient requirements of the pigs available feedstuffs cost environmental concerns Nutritional Requirements for Growth Nutritional requirements, as a percent of the diet, decrease as the animal gets heavier (weaning-market) 1
Nutritional Requirements for Growth Nutritional Requirements for Growth.9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1 3-5 kg 5-1 kg 1-2 kg 2-5 kg 5-8 kg 8-12 Nutritional requirements, per day, increase as the animal gets heavier (weaning-market) Ca, % ap, % Nutritional Requirements for Growth Life Cycle Nutrition... 14 12 Ideally, we would change the diet of an animal daily to more accurately meet their nutritional requirements. 1 8 6 4 2 Ca, g/d ap, g/d 3-5 kg 5-1 kg 1-2 kg 2-5 kg 5-8 kg 8-12 However, this is unrealistic because of time and labor costs. In addition, most animals are group fed. Weanling Pig Nutrition 114 First week after weaning is a crucial time period 21 49 42 Weaning Post-weaning lag Feeder pig 2
Kg Pigs weaned at 3d of age and placed on milk replacer 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5 Life Cycle Nutrition... Nursery Stage Feeding Programs Conventional: 21-28 d of age (19-23d) Segregated Early Weaning (SEW): 14-2 d of age (12-18d) Nursery phase usually lasts 4-5 wks. Initial Weight Feed Intake Gain Gain:Feed Nursery Stage Feeding Programs Special needs of SEW pigs Isolation is critical to success prevent microbial contamination of these immunological fragile pigs nurseries totally removed from physical location of sow herd or growing finishing animals management-people isolation avoid human traffic to and from other pigs BABY PIG IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT RELATIVE ANTIBODY TITER 1 8 6 4 2 WEEKS OF AGE Titer in nursing pigs IMMUNITY Colostrum Active P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 On-Site vs. Off-Site Nursery Performance* Final Weights On-Site Off-Site kg kg Location A 22.4 29.4 Location B 27.2 31.2 Mean Value 24.8 3.4 Equal initial weights. Final nursery weights shown* Equal time in nursery off-site equates to segregation Dietary Ingredients... Nutrient needs are extremely critical in SEW pigs Advantages to using specialized ingredients SEW diets will be the most expensive ($/ton) of all diets fed to pigs 3
Digestive system of the early weaned pig is not fully developed Acclimated to a milk based diet Insufficient HCl and digestive enzyme secretion Specialty Ingredients For Nursery Pigs Porcine Plasma Protein Porcine Plasma Protein Isolated from pig blood at slaughter plants and sterilized Normally included at 6-8% of the first diet fed to weanling pigs Rich source of immunoglobulins Contains ~78% protein Increases feed intake and reduces diarrhea Organic Acids... Effect of Citric acid on Gastric ph Citric, fumaric, malic, lactic, and propionic acids Organic acids lower gastric ph Lower ph discourages coliform bacteria Lower ph encourages lactobacillus bacterial growth 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3. Gastric ph % Citric acid 1.5% Citric acid 3.% Citric acid 4
Organic acids... improves ADG, feed intake and feed efficiency Effect of Organic Acids on ADG 12 Usually added at 1-2% of the diet Can be provided in liquid or dry form Can be added to the feed or water 1 8 6 4 2 Gain, % improvement Kirchgesner (1976) Lewis (1981) Giesting (1984) Falkwoski (1984) Radcliffe (1998) Average Milk Products Whey or dried skim milk are both extremely valuable in nursery diets at a level of 1-3% Often included in weanling pig diets Excellent source of amino acids Milk Products Lactose provides: Energy source CHO of choice for lactobacillus bacteria Lactobacillus competes against harmful coliform bacteria Fermentive substrate to produce lactic acid which lowers intestinal ph Animal by-products fish meal, meat meal, blood meal, poultry meal animal proteins are excellent sources of amino acids Phase Feeding Most programs include 3-4 diets going from weaning to approximately 23 kg BW 5
Ingredients, % Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Corn 38.99 53.12 68. Spray-dried whey 25. 1. SBM, 48% 2. 27.15 26.98 Spray-dried animal plasma 2.5 Menhaden fish meal 2.5 4. Soybean oil 5. 3. 1. Lactose Spray-dried blood meal or cells 2.5 Monocalcium phosphate (21% P) 1.1 Limestone (38% Calcium).6.39.72 Zinc oxide.38.38 Salt.3.25.35 Carbadox (1g/lb) or Bio-Mos a.25.25.25 Vit. Premix.25.25.25 Acidifier.2 DL-Met.15.5 L-lysine HCl.15.15.15 TM premix.13.13.13 Banmith dewormer.1 Copper Sulfate.8 Dicalcium phosphate.74 1.29 Phytase (6 U/g).1.1 Se 6 premix.5.5 6