Strengthening governance, risk and An Economist Intelligence Unit report Sponsored by SAP
Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 009 Strengthening governance, risk and Preface Strengthening governance, risk and is an Economist Intelligence Unit report sponsored by SAP. The Economist Intelligence Unit bears sole responsibility for this report. The Economist Intelligence Unit s editorial team conducted the interviews and wrote the report. The findings and views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor. Dan Armstrong was the editor of the report and Mike Kenny was responsible for layout and design. Our thanks are due to all of the survey respondents and interviewees for their time and insights. February 009 1
Strengthening governance, risk and Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 009 Strengthening governance, risk and Insurance companies have long struggled to gain greater efficiency and transparency in their financial processes through automation and process redesign. Their efforts have generally been focused on the negative goals of controlling costs, reducing sudden financial shocks and avoiding regulatory sanctions. However, some companies are discovering that a more integrated approach to managing financial processes can be a source not only of efficiency but also of strategic advantage. Many companies are aiming at achieving that added value through governance, risk and compliance (GRC) initiatives, which embed rules, processes and controls in keeping with a carrier s operating policies and strategic objectives. These measures provide greater transparency into day-to-day operations, help to identify potential risk exposures, and enable companies to react in a timely fashion to emerging risks. GRC is characterised by efficiency and accuracy, but can also add the dimension of providing a synoptic picture of risk to support strategic decision-making. That sort of insight has become suddenly much more important in 009, in the wake of a financial crisis that could just as accurately be termed a risk management crisis. While strict solvency requirements helped the insurance industry to weather the crisis better than their counterparts in banking and securities, some insurers did encounter unforeseen exposures in their investment portfolios, the consequences of which are yet to be fully realised. There is little question that many insurers lacked the capability to develop a comprehensive picture of risk exposure at a corporate level, comprising credit, market and operational risk. Moreover, insurers operating in the European Union face challenges stemming from the updated set of regulatory requirements known as Solvency II. The Supervisory Review Process of Solvency II aims to identify institutions with financial, organisational or other features that result in a higher risk profile. Because the authorities will review financial processes as well as governance and capital reserves, it will be necessary to know who know who participates in each process, what the person does, and the results of the process. The problem with autonomy Achieving a unified enterprise view of financial process remains an almost quixotic goal in much of the insurance industry because of the operational autonomy of business units. Even in companies that enjoy a high degree of process automation, consistent use of practices and tools across the enterprise
Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 009 Strengthening governance, risk and Figure 1: Insurers struggle with complexity, inconsistency and incompatibility What are the biggest problems with your current financial processes? Select up to three. Complex procedures which are difficult to model or automate Inconsistent methodologies around the organisation Incompatible technology (eg, customised spreadsheets, databases and commercial products) The need to reconcile inconsistent or redundant data from multiple sources Boundaries between departments, with departmental managers trying to hold on to authority Too many manual processes Controls which are too numerous or restrictive 1 Portions of the process depend on individuals who are not always available 19 Lack of visibility and accountability The need to document audit trails 1 Other 36 36 33 33 9 9 Source: Economist Intelligence Unit survey, 009. is rare. As Figure 1 shows, insurers struggle with complex procedures, inconsistent methodologies and incompatible technology. In order to produce a complete financial picture on which to base decisions, survey respondents report the need to reconcile inconsistent or redundant data from disparate sources. To some degree insurers are more concerned about the risks of improving their processes than the risks those processes can reveal, as illustrated by Figure. Nearly half of the respondents cited high cost as a barrier to standardising and automating financial processes. They also reported difficulties caused by the complexity of modeling financial process and the incommensurability of regulatory regimes within different lines of business. Responses also showed that the siloed organisational structure of insurance companies made securing buy-in from line-of-business managers more difficult than corporate-level leadership. Securian Financial, a $.8 billion US life insurer based in Minnesota, eased its transition to an economic capital-based approach to risk management by enlisting business managers into working About the survey In 008 and early 009, on behalf of SAP, the Economist Intelligence Unit surveyed 6 senior executives from ten industries about their views on their financial processes and their attempts to improve them. Of this total, 8 came from the insurance industry (both life and property and casualty). It is these insurance executives upon which this paper is based. Of these respondents, 30% hailed from Europe, % from North America and 0% from the Asia/Pacific region. Over half worked for companies with annual revenues in excess of $1bn. One-third have positions in the C-suite and another % came from the VP level or higher. Most respondents served in the finance, risk management, strategy, business development or operations functions. 3
Strengthening governance, risk and Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 009 Figure : Insurers want to improve data integrity and cut back on manual processes What would be the biggest benefits of an initiative to standardise and automate your financial processes? Select up to three. Enhancing data integrity Cutting back on manual processes, decreasing risk of error Freeing staff from routine number-crunching, redeploying into higher-value activities Meeting compressed deadlines/improve response time Reducing costs Better visibility into origin of numbers and how they are calculated 17 Standardisation of methodologies around the enterprise Higher productivity Able to set risk thresholds, data access and other controls centrally 1 Better compliance with regulatory requirements 10 Able to identify and resolve bottlenecks 9 Fewer opportunities for fraud 3 Other 3 0 8 3 Source: Economist Intelligence Unit survey, 009. groups on key topics. Our approach was to work with them to achieve quick wins demonstrating the advantages of the new way of measuring risk and value, says Vice President and Chief Actuary Leslie Chapman. For example, we formed an asset/liability management group. We have found that by having every business line actively engaging in dialogue has help drive buy-in. Chapman credits a combination of corporate risk management culture and the power of automation in enabling Securian to more precisely measure and project risk exposure. By building a platform allowing a view of risk from an economic capital perspective, the company is able to see the impact of decisions from multiple perspectives, which simultaneously enables more secure and more opportunistic management of risk. We have enhanced our financial processes and reporting over the years so that we can spend less time quantifying and more time analysing, comments Chapman. We couldn t do this at all without automation. But the value is multiplied as we get faster, enabling us to spend more time on decisionmaking, which results in higher-quality decisions. Securian is clearly not alone in its appreciation of the potential benefits of more automated financial processes as demonstrated by survey respondents reports of the benefits their companies have enjoyed (Fig. 3). Respondents say that higher levels of automation have yielded faster processes with fewer errors while at the same time requiring less staff to manage them. By embedding risk assessments into financial processes, two-thirds of respondents enjoyed greater efficiency and over 80% reported higher-quality decisions.
Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 009 Strengthening governance, risk and Figure 3: Insurers say automation yields greater speed, lower costs and better decisions Percentage reporting increase as a result of process automation Percentage reporting decrease as a result of process automation Number of poor-quality decisions Audit costs Control errors Time required Headcount -70-60 -0-0 -30-0 -10 0 10 0 Source: Economist Intelligence Unit survey, 009. Despite these successes, very few insurers have overcome either the cost and difficulty barriers to achieving enterprise GRC capability. Few companies have developed the discipline of balancing asset and liability risk and tend to manage these portfolios independently. Most insurers continue to manage through the rear-view mirror, attempting to predict the future solely on past performance, often on the basis of stale reports. Few companies can produce accurate, near-real-time information to support decision-making, and fewer still have mastered scenario analysis and regular risk stress-testing. While insurers have become very comfortable with many tools and technologies within operational silos, the industry at large has not invested in the capabilities needed to correlate all of its risk exposures and track their interdependencies. The value of aligned processes While manual processes present opportunities for error, slow the distribution of vital information and keep executives from higher-value tasks, the dichotomy of good versus bad management is more important than that of manual versus automated processes. Automation is key to competing at an accelerated pace of business. But sound manual practices reveal the full potential of GRC. In any case, successful GRC initiatives will not mean the total abolition of manual processes. I am less concerned about manual processes than having an aligned approach to risk management across the overall organisation, observes Axel Lehman, chief risk officer of Zurich Financial Services, a $ billion company that does business in more than 170 countries. Whether I get risk reports from Japan or South Africa, I want to know that like risks are reported in the same way. That degree of uniformity is impossible without a commitment to risk management as a corporate priority from top management. From the management level, risk culture must be instituted throughout every level of the organisation, in order to fully understand risk both at local and corporate levels. Companies need risk aggregation capabilities in place that allow them to look at risk in an aggregated, enterprise-wide view, comments Lehman. One of the essential lessons of the financial crisis is the need for a holistic view of risk. Risk management begins at Zurich with a board risk committee, followed by the CEO, who is ultimately
Strengthening governance, risk and Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 009 responsible for risk management. As chief risk officer, Lehman shares risk management with other members of the executive team, who in turn work with business unit leaders, who are responsible for observing risk management procedures and standards while retaining the independence they need to function as business managers. Zurich has implemented a Risk Modeling Platform with the ability to tap into other information systems and reconcile information. That gives the insurer the ability to understand local risks and aggregate them up through various levels of the organisation. Zurich has also instituted what it calls Total Risk Profiling, which identifies and records risk at all levels of the organisation, and it has implemented an economic capital framework to project return on risk-based capital in the company s strategic decision-making. Too often insurers limit their risk management activities to the negative goals of protection, reducing earnings volatility, protecting the capital base and otherwise insulating the franchise from negative surprises, Lehman believes. He regards that approach as necessary but not sufficient. Risk management in a well-managed company is used to support profitable risk-taking and growth, he says. It is not only about being aware of the risk exposure, but strategically shaping the risk/return profile of the organisation. 6
Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 009 Strengthening governance, risk and Conclusion Insurance companies were among the original adopters of information technology, and their actuaries, underwriters and accountants have demonstrated interest and even mastery in the use of a broad range of technological tools in recent times. However, the traditional independence of business lines and the functions within them have contrived to render the insurance industry a laggard in process automation even in the core functions of governance, risk management and compliance that have special importance in a highly regulated industry dedicated to the profitable transfer of risk. Moreover, when insurers have adopted technology to upgrade governance, risk and compliance processes, the focus has been on reducing costs and increasing efficiency rather than providing an integrated picture of risk to support better decisions. Cost reduction is still a compelling argument for moving forward, especially in a stagnant economy. But the less heralded benefits which ultimately may be more important have to do with improving the quality of decisions. Companies have managed to be profitable despite their dependence on manual processes, but as the pace of business accelerates, the speed and efficiency afforded by automation becomes more important. Even more important is the need to have an enterprise-wide picture of risk and the ability to identify and react to emerging risks. Risk is opportunity for insurers, but they need a tighter grip on their overall portfolio of risk with the emergence of new and imperfectly understood risks, such as those associated with the financial markets, rapid change in laws and regulations, information security vulnerability, climate change, political instability and terrorism. An example of how financial process integration can generate returns rather than simply reduce costs might be the effort by property and casualty insurers to target home and auto insurance policies by location. Underwriting guidelines have long distinguished among risks in different postal codes. Adding precise elevation data by latitude and longitude allows insurers to go further and target, for instance, high-elevation addresses in a postal code dominated by a flood plain. Similarly, a life insurance company might be able to quickly model and price the actuarial effects of, for instance, a widespread outbreak of avian flu. Companies that integrate risk, pricing, location and sales activities should be able to cherry pick high-margin, low-risk underwriting opportunities. Ultimately risk management is about management, not modeling. In the end, technology supplies input for decision-making, not the decisions themselves. Nevertheless, with a holistic implementation of GRC, governance risk and compliance are consistently defined, closely linked and embedded throughout the organisation through end-to-end processes and controls. Well-designed automated processes efficiently integrate financial reporting, compliance and risk monitoring into daily operations. Furthermore, they afford greater ease of modification, giving insurers the ability to react to changes in the marketplace. Finally, they not only reinforce the protective aspects of risk management but they also provide the basis for strategic risk management as an engine of profitability. 7
Appendix Survey results: Insurance respondents only Strengthening governance, risk and Economist Intelligence Unit 009 Appendix Survey results: Insurance respondents only What are the biggest problems with your current financial processes? Select up to three. Complex procedures which are difficult to model or automate 36 Inconsistent methodologies around the organisation 36 Incompatible technology (eg, customised spreadsheets, databases and commercial products) 33 The need to reconcile inconsistent or redundant data from multiple sources 33 Boundaries between departments, with departmental managers trying to hold on to authority 9 Too many manual processes 9 Controls which are too numerous or restrictive 1 Portions of the process depend on individuals who are not always available 19 Lack of visibility and accountability The need to document audit trails 1 Other What would be the biggest drawbacks of an initiative to standardise and automate financial processes? Select up to two. What would be the biggest benefits of an initiative to standardise and automate your financial processes? Select up to three. Enhancing data integrity Cutting back on manual processes, decreasing risk of error Freeing staff from routine number-crunching, redeploying into higher-value activities 3 Meeting compressed deadlines/improve response time 3 Reducing costs Better visibility into origin of numbers and how they are calculated 17 Standardisation of methodologies around the enterprise Higher productivity Able to set risk thresholds, data access and other controls centrally 1 Better compliance with regulatory requirements 10 Able to identify and resolve bottlenecks 9 Fewer opportunities for fraud 3 Other 8 0 8 High level of investment required Difficulty of getting buy-in from business lines/regions 8 Difficulty of modeling complex financial processes 6 Multiple regulatory regimes make compliance rules unique by business and/or region Difficulty of getting buy-in from senior management 1 Organisation is too diverse in its business lines 17 Business model and operations are unique 1 Financial processes are sufficiently fast, efficient and accurate now 7 7
Economist Intelligence Unit 009 Strengthening governance, risk and Appendix Survey results: Insurance respondents only In the past five years, which of the following tasks has your organisation attempted to address by improving its financial processes? Select all that apply. Increase level of automation for processes in general Prioritise controls based on risk assessments Increase level of automation for internal controls Realign segregation of duties Reduce redundancies Other 3 We have not attempted to improve our financial processes 3 3 8 0 76 What improvements, if any, have resulted from these attempts? Increase level of automation for processes in general Much higher Higher No change Lower Much lower Don t know Headcount 7 11 3 8 Time required 11 1 7 1 Control errors 7 7 6 9 Audit costs 9 3 1 Number of poor-quality decisions 7 7 1 What improvements, if any, have resulted from these attempts? Increase level of automation for internal controls Much higher Higher No change Lower Much lower Don t know Headcount 19 31 Time required 19 19 8 1 0 Control errors 19 11 Audit costs 11 7 11 Number of poor-quality decisions 8 0 8 8 What improvements, if any, have resulted from these attempts? Reduce redundancies Much higher Higher No change Lower Much lower Don t know Headcount 11 11 1 3 0 Time required 11 11 11 3 11 Control errors 6 11 17 6 6 6 Audit costs 6 11 0 17 17 Number of poor-quality decisions 6 8 39 6 9
Appendix Survey results: Insurance respondents only Strengthening governance, risk and Economist Intelligence Unit 009 What improvements, if any, have resulted from these attempts? Realign segregation of duties Much higher Higher No change Lower Much lower Don t know Headcount 38 8 Time required 1 33 38 8 Control errors 30 39 Audit costs 7 17 Number of poor-quality decisions 3 What improvements, if any, have resulted from these attempts? Prioritise controls based on risk assessments Much higher Higher No change Lower Much lower Don t know Headcount 1 9 1 7 Time required 8 8 1 3 0 Control errors 11 61 0 Audit costs 3 17 31 31 3 1 Number of poor-quality decisions 7 17 9 3 1 Does your organisation regularly include risk evaluations as part of its financial processes? Yes No Don t know 79 17 3 What are the results of these risk evaluations? Much better Better No change Worse Much worse Don t know Quality of decisions 11 7 17 Efficiency of processes 6 3 36 6 Prioritisation of controls 17 3 8 3 10
Economist Intelligence Unit 009 Strengthening governance, risk and Appendix Survey results: Insurance respondents only In which country are you personally located? United States of America United Kingdom South Korea 7 Canada Nigeria Brazil China India Netherlands Switzerland Australia Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Germany Ghana Hong Kong Hungary Israel Kenya Latvia Mexico Poland Puerto Rico South Africa Spain Thailand Turkey Zimbabwe 9 0 In which region are you personally based? What is your primary industry? In which sub-sector of financial services does your organisation belong? Western Europe 30 North America Asia-Pacific 0 Middle East and Africa Latin America Eastern Europe 1 7 Financial services 100 Insurance 100 11
Appendix Survey results: Insurance respondents only Strengthening governance, risk and Economist Intelligence Unit 009 What are your organisation s global annual revenues in US dollars? What are your main functional roles? Please choose no more than three functions. Which of the following best describes your job title? Board member CEO/President/Managing director 10 CFO/Treasurer/Comptroller CIO/Technology director 0 Other C-level executive SVP/VP/Director Head of Business Unit Head of Department Manager Other 1 1 1 $00m or less $00m to $1bn $1bn to $bn $bn to $10bn $10bn or more 6 19 19 19 Finance Risk General management Strategy and business development Marketing and sales Operations and production 1 Customer service 1 IT 7 Human resources R&D Information and research 3 Legal 0 Procurement 0 Supply-chain management 0 Other 3 9 3 0 Whilst every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of this information, neither The Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd. nor the sponsors of this report can accept any responsibility or liability for reliance by any person on this white paper or any of the information, opinions or conclusions set out in the white paper. 1
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