Kaavoituksen ekotehokkuustyökalut Vuoreksen suunnittelussa Eco-efficiency tools in urban planning
What is eco-efficiency? Welfare of the Ecosystem Ecosystem s ability to renew Biodiversity Ecosystem services Welfare of people Health, safety, living Social and functional environment Influentiality Culture Identity Energy Materials Emissions Original by Aija Staffans, Aalto university
Lähde: P. Lahti, VTT 9.9.2011
What makes an area ecoefficient? No single attribute should be labelled as eco-efficient
Example: ground source heat pumps vs. floor area ratio
Building blocks of ecoefficiency in urban planning Planning for energy systems Eco-efficient construction Energy balance of the area Building energy consumption Mapping the potential of renewable energies Life-cycle carbon footprint Feasibility of district heating and its Building block implementation typology Enabling the use of ecoefficient heating sources Eco-efficient traffic Access to services Traffic prognosis Public transport Walking and biking conditions
Influence of planning Floor area ratio for the area Building types, shapes and block types Siting of buildings, roof types Quality of walkways and bicycle paths Need for transportation Parking Green areas Setting aims for eco-efficiency and following effects of design choices with eco-effiency tools
Is Vuores eco-efficient? Isokuusi total emissions & pro capita enissions Tampere average 2012 5,2 t CO2e/a,cap
Is Vuores eco-efficient? Isokuusi pro capita GHG-emission sensitivity analysis tco2e/a,cap Isokuusi no trend, tco2e/a,cap Isokuusi estimate, tco2e/a,cap
Isokuusi general plan 2012
Eco-efficiency studies in Vuores Kokkujärvi EcoDrive Alternative heating systems TEKO-tool test Solar energy potential Isokuusi emission study Harjanne Solar energy potential Planning for geothermal energy Alternative heating systems TEKO evaluation Aurinkorinne KEKO evaluation Solar energy potential Planning for geothermal energy Västinginmäki Sustainability studio
Eco-efficiency tools
EcoCity evaluator Isokuusi general plan Goal is a nearly carbon neutral area: 80 % less GHG emissions Isokuusi pro capita GHG-emissions t CO2e/a,person Waste & infrastr. Construction Energy cons. Traffic Results: Attention needs to be paid on energy efficient construction and making use of the solar energy potential
TEKO/HEKO-results Koukkujärvi detailed plan Harjanne detailed plan
TEKO/HEKO-results 20 21 1 2 3 19 4 18 5 Area Result Vuores, Koukkuranta 101 Niemenranta 2 (Kartanonranta) 103 Vuores, Harjanne 100 Santalahti, comp. master plan 98 105 17 16 6 7 15 8 14 9 13 12 11 10 Niemenranta 2:n skenaariotarkastelu 100 19 18 17 16 1 21 2 20 3 4 5 6 7 15 8 Santalahti, detailed plan 104 14 13 12 11 10 9
KEKO-evaluation A tool being developed for calculating overall ecoefficiency To be finished in October 2015 Pilot runs in Isokuusi general plan and Aurinkorinne detailed plan drafts: Tool not ready to produce results While collecting information for pilot, attention was paid to average residential floor area per capita Effect on further planning achieved
Calculating eco-efficiency Weaknesses Making calculations leaves room for a lot of subjectivity a grade is hard to make comparable and trustworthy The starting point and result often at average level the impact of choices in planning not visible No difference between alternative plans Opportunities Comprehensive run-through of different factors in eco-efficiency using a tool can effect the plan even with no measurable result Pinpointing the strengths and weaknesses of a plan Can be used to set eco-efficiency goals and follow-up on the result
Role of tools in eco-efficient planning process Initial evaluation of eco-efficiency: focus on identifying important characteristics of the area and setting goals for end result. Master plan Making sure plan supports the set goals Identifying important factors in eco-efficiency Tools need to support making very rough estimations General plan Detailed plan Identifying important factors in eco-efficiency Establishing guidelines for further planning Making sure the important factors are not compromised Identifying important actions after planning One tool Plot handover Contracts support original goals Finished area Estimate of how goals were achieved
Energy studies and incentives
Technical infrastructure as a premise for urban planning 90 % of population in Tampere lives along the district heating network. Is investing in district heating in a new area energy and cost efficient? What are the alternatives and are there commercial applications?
District heating feasibility Energy density is essential District heating feasibility is in relation to floor area ratio of the area total building energy consumption 120,00 100,00 Keskikustannus ( /MWh) 80,00 60,00 40,00 Electric heating Sähkölämpö District heating Kaukolämpö Geothermal heating Maalämpö 20,00 0,00 0 20 40 60 80 100 Energiatiheys (kwh/m2,v)
Isokuusi general plan 2012 Construction schedule has an impac t on feasibility! Compact surrounding structure Mainly district heating area, possibilities for denser structure to be studied in detailed planning Dense central area Designed for district heating Sparse residential area Tutkitaan kaukolämmön kannattavuutta, varaudutaan esim. maalämmön hyödyntämiseen tonteilla Housing fair area Partially in district heating Existing district heating main pipe runs along the main avenue. Block distance from the avenue has an effect on 25.3.2015 12.2.2015 feasibility. Elina Seppänen
Payback period sensitivity test Investment costs ±20 Energy prices + 2 % and +4 % Payback period 11 or 19 years? Payback period 8 or 15 years? 12.2.2015 Elina Seppänen
Net present value sensitivity test Ivestment costs 20 % Interest 5 % and 10 % Energy price + 2 and 4 % Is the investment profitable? 12.2.2015 Elina Seppänen
Solar energy in planning Power plant on both slopes Power plant on one slope Direction of the slopes has a minor effect when the angles are small. The effect gets stronger with a steeper slope. Direction of slope has a significant effect. Steeper slopes yield more energy.
Solar energy potential study Visual support for detailed planning for renewable energy. Useful for construction phase. Special emphasis in Harjanne planning (right). Nearly all houses are within 25 from optimum angle.
Plot rent reductions Vuores is a test bed for energy efficiency incentives 50 % off plot rent for 5 years in single family houses, if: For passive houses in housing fair area For E 100 in Koukkujärvi area For E 70 % of regulatory maximum
Kiitos! Elina Seppänen elina.seppanen@tampere.fi 0408007253