TRAIT APPROACH enduring characteristics or patterns of behavior that are consistent in a variety of situations. More descriptive than explanatory used factor analysis to identify 16 source traits CATTELL 1. O penness 2. C onscientiousness BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAIT 3. E xtraversion 4. A greeableness 5. N euroticism Psychoanalysis using dream interpretation and free association to reveal the unconscious. SIGMUND FREUD (Psychoanalytic)
Freud's theory: EROS & THANATOS instinct, survival needs, includes the libido AND self destructive forces & aggression Freud's psychosexual stage (0-2) weaning is conflict. Fixation results in excessive oral behaviors. ORAL STAGE Freud's psychosexual stage (2-3) toilet training is conflict. Fixation results in: ANAL STAGE 1. Anal retentive overly orderly & compulsive 2. Anal expulsive overly messy & disorganized Freud's psychosexual stage (3-5) PHALLIC STAGE 1. Oedipal conflict (boys) castration fear. Hostility resolved through identification w/father. 2. Electra conflict (girls) penis envy, wish fullfillment. Hostility resolved through identification w/mother.
Freud's psychosexual stage (6-12) sexual feelings repressed; same sex friendships. LATENCY STAGE Freud's pscyhosexual stage (puberty +) - establishing intimate sexual relations is focus. GENITAL STAGE pleasure principle; unconscious & contains libido ID reality principle; the executive branch that mediates between the id & superego EGO
morality principle; our conscience; represents taboos & rules of society SUPEREGO hidden part of personality UNCONSCIOUS what we are aware of at the time CONSCIOUS material just below the surface, but can easily be retrieved PRECONSCIOUS
unconscious methods used by the ego to distort reality & protects us from anxiety. DEFENSE MECHANISMS Rationalization Repression Reaction formation Regression Projection Displacement Sublimation Intellectualization Denial Def. Mech. - excuses to justify behavior RATIONALIZATION REPRESSION Def. Mech. - forgetting; expelling from conscious awareness Def. Mech. - behaving the opposite of one s true feelings REACTION FORMATION
Def. Mech. - revert to immature behavior patterns. REGRESSION Def. Mech. - attributing one own thoughts, feelings, motives, onto others PROJECTION Def. Mech. - shifting unacceptable feelings from original source to a safer, substitute DISPLACEMENT Def. Mech. - replaces a socially unacceptable or distasteful impulse with a more acceptable one SUBLIMATION
Def. Mech. - dealing with a stressful situation in an intellectual & unemotional manner INTELLECTUALIZATION Def. Mech. - does not acknowledge painful or anxiety provoking aspect of reality. DENIAL CARL JUNG (Neo-Freudian) Collective unconscious storehouse of all humanities common myths, memories, urges; memory trace of ancestral history Archetypes within the collective unconscious; universal thought forms that represent our stereotypes Persona mask or image presented to others Self who we really are Shadow dark side of personality, animal impulses Animus/anima maleness & femaleness within us; androgyny Extraversion outgoing, gregarious Introversion tendency to be shy, timid, solitary Inferiority complex we do not adequately compensate or overcome our feelings of inferiority ALFRED ADLER (Neo-Freudian) Sibling rivalry competition between siblings based on birth order
focused on psychosocial development throughout the life span ERIK ERIKSON (Neo-Freudian) Lower social classes 1 st to treat patients other than the wealthy KAREN HORNEY (Neo-Freudian) Womb envy men are envious that they can t bear children named behaviorism; classical conditioning JOHN WATSON (Behaviorist) Designed operant conditioning B. F. SKINNER (Behaviorist)
Social learning; observational learning ALBERT BANDURA (Behaviorist) Reciprocal determinism personality, behavior, & environment constantly influence one another. Self-efficacy how effect we think we are Internal locus of control see themselves as primarily in control of their behavior and its consequences. JULIAN ROTTER (Behaviorist) External locus of control see behavior as being controlled by fate, chance, or luck. Self concept core theme that refers to our overall perception of our abilities, behavior, & personality CARL ROGERS (Humanist) Unconditional positive regard others are accepting, positive, loving without special conditions or strings attached regardless of behavior ABRAHAM MASLOW (Humanist) Hierarchy of needs lower needs are satisfied before the next level. Physiological, safety, love, esteem, & selfactualization Self-actualization fulfilling one s own unique potential
Extroverted unstable quick tempered HANS EYSENCK (Biology) Extroverted stable warm, cheerful, confident Introverted unstable gloomy, depressive Introverted stable calm, cool A good circus has a little something for everybody BARNUM EFFECT