Experience and Update

Transcription

1 PED in the U.S.A. Experience and Update 2014 PorkExpo VII International Congress on Swine Iguassu Falls, Brazil Dr. Tim Loula Swine Vet Center St. Peter, Minnesota U.S.A

2 Swine Vet Center Veterinary Consultants SVC Research Team

3 19 months into the disease epidemic

4 Positive farms Hog Cholera Pseudorabies PRRS APP Mycoplasma Past visits to Asia But they just wanted to talk about PED NOW, I get it.

5 3 Coronaviruses PED InDel strain Delta coronavirus

6 PED 0 hour 12 hours 24 hours 48 hours

7 D.Goede: 10/24/14

8 Dane Goede

9 Present Day 4/26/2014 Dane Goede

10 PED Clinical Signs Piglets Diarrhea Severe Rapid onset Very watery Distinctive odor Vomiting High mortality (100%) less than 2-3 weeks of age and for the next 2 weeks of farrowing.

11 PED Wean to Finish Clinical signs Vomiting Diarrhea Slower growth Low mortality (unless under 2 weeks in barn)

12 Wean to Finish Effects Nurseries Clinically see scours for 2-4 days with an increase of about 1% mortality. Finishers Clinically see scours for 1-2 days and lose 5-7 days worth of gain.

13 Diagnostics PCR Serology IFA ELISA (still perfecting) No VI Virus is difficult to grow Bioassay to prove infectivity/viability Time consuming Expensive Lacks sensitivity

14 Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns PED S Gene Real Time PCR - rectal swab Case# D D D D D D D D D D WEEK 1 WEEK 3 WEEK 5 WEEK 7 WEEK 9 WEEK 11 WEEK 13 WEEK 15 WEEK 19 WEEK 23 3/27/14 4/10/14 4/24/14 5/8/14 5/22/14 6/5/14 6/19/14 7/3/14 8/1/14 8/29/ negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative 15/15 + 1/5+ 0/5+ 0/5+ 0/5+ 0/15+ 0/5+ 0/5+ 0/12+ 0/8+ J.Feder, Swine Vet Center

15 Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns PEDv (Elisa) - serum 3/27/14 4/10/14 4/24/14 5/8/14 5/22/14 6/5/14 6/19/14 7/3/14 8/1/14 8/29/ >0.2 9/15+ 4/14+ 11/14+ 9/14+ 0/14+ 5/14+ 3/14+ 9/14+ 9/14+ 5/14+ >0.4 3/15+ 3/14+ 6/14+ 5/14+ 0/14+ 2/14+ 0/14+ 6/14+ 5/14+ 2/14+ J.Feder, Swine Vet Center

16 Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns PEDv IFA Titers 3/27/14 4/10/14 4/24/14 5/8/14 5/22/14 6/5/14 6/19/14 7/3/14 8/1/14 8/29/14 negative POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE negative POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE negative POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE negative negative negative POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE negative POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE :40 J.Feder, Swine Vet Center

17 Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns PED - Saliva (ropes) 3/27/14 4/10/14 4/24/14 5/8/14 5/22/14 6/5/14 6/19/14 7/3/14 8/1/14 8/29/14 Rope negative negative negative negative Rope negative negative negative negative negative negative Rope negative negative negative negative negative negative 3/3+ 3/3+ 3/3+ 2/3+ 1 suspect 1/3+ 0/3+ 0/3+ 0/3+ 0/3+ J.Feder, Swine Vet Center

18 Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns PED PCR - Pit 3/27/14 4/10/14 4/24/14 5/8/14 5/22/14 6/5/14 6/19/14 7/3/14 8/1/14 8/29/14 10/2/ POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE negative POSITIVE J.Feder, Swine Vet Center

19 Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns Feces - PCR PED PED 6/19/14 8/29/14 1 negative 4 negative 2 negative 5 negative 3 negative 12 negative 4 negative 14 negative 5 negative 15 negative 13 negative J.Feder, Swine Vet Center

20 Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns Naïve Sentinals PEDv negative pigs placed into PEDv positive barn 2 weeks prior to marketing (6 months post arrival of positive pigs). These animals remained negative. J.Feder, Swine Vet Center

21 It took most Swine Vet Center clients 7 weeks to get back to normal production.

22 Results: Aggregate Usual severity n = 60 herds Avg TTBP = 7.4 wks 95% CI TTBP = Pigs/1000 sows = % CI pigs/1000 sows = /86 herds achieved baseline production Dane Goede

23 Results: A, B, C Presentations 19% 31% 50% Dane Goede

24 Time to Baseline Production Dane Goede

25 Time to Baseline Production Dane Goede

26 Much has been learned. There is much MORE to learn. The coming 6 months (winter) will tell us a lot.

27 Colostral SN titers 8 months post PED break on an 8000-sow farm 6 of 6 samples positive (the higher the number, the more antibodies) 1:64 1:64 1:128 1:64 1:128 1:32 J. Branstad

28 Current status

29

30 Very quiet since April, 2014 Does this mean: U.S. swine industry has figured out how to limit virus movement? OR Did so much of the national herd become infected that herd immunity is holding the virus in check? OR This was NOT the case in some regions during the summer of 2013 Is it just that warm weather has prevailed in its ability to stop virus transmission?

31 Different geographies experienced different area spread patterns PED Epidemiology

32 Unanswered Questions How did PEDv get into the U.S.A.? How did it break in 5 states almost simultaneously? How did it move around so quickly?

33 Origin of the Virus Matches with virus from China Pathway Analysis????

34 Initial Veterinary Survey Concern: How did this virus come into the U.S.? Objective: Identify any risk factors potentially associated with the introduction and spread of the PEDv into the U.S. swine herd Survey designed by AASV, NPB, NPPC & USDA-CEAH Administered by practitioners, data transferred to CEAH via link designed by FAZD at Texas A&M Data analyzed by CEAH Questionnaire examined > 100 variables 25 case herds, 18 matched control herds

35 Survey Results Only seven variables were considered significantly likely to have some association with the introduction of PEDv These seven risk factors were associated with the process of feeding the animals. Did not implicate any specific finished feed, feed ingredient, feed manufacturer or ingredient supplier.

36 Epidemiology Observational Study Question topic Type of Variable Odds Ratio p value Interpretation How many pelleted rations were fed to sows during the last 90 days Continuous When the number of pelleted rations fed to sows goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes down 55%. Origin of sow feed used in the last 90 days Categorical When sow feed was custom mixed off farm compared to being purchased complete, the odds of being a case goes up 2.3X. What grain was mixed with in sow feed in the past 90 days. How many meal/mash rations were fed to nursery pigs during the last 90 days Categorical Continuous When grain was mixed with an amino acid source, salt, calcium, phosphorus and a premix in sow feed compared to only an amino acid source and a base mix, the odds of being a case goes down 56% When the number of meal/ mash rations fed to nursery pigs goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up 65%. How many meal/mash rations were fed to finishers during the last 90 days Total number of rations fed to finishers during the last 90 days What grain was mixed with in finisher feed in the past 90 days. Contents of premix in the most recent finisher diet Continuous Continuous Categorical 0.50 <0.001 Categorical When the number of meal/ mash rations fed to finishing pigs goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up 51%. When the total number of rations fed to finishing pigs goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up 36%. When grain was mixed with a supplement in finisher feed compared to with an amino acid source and a base mix, the odds of being a case goes down 50% When vitamin and trace mineral premix was in the same premix in the most recent finisher diet the odds of being a case goes up 3.5X.

37 Sows PED Positive- Swine Vet Center total sows PED +

38 Farms 20 PED Positive Sow Farms by Month Swine Vet Center

39 80 Large Swine Vet Center Client % PED positive sow farms in system (>6 herds) A B C D E F G

40 Eradication The Current Plans (Options) Load, close, homogenize OR Begin continuous exposure to replacement gilts at lbs. (9-23 kg.) OR Continuously expose prefarrowing 1 time per month, 4 groups Weeks 4, 5, 6, 7 prefarrowing

41 Number of sow herds- exposure vs elimination exposure elimination

42 All Swine Vet Center Client herds are producing PEDv negative piglets today.

43 PED Basic Biosecurity Measures Isolation of incoming breeding stock Vet-to-Vet Isolation Post arrival testing Clinical observation

44 PED Basic Biosecurity Measures Feed No porcine products Biosecurity of feed mills No grain from outdoor piles (too many birds)

45 PED Basic Biosecurity Measures Transportation Clean baked? Trucks and trailers Load chutes Drivers Clean/dirty line established

46 PED Basic Biosecurity Measures Mortality No rendering Do: Composting Incineration Bury

47 PED Basic Biosecurity Measures People Down time Showers

48 PED Basic Biosecurity Measures Equipment and supplies Quarantine Fumigation

49 How Is It Moving Around?

50 Slaughter house study Packing plants contaminating market trucks

51 7 plants 100 trucks per plant In and out (i.e., 1400 samples) Lairage floors Slaughter Plant Study July, 2013

52 PED Plant testing Project

53 PED Plant testing Project

54 Slaughter Plant Study RESULTS 11 of every 100 negative trailers left plant PEDv positive 28 of 100 trailers left the plant PEDv positive This was middle of July Huge risk for trailers leaving plant Repeated at cull sow buying stations (NC)

55 Truck Unloading Process Step 1 take documents to scale

56

57 Truck Unloading Process Step 2 Unload the truck fill the first pen and close the gate

58 Truck Unloading Process Minimum of 5 times walking in and out of the plant to the truck Have to walk through the entire truck Washing back compartment is a waste of time

59 Results of test at Packing Plant Removed the packing plant with very high number of positives 6.6% of trucks at arrival were Positive 5.0% of trucks negative at arrival were positive after unloading

60 Results of test at Packing Plant If the packing plant employee enter the truck 4.15 times more likely to be contaminated If the trailer followed a positive trailer 3.35 times more likely to be contaminated

61 Conclusion Packing plant and cull buying stations are major risks.

62 Synergize Foamer

63 Assume trucks are dirty It is hard to get them CLEAN! 160 degrees F for 10 minutes 68 degrees F for 7 days Disinfected with contact time before freezing. Dry Propylene Glycol Windshield washer fluid

64

65 Inside heated storage New truck washes

66 Inspection Testing

67 FEED

68 We learn from our clients Our clients today are very experienced and actually know more than most young veterinarians. Many have eradicated PRRS and Mycoplasma. In the past: Pseudorabies Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Swine Dysentery Atrophic Rhinitis Mange Etc. They are experienced on farm epidemiologists. They feel strongly that nursery feed brought PED

69 Feed Ingredients Significant concern right now in industry Contamination at grain storage/elevators (road slush?) Ingredient contamination (birds/corn or DDGs piles) Animal byproducts (remember - all from packing plants) Meat and bone meal Porcine peptide (Heparin manufacturing) Plasma

70 Epidemiologic investigation National rapid response teams 5 investigations have been conducted in the U.S.A. 3 have implicated feed as a likely cause of the disease

71 USDA investigation report

72 Feed Porcine products Plasma PEP/DPS Blood meal Have had PCR positive tests on all of the above products on retained samples at the mill

73 Porcine plasma Meat & bone meal Peptides PEP DPS Higher Risk Ingredients *Product of packing plant & rendering *Found primarily in early nursery diets

74 Porcine Derived Proteins Courtesy Tech Mix

75 Fat AV blend Choice white Etc.

76 Feed (Fat) Porcine products AV blend Choice white grease? Etc. Starting to do more testing

77 Perception There is virus getting through in feed ingredients or contamination of the feed mill. The feed is making my pigs sick.

78 We have a lot to learn about making feed mills biosecure.?

79 Confusion PCR positive Is it alive?? Can it infect??

80 Migrating birds Corn pile in Pierre, South Dakota

81 Bird Congregating Corn Pile PEDv Risk? Probably

82 Winter Frozen Road Slush

83 Feed mill cross contamination How do we protect and prevent this? Dairy lactation bypass protein Poultry use of porcine meat and bone

84 Known high risks in need of fixing Clean feed

85 Aerosol

86 Aerosol? U of MN Swine Health Monitoring Project: : D.Goede

87 Preliminary Analysis of OK Farms Spatial analysis of 93 PEDv positive sites out of 242 total sites Provides some support to the hypothesis of airborne spread since direction of disease spread appears to correlate with wind direction Proximity to a positive site increases the risk of becoming positive for PEDv A 5 day delay between the first case and subsequent cases During week 3 a case appeared far from the other cluster of cases which may indicate transmission via truck movement Dane Goede

88 Oklahoma lagoons

89 Pig density in Oklahoma

90 Preliminary Analysis of NC Farms Spatial analysis of 274/1797 PEDv positive farms as of 10/25 There is one significant cluster where nearly twice the number of positive farms expected is present (44 km radius) Cases immediately following other infections occur 20 degrees NE on average Proximity to a PEDv infected farm increases odds of becoming infected: Within 1 mile 8.4 times higher odds Within 2 miles 6.3 times higher odds 3 or more miles away no greater odds Odds of infection decreased 27% / mile away from a positive farm Dane Goede

91 Is this true in the Midwest????

92 Nursery Feed Concerns Started happening in January Nurseries (15) in good locations became infected from negative sow farms. Those sow farms remain negative today.

93 Another system broke 10 nurseries in a row.

94 Creep feed?

95 Nursery Feed Concerns GDU turns positive sow farm stays negative

96 5 finishing barns all received feed and broke with PEDv on the same day. The 2 nd barn on some sites did not break. +

97 Will filtration stop PED? We know it is highly effective on PRRS 52.2% before 9.8% after PED in filtered farms 15 PED sow farm breaks 1 stud break (Nebraska) 93 farms in database 17% since April Dr. Darwin Reicks

98 Lagoons Recharge

99 Lagoons U of MN Swine Health Monitoring Program January 22, 2014

100 Oklahoma lagoons

101 Study by Swine Vet Center s Dr. Steve Tousignant PEDv survivability in manure In the study, he sampled wean to finish sites that were filled from PEDv positive sow farms, or had laboratory confirmation of presumed lateral infection (ie related to feed, or accidental contamination during transport) to ensure the pit would have had PEDv in them. Manure was collected from pump outs, pooled together and tested by PCR and bio-assay.

102 RESULTS Tested manure pits under barns that have been infected 6 months or 4 months previously All samples tested PCR positive for PEDv. Only the 4 month samples had bioassay positives.

103 Confusion What to do next after a positive PCR test? Washed trailer Washed farrowing rooms Feed Ingredients Vehicles Front offices Offices ETC!!!!!!

104 Many cold weather concerns Heat kills, so we lost this further means of disinfection this year (November March) Difficult to clean chutes Trailers sit outside Feed ingredients sit in a frozen environment At plant/warehouse Distribution In mill In bin

105 Known high risks in need of fixing Packing plants

106 Known high risks in need of fixing Cull sow buying stations

107 Known high risks in need of fixing Not enough truck washes

108 Feedback Questions Prefarrowing Yes / No Old style or juice collected during the break

109 Feedback (Regular) Weeks 4, 5, 6 1x per month, weeks 4, 5, 6, 7 (with outbreak juice) Whole herd every other month (with outbreak juice)

110 Has PED helped PRRS?? PED and PRRS

111 S. Tousignant

112 PED and PRRS Has PED helped PRRS?? Hole in farrowing = Yes

113 Batch Farrowing Break in farrowing seems to significantly improve recovery. Can wean all out

114 PED and PRRS Has PED helped PRRS?? Shut down = Yes

115 PED and PRRS Has PED helped PRRS?? Increased biosecurity = Yes

116 Biosecurity Shower in shower out works Research sites Large sow farm Danish entry

117 People Down Time This farm previously tried to infect the unexposed farm with people from the breaking farm. Work 6-8 hours on hot farm (5 workers) Shower out Drive 18 miles in their own vehicles Shower in new farm work 1 hour in GDU rooms with pigs Repeat for 5 days Farm never broke!

118 Eradication Load Close Homogenize Start testing piglets at days post break

119 PED Eradication We challenged Canadian veterinarians and epidemiologists to go for eradication in Canada. It would be a great example for us to learn from.

120 PED Eradication North Carolina is trying to take negative. + -

121 Swine Vet Center Trial

122

123 Conclusion The first 6-8 tons of feed would have been bioassay negative BUT The bin infected the farm (bioassay positive)

124 Client Preparation PED Fire Drill

125 Control It s so complicated, it s actually SIMPLE.

126 Basic Disease Control Sow immunity Transfer of immunity to piglets Colostrum Lactogenic immunity Sanitation Done well, it works!!

127 Basic Disease Control Feedback Done well, it works!!

128

129 Basic Disease Control Reduction of exposure dose Sanitation Surgical suite clean Done well, it works!!

130 The government became involved on June 5, 2014.

131 USDA Mandatory Reporting of New Detections of Swine Enteric Coronaviruses Federal order issued on June 5, 2014 requiring producers, vets and diagnostic labs to report presumptive or confirmed positive cases of PEDV, PDCoV, or other novel swine enteric coronaviruses (collectively referred to as swine enteric coronavirus diseases = SECD). Presumptive positive herds are those that have tested PCR positive for SECD but do not have clinical signs or a history of SECD. Confirmed positive herds are that that have PCR positive test results and have clinical signs or a history consistent with SECD infection.

132 PED vaccine We have tried 1 of 2 vaccines on 4 herds that seemed to want to go chronic 2 producers are quite satisfied with results.

133 SUMMARY Much has been learned. We are hopeful that there will be far fewer cases of PED this winter.

134 PED in the U.S.A. Experience and Update 2014 PorkExpo VII International Congress on Swine Iguassu Falls, Brazil Dr. Tim Loula Swine Vet Center St. Peter, Minnesota U.S.A