Scottish Colleges Carbon Footprint Report January 2015
Contents Executive Summary 1 1 Introduction 2 1.1 General 2 1.2 Background to the Organisations 2 1.3 Report Structure 3 2 Methodology 5 2.1 Reporting Principles 5 2.2 Scope 6 2.3 Data Sources 8 2.4 Boundaries 8 2.5 Emissions sources 8 2.6 Emission factors 8 3 Footprint Results 10 3.1 Carbon emissions equivalent baseline 10 4 Tracking emissions over time 14 5 Analysis and Observations 14 6 Assumptions and Limitations 14 7 Summary 15 Appendix A 16 Appendix B 41 Appendix C 42
Executive Summary In partnership with the Scottish Funding Council (SFC), Zero Waste Scotland (ZWS) has developed a carbon emissions (tco2e 1 ) footprint baseline ( footprint ) for colleges in Scotland to assist with the monitoring of progress to reduce emissions in the Further Education (FE) sector. As part of this process all Scottish colleges in the FE sector were contacted to request energy, waste, water and transport fuel use data which was used to calculate the carbon baseline of Scotland s FE sector. The carbon baseline has been calculated based on the Green House Gas (GHG) Protocol 2 methodology. Colleges were requested to provide primary data where possible. Where incomplete data sets were provided, extrapolations and historical data where publically available, were used. Extrapolations have been based on complete data sets received from the other colleges. The SFC and the Environmental Association for Universities and Colleges (EAUC) also provided data which has been used in producing this carbon footprint. The footprint has been broken down by emission source, scope and individual college. The overall carbon footprint of the FE sector in Scotland for 2013/14 is 59,542 tco2e. 1 Tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tco2e) 2 The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard [online] http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/public/ghg-protocol-revised.pdf 1
1 Introduction 1.1 General With an uptake of 400,000 students per year from across Scotland, the Further Education (FE) sector plays an important role in the agenda of the Scottish Government. The Climate Change (Scotland) Act, 2009, emphasises that reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to a low carbon economy will help create a more successful country, with opportunities for all of Scotland to flourish, through increasing sustainable economic growth. Part 4 of the Act places climate change duties on Scottish public bodies, which includes the FE sector. In partnership with the Scottish Funding Council (SFC), Zero Waste Scotland (ZWS) has developed a carbon emissions (tco2e) footprint baseline ( footprint ) for colleges in Scotland to assist with the monitoring of progress to reduce emissions in the FE sector. As part of this process, all Scottish colleges in the FE Sector were requested to provide energy, waste, water and transport fuel use data. The received data was used to calculate the footprint of Scotland s FE sector based on the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol methodology 3. This report presents the calculated carbon emissions baseline. Following a reorganisation of the FE sector, the number of colleges in Scotland was reduced from 46 to 25 4 with just under a third of these being considered new colleges. These new colleges have changed in terms of estate, procurement and size. Some colleges are now of a size to potentially be eligible for the Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) Energy Efficiency Scheme 5, and all fall under the Universities & Colleges Climate Change Commitment for Scotland (UCCCfS) a copy of which is given in Appendix B. Subsequently, all of Scotland's colleges have signed the UCCCfS, which requires the preparation and publication of a five-year Climate Change Action Plan. The Action Plans must include targets and timescales to achieve a significant reduction in emissions from all our activities, including: Energy consumption and source; Waste reduction, recycling and responsible disposal; Sustainable estate development; Sustainable travel planning; and Responsible procurement of goods and services. The Commitment requires colleges to report their carbon emissions annually. 1.2 Background to the Organisations The data for this carbon emissions baseline has been collated through two parallel processes. Nine 6 of the recently amalgamated colleges are participating in ZWS s Carbon Management Programme, the aim of which is to develop a carbon management plan for each college. To assist in developing the plans, each college has produced a baseline carbon footprint. Colleges not participating in the ZWS carbon management programme were requested to provide data on energy, water waste and transport use. This data was subsequently 3 The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard [online] http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/public/ghg-protocol-revised.pdf 4 Scottish Funding Council http://www.sfc.ac.uk/aboutus/council_funded_institutions/whowefundcolleges.aspx 5 https://www.gov.uk/crc-energy-efficiency-scheme-qualification-and-registration 6 The nine colleges who participated in the ZWS Carbon Management Programme are: City of Glasgow College, Dundee and Angus College, Edinburgh College, Fife College, Forth Valley College, Glasgow Clyde College, Glasgow Kelvin College, North East College Scotland and Scotland s Rural College (SRUC). 2
converted to carbon emissions and combined with the data from colleges participating in the Carbon Management Programme, to produce a carbon baseline of the Further Education sector. A complete data set was not available for all colleges and therefore extrapolations were used where data was missing; this applied to 10 colleges. In addition, historic data was used for Moray College UHI (University of Highlands and Islands) from their published 2008/09 footprint. Extrapolation methods are discussed in the Methodology section. A summary of data used in the carbon emissions baseline is outlined in Table 1: Table 1: Summary of data used by type by college College Data Submitted Estimation/ Extrapolation Ayrshire College Borders College City of Glasgow College Dumfries & Galloway College Dundee and Angus College Edinburgh College Fife College Forth Valley College Glasgow Clyde College Glasgow Kelvin College Inverness College UHI Lews Castle College UHI Moray College UHI New College Lanarkshire Newbattle Abbey College North East Scotland College North Highland College UHI Orkney College UHI Perth College UHI Sabhal Mor Ostaig UHI South Lanarkshire College West College Scotland West Highland College UHI West Lothian College Historical secondary data 1.3 Report Structure This report presents the results of the FE Sector footprint and details the scope, boundary, assumptions and methodology used in its creation. The methodology used for the footprint calculations is covered in Section 2, including the reporting principles that the methodology is based on and how the baseline is broken down into different emission scopes for reporting. Sources of data and boundaries for data gathering are summarised in Sections 2.3 and 2.4 respectively, and in detail for each college in Appendix A. Sources of emissions and emission factors are also provided in Section 2.5 and 2.6 respectively. 3
The footprint results are presented in Section 3, with results by emission scope, by college and by emission source. This report discusses the findings from the footprint in Section 3.1. Suggestions for improving future footprinting exercises are presented in Section 4. 4
2 Methodology This section sets out the methodology employed to produce the FE Sector footprint. 2.1 Reporting Principles The following key principles are central to the development of the footprint and are applied throughout the calculation for the baseline year and should be considered for any subsequent annual calculations. 2.1.1 Relevance All identified sources of carbon emissions considered likely to make a material (greater than 1%) contribution to the sector footprint were included in the data collection exercise. No sources are knowingly excluded without initial quantification and assessment of its contribution to the overall footprint. 2.1.2 Completeness To identify all relevant sources of carbon emissions and water use, a process map (figure 1) was developed for an example college estate. Figure 1: Typical college carbon emission sources Extrapolations were required where data was not available for all individual colleges, or for parts of the individual college footprints. Where extrapolation was required, this has been applied on a conservative basis, the aim being to over-estimate (rather than underestimate) the carbon footprint. Additionally, material over-estimation has been considered and avoided as far as possible. Extrapolations have been used to fill gaps in data where a college provided an incomplete data set (for example, provided energy data but not water or waste). Extrapolations based on Gross Internal Area (GIA) in terms of meters squared (m 2 ) have been used where no energy, water, waste or transport data was provided. Details of these extrapolations are provided in the college summaries in Appendix A. 2.1.3 Consistency The scope, boundaries, data sources, calculation methodologies, assumptions and extrapolations used have been documented in this report so they can be consistently applied year on year to allow meaningful comparison of the footprint in future. 5
This footprint is aligned to the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol, adding to the credibility and consistency of the scope and approach. 2.1.4 Transparency To assist the colleges communicate the footprint to stakeholders and third parties, information on the scope, boundaries and overall outputs is provided in this report. Throughout the development of the footprint, detailed records of each college s data, methods of calculation, assumptions and extrapolations have been made, with the objective of retaining a transparent and comparable audit trail for the assessment. A summary of each college footprint is provided in Appendix A. 2.1.5 Accuracy In all aspects of the footprint, uncertainty has been reduced as far as is practicable by the use of primary data relating to the specific colleges. Where this was unavailable, historical data, where publically available, and extrapolation based on data from other colleges has been used. 2.2 Scope Data is presented by scope. The GHG Protocol 7 categorises GHG emissions as scope 1, 2 or 3 emissions, as defined below and shown in Figure 2. Presenting the footprint by scopes allows understanding of the key emission sources in the sector footprint. It gives potential for programmes in future years to target improvements in data collection to areas where data has been identified to be less robust in this footprint. This footprint is measured in tco 2 e (carbon dioxide equivalents, used to enable comparison of different greenhouse gases in one unit of measurement). 7 The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard Revised Edition, Worlds Resources Institute; World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2004. 6
Figure 2: Emissions Scopes 8 CO 2 SF 6 CH 4 N 2 O HFCs PFCs Scope 1 Emissions: Direct emissions occur from sources that are owned or controlled by the organisation, for example, emissions from combustion in owned or controlled boilers, furnaces, vehicles, etc.; emissions from chemical production in owned or controlled process equipment. Scope 2 Emissions: Electricity - indirect emissions arising from the generation of purchased electricity consumed by the organisation. Emissions from electricity generated on-site are also classed as Scope 2. Scope 3 Emissions: An optional reporting category that allows for the treatment of all other indirect emissions. Scope 3 emissions are a consequence of the activities of the organisation, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company. Examples of scope 3 activities are extraction and production of purchased materials; transportation of purchased fuels, including electricity; and use of sold products and services. Scope 3 also includes the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses for purchased electricity supplied through the grid. 8 Public Sector Sustainability Reporting - Guidance on the preparation of Annual Sustainability Reports, Financial Year_2012-2013 7
2.3 Data Sources To establish a footprint of the Scottish FE sector a Carbon Baseline Tool was developed. This required information from each college, covering annual energy, waste, water and transport data. The 9 colleges participating in the ZWS Carbon Management Programme were presented with the Carbon Baseline Tool and advised by their Programme Advisor on the collection and collation of data and the input of data into the Carbon Baseline Tool. This data was reviewed by the Programme Advisor and checked for irregularities or errors. Non ZWS Programme participant colleges were issued a data request to complete and return. Data collection was undertaken by email and non-responding institutions were contacted by telephone. As data was received it was inserted into the Carbon Baseline Tool. As spreadsheets from different colleges were returned and inserted into the tool, data was reviewed to check the accuracy, and to identify areas where clarification was needed. In some instances, the data supplied was not sufficient enough to complete a footprint of that college, and in other cases no data was available for entire colleges. In these circumstances historical data was then requested. Historical data was available for Moray College UHI from their 2008/09 footprint. Where no historical data was available for a college, its emissions were estimated and extrapolated based on data from the other colleges. 2.4 Boundaries Carbon footprints are generally defined in relation to two boundaries: the organisational boundary and the operational boundary. Financial control is a common approach used for the organisational boundary. An organisation has financial control over an operation or asset if it directly or indirectly has the ability to direct the financial and operating policies of the operation with a view to managing the economic impacts or benefits from the its activities. In the university and colleges context, the organisations are largely responsible for the financial performance (and risks) of the operation and its assets; thus financial control was chosen ahead of operational control (the alternative approach) as operational control is less relevant. The operational boundary includes all Scope 1 and 2 emissions relevant to the operation of the colleges, as detailed in Section 2.5. 2.5 Emissions sources Emissions arising from the following categories were included, where reported, in the footprint: Buildings (e.g. electricity, gas, fuel oil); Transport (e.g. staff mileage, school fleet transport); Waste (e.g. food waste, recyclables, WEEE 9 ); and Water (e.g. potable water supply and treatment). All other sources not included within these four categories were excluded from this footprint. 2.6 Emission factors Data on energy use, travel and transport, water supply, wastewater treatment and waste to landfill were converted into carbon emissions (tco 2 e) using recognised GHG Protocol 9 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). 8
consistent emission factors provided in Defra s 10 /DECC 11 s Greenhouse Gas Guidelines and Conversion Factors for Company Reporting (2014) 12. These are presented in Appendix C. 10 Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) 11 Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) 12 http://www.ukconversionfactorscarbonsmart.co.uk/documents/2014%20emission%20factor%20methodology% 20Paper_FINAL-4Jul14.pdf 9
3 Footprint Results This section details the results of the Scottish FE Sector footprinting project. The overall footprint of the FE sector in Scotland is 59,542 tco2e. 3.1 Carbon emissions equivalent baseline Colleges provided data for either 2012/2013 or 2013/2014, depending on data availability and any current reporting cycles. Figure 3 shows the total footprint in tco 2 e broken down by emissions scope, as defined in section 2.2 of this report. This shows that scope 2 emissions (associated with electricity use) contribute the most to the total baseline. Scope 1 emissions (associated with fuel combustion) are the next largest contributor. Figure 4 provides further details on emission sources within scopes. The category unknown scope includes sources of transport where it is unknown whether these are vehicles owned by the colleges, or whether they are rented or staff-owned. The use of unknown was reduced as far as possible from the data received through clarification with the colleges. Figure 3: Total Footprint by emissions scope 10
Total Footprint Breakdown by Emissions Source Figure 4 shows the total footprint in tco 2 e by emissions source: buildings, transport, waste and water. This shows that buildings emissions (associated with scope 2 energy use) contribute the most to the total footprint; therefore electricity and fuel use in buildings is the key contribution to the colleges carbon footprints. The emissions arising from buildings account for 94% of the total colleges footprint, waste contributes 3%, transport contributes 2% and emissions from water are just 1% of the total footprint. Figure 4: Total footprint by emissions source 11
Total Footprint by College Figure 5 shows the total footprint in tonnes of CO 2 e by college. This shows the absolute footprint, and does not take into account that some colleges are much larger than others and so may have larger absolute footprints. Individual college footprints are given in Appendix A. Figure 5: Total footprint by college 12
Footprint breakdown of tco 2 e by m 2 for each college Figure 6 shows tonnes of CO 2 e per m 2 floor areas for each college presented as tco 2 e per m 2 where m 2 is the gross internal area (GIA) of the college. The emissions by GIA range between colleges from 0.01 to 0.12 tco 2 e per m 2. Figure 6: Carbon emissions (tco2e) footprint by college per m 2 13
4 Tracking emissions over time It is not known at this time how the Scottish FE Sector footprint will be used to monitor emissions reduction progress, or at what intervals the process of calculating the Sector footprint is likely to be repeated. However, the method, scope and boundaries used to calculate this footprint have been clearly set out in this document allowing the process to be repeated at a future time and for a credible comparison to be made. The footprint exercise is valuable for colleges beyond the creation of a baseline number. The completed Carbon Management Plan (for colleges participating in the ZWS Carbon Management Programme) and baseline tool will be valuable tools for tracking emissions over time. This will enable colleges to understand the impact emissions savings projects are having/will have in reducing their total footprint. 5 Analysis and Observations The key contribution to the footprint is energy used in buildings, in particular scope 2 electricity use. Transport emissions are the second highest after buildings use, and a high proportion of these relate to scope 3, which relates to staff travel on public transport or in their own, or rented vehicles. Recommendations for improving and completing future footprints include: Individual colleges should be advised of the importance of establishing and maintaining systems/processes for the collation of energy, water, waste and transport data on a regular basis (minimum six monthly). This will help colleges and the SFC better collect the data and prepare for the implementation (date not known) of mandatory public sector carbon emission reporting in Scotland; Minimise changes to the data collection spreadsheets, as year on year, colleges will become more familiar with data return thus making it easier for them to complete it; Provide colleges with advance warning of when the data will be required and allow sufficient time for the colleges to complete the data return; and Provide support to the colleges with completing the data return. 6 Assumptions and Limitations Gathering data from colleges was a key limitation in this project. Compilation of the footprint relied upon receiving accurate data from each college; however in some cases this data was not available for all or part of the college. This limitation was overcome by the use of extrapolations. Extrapolations were applied where data was not available for all individual colleges, or for parts of the individual college footprint. Extrapolations based on GIA in terms of meters squared (m 2 ) were used where no energy, water, waste or transport data was provided. Details of extrapolations are provided on a college by college basis in Appendix A. Where no data was available for a college, the average of all of the other colleges was used, based on the average tco 2 e per m 2 GIA. Further assumptions are discussed in the college summaries in Appendix A. 14
7 Summary The overall footprint of the FE sector in Scotland is 59,542 tco2e. The footprint has been based on primary, secondary and extrapolated data for 24 colleges in Scotland. Of the 25 SFC funded colleges, one did not provide data through the data collection exercise. The emissions arising from buildings (scope 1 and 2) account for 94% of the total footprint, while waste contributes 3%, transport contributes 2% and emissions from water are just 1% of the total footprint. To further improve the robustness of future footprints consideration should be given to supporting colleges to implement, maintain and improve systems for collecting data and minimise changes to the process for collecting the data. 15
Appendix A College summaries Summary for each college including the college footprint split by scope, sources of data received, specific assumptions/limitations and extrapolations is given below. This Appendix is available on request from Deanne Holden, Policy/Analysis Officer, Capital and Climate Change, Scottish Funding Council: dholden@sfc.ac.uk 16
Appendix B Universities and Colleges Climate Commitment for Scotland 41
Appendix C tco 2 e Emission Factors Used The following emission factors from Defra s Guidelines to Defra/DECC s Greenhouse Gas Conversion Factors for Company Reporting were applied in the modeling of the 2012, 2013 and 2014 footprint. Beyond 2014, future years are the same as 2014/15. Colleges using the baseline tool should update the factors when latest DEFRA/DECC figures are published. Table 1: Defra emission factors used in the calculation of the 2012-2014 carbon footprint, with references Buildings and Water Grid Electricity use Emission Type Electricity (kwh) Units 2012 2013 2014 Scope (where known) Activity kg CO2e/kWh 0.4600 0.4455 0.4943 2 Generation Gas use Gas (kwh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.1852 0.1840 0.1850 1 Gross Gas oil use Gas Oil (kwh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.2778 0.2718 0.2721 1 Gross Fuel Oil use Fuel Oil (kwh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.2683 0.2688 0.2695 1 Gross Potable Water Potable Water Potable Water - Supply (m3) Potable Water - Treatment (m3) kg CO2e/m3 0.3441 0.3441 0.3441 3 kg CO2e/m3 0.7085 0.7085 0.7085 3 Potable Water Supply Potable Water Treatment Source Reference Diesel use Diesel (litres) kg CO2e/litre 2.5835 2.6008 2.6024 1 Average biofuel 42
Buildings and Water Renewable Energy Exported (kwh) Renewable Energy Exported (kwh) Renewable Energy Consumed (kwh) Renewable Energy Consumed (kwh) Biomass (kwh) Biomass (kwh) Emission Type Photovoltaic Export (kwh) Wind Export (kwh) Photovoltaic Used (kwh) Wind Used (kwh) Wood pellets (kwh) Wood chips (kwh) Units 2012 2013 2014 Scope (where known) kg CO2e/kWh -0.4600-0.4455-0.4943 2 kg CO2e/kWh -0.4600-0.4455-0.4943 2 kg CO2e/kWh 0 0 0 2 kg CO2e/kWh 0 0 0 2 kg CO2e/kWh 0.0118 0.0118 0.0118 1 kg CO2e/kWh 0.0118 0.0118 0.0118 1 Petrol use Petrol (litres) kg CO2e/litre 2.2423 2.2144 2.1914 1 Activity LPG LPG (kwh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.2146 0.2145 0.2145 1 Gross blend Exporting of electricity to the grid Exporting of electricity to the grid As per Defra guidance this is only including N2O and CH4. CO2 is not included As per Defra guidance this is only including N2O and CH4. CO2 is not included Average biofuel blend Source Reference In accordance with Defra's 'Environmental reporting guidelines' In accordance with Defra's 'Environmental reporting guidelines' Kerosene Burning Oil kg CO2e/kWh 0.0511 0.2456 0.2467 1 Gross 43
Buildings and Water Biodiesel Emission Type (kwh) Biodiesel (litres) Units 2012 2013 2014 Scope (where known) kg CO2e/litre 0.0175 0.0187 0.0195 1 Biogas Biogas (kwh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.2460 0.2460 0.2460 Outside of scope Heat and Steam Steam (kwh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.2199 0.2164 0.2441 1 Other Other Other - Water (t CO2e) Other - Buildings (t CO2e) t CO2e 1000 1000 1000 t CO2e 1000 1000 1000 Activity Other activity - buildings Source Reference 44
Waste Waste Type Units 2012 2013 2014 General Waste General Waste Paper Cardboard Mixed Recyclables WEEE Food Food Other General Waste - Landfill (tonnes) General Waste - AD (tonnes) Paper (tonnes) Cardboard (tonnes) Mixed Recyclables (tonnes) WEEE (tonnes) Food - Landfill (tonnes) Food - AD (tonnes) Other - Waste (t CO2e) Scope (where known) kg CO2e/tonne 289.8350 289.8350 289.8350 3 kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3 kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3 kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3 kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3 kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3 kg CO2e/tonne 570 570 570 3 kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3 t CO2e 1000 1000 1000 3 Waste fraction Municipal waste to landfill Municipal waste to anaerobic digestion Paper and Board: Paper (Recycled - closed loop) Paper and Board: Cardboard (Recycled - closed loop) Municipal waste (Recycled - open loop) WEEE mixed (Recycled - open loop) Organic waste: Food and Drink Waste to landfill Organic waste: Food and Drink Waste to aerobic digestion Other activity - waste Source Reference 45
Transport Transport Units 2012 2013 2014 Flights Flights Flights Rail Flights - Domestic average (passenger km) Flights - Short haul average (passenger km) Flights - Long haul average (passenger km) Rail (passenger km) kg CO2e/passenger km kg CO2e/passenger km kg CO2e/passenger km kg CO2e/passenger km Scope (where known) 0.3439 0.3266 0.2932 3 0.1963 0.1925 0.1663 3 0.2246 0.2265 0.2102 3 0.0582 0.0490 0.0474 3 Fuel Diesel (litres) kg CO2e/litre 2.5835 2.6008 2.6024 Fuel Petrol (litres) kg CO2e/litre 2.2423 2.2144 2.1914 Car (diesel) Car (petrol) Car (diesel) Car - Average Diesel (km) Car - Average Petrol (km) Car - Small (up to 1.7 litre) Diesel (km) kg CO2e/km 0.1870 0.1832 0.1855 kg CO2e/km 0.2019 0.1981 0.1939 Activity Domestic with RF (average passenger) Short haul with RF (average passenger) Long haul with RF (average passenger) National Rail (average passenger) Diesel (average biofuel blend) Petrol (average biofuel blend) Average Diesel Car Average Petrol Car kg CO2e/km 0.1430 0.1405 0.1470 Small Diesel Car Source Reference Factors v1.1 2015 Car (petrol) Car - Small kg CO2e/km 0.1652 0.1619 0.1606 Small Petrol Car 46
Transport Transport Units 2012 2013 2014 Car (diesel) Car (petrol) Car (diesel) Car (petrol) Van (diesel) Van (diesel) Van (diesel) Van (diesel) Coach Mini bus (up to 1.4 litre) Petrol (km) Car - Medium (1.7 2 litre) Diesel (km) Car - Medium (1.4 2 litre) Petrol (km) Car - Large (2 litre plus) Diesel (km) Car - Large (2 litre plus) Petrol (km) Van (diesel) Class I (km) Van (diesel) Class II (km) Van (diesel) Class III (km) Van (diesel) Average (km) Coach (passenger km) Mini bus (passenger km) kg CO2e/km 0.1776 0.1748 0.1772 kg CO2e/km 0.2077 0.2049 0.2009 Scope (where known) Activity Medium Diesel Car Medium Petrol Car kg CO2e/km 0.2356 0.2294 0.2305 Large Diesel Car kg CO2e/km 0.2979 0.2968 0.2901 Large Petrol Car kg CO2e/km 0.1532 0.1535 0.1535 kg CO2e/km 0.2260 0.2270 0.2270 kg CO2e/km 0.2664 0.2688 0.2688 kg CO2e/km 0.2490 0.2509 0.2509 kg CO2e/passenger km kg CO2e/passenger km Class I (up to 1.305 tonnes) Class II (1.305 to 1.74 tonnes) Class III (1.74 to 3.5 tonnes) Average (up to 3.5 tonnes) 0.0287 0.0293 0.0293 3 Average coach 0.0287 0.0293 0.0293 3 Average coach Source Reference Factors v1.1 2016 Factors v1.1 2017 Factors v1.1 2018 Factors v1.1 2019 Factors v1.1 2020 Bus Bus, average kg 0.1120 0.1116 0.1016 Average local bus 47
Transport Transport Units 2012 2013 2014 Ferry Taxi Subway/Metro Other local bus (passenger km) Ferry (passenger km) Regular taxi (passenger km) Underground (passenger km) Other - Transport (t CO2e) CO2e/passenger km kg CO2e/passenger km kg CO2e/passenger km kg CO2e/passenger km Scope (where known) Activity 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 3 Ferry 0.1476 0.1443 0.1776 Regular Taxi 0.0719 0.0636 0.0631 Underground t CO2e 1,000 1,000 1,000 Other activity - transport Source Reference 48
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