Types of Learning 1. learning is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events. 2. is the process of learning the associations between two events. 3. Millie feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her feel unwell. In this scenario, Millie is demonstrating learning through conditioning. 4. Ryan, a five-year-old boy, receives a pat on the back every time he says "please" or "thank you." This encourages Ryan to use good manners as often as possible. In this scenario, Ryan demonstrates learning through conditioning. 5. The type of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another person's behavior is called 6. is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. 7. Jose regularly feeds his neighbor's dog, Oscar. He announces his arrival by ringing his bicycle bell and feeds Oscar mouth-watering treats. As Jose has been doing this for two weeks, every time he hears Jose s bicycle bell, Oscar begins salivating with the expectation of being fed. In this scenario, Oscar learns the response to the bicycle bell through conditioning Classical Conditioning: Pavlov s Dogs 8. Matching Exercise: Directions: Match the correct classical conditioning term with the correct part from Pavlov s classical conditioning with dogs. NOTE: All terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Before Conditioning: Classical Conditioning Terms: 1. The bell A. Neutral Stimulus 2. The dog's salivation in response to the meat powder B. Conditioned Response 3. The meat powder C. Conditioned Stimulus D. Negative Reinforcement After Conditioning: E. Positive Punishment 4. The bell F. Positive Reinforcement 5. The dog's salivation in response to the bell G. Unconditioned Response 6. The dog salivates at all sounds similar to the bell H. Unconditioned Stimulus 7. The dog only salivates to the original bell I. Stimulus Discrimination J. Stimulus Generalization 1
9. was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues. Classical Conditioning For Questions 10 to 12: Circle one of the two terms of each set to answer the questions below Example: Jesse suffers severe food poisoning after eating lunch at his school cafeteria. As a result of the experience, every time Jesse walks past the cafeteria and smells the food, he feels nauseated. In the context of classical conditioning, bad food is the 10. Jessica loves to travel by air. She enjoys being in an airplane and experiencing the excitement of flying. However, Jessica's last three flights were highly turbulent and made her anxious and physically sick. Consequently, Jessica now fears flying. A. In this scenario, before her bad experiences with those three turbulent flights, air travel was a(n) conditioned or neutral stimulus or response B. In this scenario, after her bad experiences with those three flights, Jessica feeling anxious and physically sick at the thought of air travel has become C. In this scenario, before her bad experiences the highly turbulent flights were D. In this scenario, before her bad experiences with air travel, becoming anxious and physically sick after the highly turbulent flights was E. In this scenario, after her bad experiences with those three flights, air travel has become 2
11. Mr. White, a chemistry teacher, is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students, he walks to the classroom door and closes it. His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Mr. White closes the classroom door. A. In the context of classical conditioning, before he started giving pop quizzes in class, closing the door was a(n) conditioned or neutral stimulus or response B. In the context of classical conditioning, After he started giving pop quizzes, closing the door has become 12. Natalie loves driving and is excited about her upcoming driving test so that she can finally have her license. During the test, her instructor gets so impatient that Natalie loses her confidence. As a result, she fails the test. Since then, Natalie gets nervous every time she thinks of taking the driving test. A. In this scenario, after her bad experience, Natalie's nervousness about taking the test is B. In this scenario, before her bad experience with the driving instructor, the driving test was a(n) conditioned or neutral stimulus or response 13. The first part of classical conditioning is called Classical Conditioning: Discrimination and Generalization 14. Min was stung by a bee several days ago and was in pain for many days. As a result of the painful experience, she cries out whenever a flying insect gets too close to her. Min's reaction to flying insects best illustrates the concept of in classical conditioning. 15. Wendell always gets anxious before taking a math test because he is not good with numbers and formulae. When his science teacher announces a physics test that requires him to apply numerical formulae, Wendell begins to feel anxious, even though he enjoys physics. Which of the following is Wendell most likely demonstrating is in classical conditioning 16. in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. 17. in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. 3
18. Yolanda dislikes going to the doctor for her illness because every time she does, she is prescribed medicines, which ruin her appetite and make her feel nauseated. She associates doctors with feelings of nausea. However, she is not afraid of visiting dentists. In this scenario, Yolanda's behavior best exemplifies in classical conditioning. Classical Conditioning: Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery 19. Tyler's grandmother, Rose, has been receiving e-mails from Tyler every day for many years. In anticipation of his e-mails, she checks her inbox more than once in a day. However, since Tyler has started college, the e-mails have stopped. As a result, Rose checks her e-mail only every few days. If this pattern continues, Rose will completely stop checking her e-mail. In classical conditioning, this is known as 20. Marcia and Huan were married for eleven years before Huan passed away. Following his death, Marcia left her home and city because everything reminded her of Huan. Many years later, Marcia happened to meet a man, her new colleague, who smelled of the cologne that Huan always wore. Even after so many years, Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of Huan. In this scenario, Marcia's reawakened feelings are an example of in classical conditioning. 21. Extinction in classical conditioning is the of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. 22. In classical conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is known as Classical Conditioning in Humans 23. In John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's demonstration of the role of classical conditioning in the development of fears, little Albert learned to fear a white rat. In this study, the white rat was the 24. In aversive conditioning experiments to treat alcohol addiction, every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage, he or she also consumes a mixture that induces nausea. In classical conditioning terminology, the nausea-inducing agent is the 25. Lodovico has been unable to sleep for the past one week. His wife gives him a vitamin pill and tells him that it will help him sleep at night. The next morning, Lodovico is thrilled because he has slept better than ever before. In this scenario, Lodovico s response to the vitamin can be attributed to effect. 26. In the context of classical conditioning, refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Operant Conditioning 27. Operant conditioning is a form of learning that focuses on the association between behaviors and the that follow them. 4
28. The psychologist who used puzzle boxes in his experiments to establish the power of consequences in determining voluntary behavior was 29. The law of in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. 30. In the context of operant conditioning, refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior. 31. Melvin is an elementary-school teacher who rewards his students with extra playing time whenever they do well on a class assignment. In this scenario, Melvin is using to motivate his students to work harder. 32. Mariano wakes up just before the alarm clock goes off every morning so that he can avoid having to hear the alarm go off. This scenario best exemplifies the concept of in operant conditioning? 33. Positive in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus. 34. Negative in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable. 35. reinforcement in operant conditioning is defined as an increase in the frequency of a behavior because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable. 36. Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning decreases or increases the frequency of a behavior by giving or taking away something desirable. 37. Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning decreases or increases the frequency of a behavior by by giving or taking away something undesirable. 38. Positive Punishment in operant conditioning decreases or increases the frequency of a behavior by by giving or taking away something undesirable. 5
39. Negative Punishment in operant conditioning decreases or increases the frequency of a behavior by by giving or taking away something desirable. Types of Reinforcers 40. In the context of operant conditioning, a reinforcer that is innately satisfying and does not require any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable is referred to as a reinforcer. 41. Being treated to a good meal is an example of a reinforcer in operant conditioning. 42. In the context of operant conditioning, a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience is a reinforcer. 43. David, a sales representative, earns an extra $1000 every time he is able to sell $10,000 worth of merchandise in a week. In the context of operant conditioning, this bonus acts as a(n) reinforcer for David. Operant Generalization or Discrimination 44. In operant conditioning, means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation. 45. In operant conditioning, means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced. 46. Henry, a five-year-old boy, knows that when he goes out with his mother and throws a tantrum, he will not get a treat. However, when he goes out with his father and throws a tantrum, he will get a treat. Henry's learning in this scenario exemplifies in operant conditioning. Operant Extinction 47. In operant conditioning, occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency. 48. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and in frequency. Schedules of Reinforcement 49. In reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. 6
50. Heba is training her dog to sit on command. Each time he sits in response to her command, she gives him a treat. In the context of operant conditioning, Heba is using a to train her dog. 51. Continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning is the type of reinforcement in which organisms learn 52. Partial reinforcement is particularly resistant to 53. The fixed or variable interval or ratio schedule in operant conditioning reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. 54. A fixed or variable interval or ratio schedule in operant conditioning rewards behaviors an average number of times on an unpredictable basis. 55. The fixed or variable interval or ratio schedule produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction. 56. The fixed or variable interval or ratio schedule in operant conditioning reinforces the first behavior after a set amount of time has passed. 57. Fred's mother allows him to watch television on Sundays only if he studies for four hours a day, every day of the week. Which schedule of reinforcement in operant conditioning is Fred's mother using to discipline him? 58. Hitchhikers are unable to predict when they will get a ride and when they will not. They are most likely functioning on a schedule of reinforcement in operant conditioning. 59. A worker at a handicraft store is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes she makes. Which schedule of reinforcement in operant conditioning is her payment based on? 60. Raj has romantic feelings for the girl who works at the comic book store down the street. He likes to go into the store and talk to her. However, he does not know which days of the week she works, so he visits the store every Sunday, when he is sure she will be there. In this scenario, Raj is operating on a schedule in operant conditioning. 7
61. Mrs. Mendoza is the principal of a high school. She enforces the practice of pop quizzes in the school because she knows that students will be more likely to study if they cannot predict when they will be tested. In this scenario, Mrs. Mendoza relies on a schedule in operant conditioning to enforce a desired behavior in her students. Punishment: Positive or Negative 62. In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur is known as a 63. In operant conditioning, a punishment is a consequence that the likelihood that a behavior will occur. 64. Josephina scolds her daughter, Claudia, each time Claudia pinches her little brother. After two weeks, Josephina notices that Claudia has stopped pinching her little brother. In this scenario, scolding Claudia is an example of positive or negative punishment or reinforcement in operant conditioning. (circle one of these terms each) 65. Andrey is in the habit of bullying his little brother by hitting and pushing him. Andrey s parents try to stop this behavior by taking away Andrey s video games whenever he hits his little brother. Over the next few weeks, Andrey stops bullying his little brother. In this scenario, Andrey s parents have used positive or negative punishment or reinforcement in operant conditioning. (circle one of these terms each) 66. Five minutes are deducted from Frankie's recess hour every time he misbehaves in class. In the context of operant conditioning, his teacher is using positive or negative punishment or reinforcement to discipline Frankie. 67. in operant conditioning refers to the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. 68. How does positive punishment differ from negative punishment in operant conditioning? 8