May 2013 makes up 2 percent of total time travelled and 1 percent of the number of trip legs. Males spend more time cycling than females for all age groups. 67 percent of those 5-12 years old, 53 percent of those 13-17 years old and 30 percent of those 18 years and over have cycled at some stage in the last year. 19 percent of people reported cycling in the last month. Those in smaller towns or rural settings were more likely to have cycled in the previous month than those in main urban centres. 69 percent of households of a family with children have one or more bicycles. 77 percent of those living alone do not have a bicycle. The New Zealand Household Travel Survey is an ongoing survey of household travel conducted for the Ministry of Transport. Each year, people in 4,600 1 households throughout New Zealand are invited to participate in the survey by recording all their travel over a two-day period. Each person in the household is then interviewed about their travel and other related information. This fact sheet looks at cycling on New Zealand roads and footpaths who cycles, where to, and how the patterns have changed over time. Note that this travel survey captures cycling in the road / footpath environment; off-road activities such as mountain biking are not included in these estimates. This fact sheet uses data from 51,690 people in 20,452 households, collected between July 2003 and June 2012, focussing on July 2009 June 2012 (26,219 people in 10,208 households). Professional driver trips 2 (including cycling trips such as mail and pamphlet delivery) have been excluded from the analysis. Words shown in blue (and which are not headings) are defined in the glossary at the end of this sheet. Click on the word or phrase to go directly to the glossary. 1 Prior to 2008, 2,200 households per year were sampled. 2 Professional driver trips are those done to transport goods or people as a professional, for example, courier trips, taxi drivers trips, bus driver trips, paper route delivery trips. 1
Share of transport Figure 1: Overall mode share a) Share of total travel time b) Share of trip legs Cyclist, 1.8% Car/van passenger, 28% Pedestrian, 13% PT (bus/ train/ ferry), 4% Motorcyclist, 0.4% Car/van passenger, 26% Pedestrian, 16% Cyclist, 1.4% PT (bus/ train/ ferry), 3% Motorcyclist, 0.4% Car/van driver, 51% Other household travel, 2% Car/van driver, 52% Other household travel, 1% Figure 1 shows each travel mode s share of the total travel time and trip legs. makes up nearly two percent of total time travelled and just over one percent of all trip legs. Table 1: Mode share of time, distance and trip legs Travel mode Trip legs in sample Million hours per year Million km per year Million trip legs per year Car/van driver 103,813 797 29,131 3,126 Car/van passenger 53,834 434 17,108 1,584 Pedestrian 32,652 205 805 966 Cyclist 3,097 28 338 85 PT (bus/ train/ ferry) 4,947 68 1,490 1 165 Motorcyclist 667 7 274 23 Other household travel 1,299 32 See note 2 38 Total 200,309 1,570 49,643 5,987 Note: 1 Distances unavailable for ferry trips. 2 Some distances not available. Totals may not add exactly due to rounding. Overall 28 million hours are spent cycling each year, covering a total of 338 million km per year, and 85 million trip legs per year. Mode share by age group Figure 2 shows travel patterns for various age groups. School-aged children, young adults and older road users were the most likely to choose active travel modes (walking and cycling). Those 5 14 and 45 54 years old spend the greatest percentage of their travel time cycling, at 2.6 percent of their total travel time. Those 55 64 also spend over 2 percent of their travel time cycling. 2
Figure 2: Mode share of travel time (percentage of total time spent travelling by each mode of travel) 75+ 0.4% 65-74 1.1% 55-64 2.1% Age group (years) 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 2.6% 1.4% 1.7% 1.6% 5-14 2.6% 0-4 0.3% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percentage Cyclist Pedestrian Car/van driver Car/van passenger PT (bus/ train/ ferry) Motorcyclist Other household travel makes up only 1 2 percent of overall travel time and trip legs (see Figure 1). As there are far fewer cycling trips observed than walking trips, less detail is able to be obtained from the survey, but there is still a great deal of information available for those who do cycle. Who cycles? The two day sampling period means that someone may cycle quite often, but just not have done so in the sampled period. Hence people are also asked about whether they have cycled within the last month or last year. These results are presented in Table 2 and graphically in Figures 3 and 4. 3
Table 2: How many people cycle, by age group and sex Sex Age group Percent of the population in each age/ sex category who cycled At some stage in the last year (%) In last year but not in the last month (%) 1 4 days in last month (%) 5 9 days in last month (%) 10 19 days in last month (%) 20+ days in last month (%) Female 5 12 years 63 17 17 11 9 8 13 17 years 44 21 13 5 3 3 18 years and over 24 14 6 1 1 1 Male 5 12 years 70 17 18 14 11 10 13 17 years 62 21 15 9 7 9 18 years and over 36 17 9 3 3 3 All 5 12 years 67 17 18 13 10 9 13 17 years 53 21 14 7 5 6 18 years and over 30 16 7 2 2 2 All ages 34 15 9 4 3 3 Sixty-seven percent of children aged 5 12 had ridden a bike in the last year. 53 percent of 13 17 year olds and 30 percent of adults reported having ridden a bike in the previous year. This suggests that most people still learn to ride a bike as children though relatively few adults cycle regularly. Nearly one third (32 percent) of 5 12 year olds and 18 percent of those aged 13 17 years old reported riding a bike on at least 5 days in the previous month, but relatively few adults (only 7 percent) cycled that regularly. Overall, 19 percent of people reported cycling in the past month. 4
Figure 3: Percentage of the population who cycled in the last year 18 years and over Female Male 13-17 years 5-12 years 18 years and over 13-17 years 5-12 years 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Percentage of the population 20+ days in last month 10-19 days in last month 5-9 days in last month 1-4 days in last month in last year but not in the last month Figure 3 shows that males aged 5 12 years are most likely to have cycled in the past year, followed by females aged 5 12 years. In all age groups females are less frequent cyclists than males. Figure 4: Percentage of age groups who have cycled in the last month by age and residential area 18 + 14% 14% Main urban centre Towns & rural Age group 13-17 years 29% 40% 5-12 years 47% 55% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Percentage of people Teenagers and adults living in town or rural settings are more likely to have cycled in the last month than those in main urban centres. Similar age patterns appear to hold whether in an urban or rural household. 5
Cycle travel The following results are based on the detailed travel reported over the two surveyed Travel Days. Males spend more time cycling per year than females, both as children, and as adults (aged over 18 years) (see Table 3). Females of all ages cycle the shortest distance per head of population per week, at less than 1 km, while males aged 18 years and over cycle the longest distance at 2.8 km per person per week. Adults cycle the furthest per trip leg, averaging 4.9 km per trip leg, whereas primary school children average 1.4 km per trip leg and secondary school children average 2.6 km per trip leg. Overall, those aged 13 years and over cycle the furthest at 1.7 km per person per week. Table 3: trips by age group and sex Sex Age group Trip legs in sample Trip legs per year (million) Time spent cycling per year (million hours) Distance cycled per year (million km) km cycled per person 3 per week km per trip leg Female Child, 5-17 269 6.4 1.6 12.2 0.6 1.9 Adult, 18 and over 664 16.8 5.8 63.0 0.7 3.8 Male Child, 5-17 659 18.0 3.8 27.5 1.3 1.5 Adult, 18 and over 1,460 42.6 16.3 225.3 2.8 5.3 All 5-12 years 536 13.5 2.7 19.6 0.8 1.4 13-17 years 392 10.8 2.7 27.9 1.7 2.6 18 years and over 2,124 59.4 22.2 288.4 1.7 4.9 Destinations For each piece of travel recorded, the respondent is asked about his or her destination or the purpose of the trip leg. These responses are coded into the categories shown in Table 4. Home is used for the return leg of all travel; the categories shown include only travel to the stated destination types. The numbers of cycle trips recorded in the survey is much lower than for most other modes, so small differences in the number of trip legs, time and distance travelled may not be statistically significant. 3 Person based on population in age group. 6
Table 4: trips by trip purpose / destination and age group Time spent cycling per year (million hours) Distance cycled per year (million km) Age group Purpose/destination Trip legs in sample Trip legs per year (million) 5 17 years Home 381 9.7 2.4 18.7 Sample too Sample too Work 25 small small Percent of cycling time excluding return home Sample too small 6% Education 171 4.2 0.9 7.8 31% Social/ Shopping/ Personal business 186 5.8 1.0 9.0 32% Recreational 139 3.5 0.9 10.5 29% Total (excluding travel home) 547 14.7 3.1 28.8 100% 18+ Home 892 25.5 9.3 122.6 Work 391 11.9 3.9 47.7 30% Education 71 Sample too small Sample too small Sample too small 4% Social/ Shopping/ Personal business 366 8.9 2.1 24.6 16% Recreational 376 10.5 6.1 84.8 48% Total (excluding travel home) 1,232 33.9 12.8 165.7 100% Table 4 shows different patterns in the distribution of purposes for cycling between those under 18 years old and those 18 years and over. For those under 18 years old, 31 percent of cycling time is spent travelling for education, 29 percent recreational and 6 percent work, whereas for those over 18 years old this shifts to 30 percent for work and 48 percent for recreation. This is also shown in Figure 5. Figure 5: Percentage of time spent cycling by trip purpose / destination Recreational Trip purpose / destination Social/ Shopping/ Personal business Education Work 18+ 5-17 years 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Percentage of time spent cycling 7
Looking at cycling during the week compared to the weekend, the difference between adult and child/ teenager cycling patterns is still apparent. Those aged under 18 years do more of their cycling during the week (81 percent of their time spent cycling was between Monday and Friday), whereas for those aged 18 and over, two thirds of their cycling is during the week and one third during the weekend (65 percent of their time spent cycling was between Monday and Friday). Weekend cycling tends to be more recreational for all ages. Ignoring cycling home, recreational cycling makes up 53 percent of the time spent cycling in weekends for those under 18 years old and 75 percent of the time spent cycling in weekends for those aged 18 years and over. Distance and time spent cycling in a given day Figure 6: Distances cycled in a day by those who cycled 15+ km 17% 10-15 km 13% 0-1 km 9% 1-3 km 19% 7-10 km 12% 5-7 km 14% 3-5 km 16% Nearly half of those who cycled on their travel days (44 percent) cycled less than 5 km in a day. 26 percent cycled between 5 and 10 km and 30 percent cycled 10 km or more in a day (Figure 6). Figure 7: Percentage frequency distribution of time spent cycling in a day by those who cycled Less than 10 min 7% 50-59 min 7% 40-49 min 12% 60+ min 27% 10-19 min 15% 20-29 min 18% 30-39 min 14% Of those who cycled on their travel days, 15 percent cycled for between 10 and 19 minutes and 18 percent cycled for between 20 and 29 minutes. 27 percent cycled for over an hour in a day (Figure 7). 8
Bicycle ownership Figure 8: Percentage of households with bicycles Total 52% 17% 14% 8% 5% Type of household Family with adults only Family including children Adults sharing 31% 50% 57% 15% 20% 13% 6% 19% 15% 11% 10% 21% 15% 7% Couple 60% 17% 15% 4% Person living alone 77% 17% 4% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage of household type No bicycle 1 bicycle 2 bicycles 3 bicycles 4 bicycles 5 or more bicycles Each household was asked how many bicycles in working order the household owned (excluding children s tricycles). Households with children are far more likely to have bicycles: nearly 70 percent of households of a family with children have one or more bicycles. Families with adults only and adults sharing a house are next most likely to have one or more bicycles in the house (43 percent and 50 percent respectively). Only 40 percent of couples have one or more bicycles in the house and 77 percent of those living alone have no bicycle. 9
Trends in cycling Results of three Household Travel Surveys are available for analysis. Single year surveys were conducted during the 1989/90 and 1997/98 financial (June) years, with achieved samples of 8,700 people from 3,100 households and 14,250 people from 5,660 households respectively. The current survey allows comparison with these earlier surveys. Note that as the survey covers periods starting July in a given year and finishing in June, 2009 2012 refers to a three year time period. The proportion of 5 12 year olds who cycled in the travel days decreased between 1989/90 and 2003 06, but has since remained between 5 and 8 percent (Table 5). In 1989/90, 20 percent of 5 12 year olds cycled at least once during the travel days, whereas in 2009 12, only 5 percent did so. The proportion of 13 17 year olds who reported cycling on their travel days has also decreased over the last two decades, with 26 percent of all 13 17 year olds cycling at least once on the travel days in 1989/90, compared to 6 percent in 2009 12. A much lower proportion of adults (age 18+) reported cycling on their travel days; 4% in 1989/90 and 3% in the latest measure. Table 5: Trends in proportion cycling on travel days by age group % who cycled on travel days Age group 1989/ 90 1997/ 98 2003 06 2004 07 2005 08 2006 09 2007 10 2008 11 2009 12 5-12 20 9 8 7 7 6 7 6 5 13-17 26 14 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 18+ 4 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 Total 5 or over 8 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 Table 6 and Table 7 and Figure 9 and Figure 10 show cycling per person in the population. For children (under 18 years) there was a reduction in both the time per person spent cycling (Table 6 and Figure 9) and the distance cycled per person (Table 7 and Figure 10) over the last two decades. The average time cycled per week by those aged 5 12 years decreased from 28 minutes in 1989/90 to 11 in 2003 06. Since then, it has varied between 6 and 9 minutes per person per week. The average distance cycled also decreased from 2.8 km in 1989/90 to 1.2 km in 2003 06. Since then it has varied between 0.8 and 1.2 km per person per week. For those aged 13 17, the average time spent cycling per week decreased from 52 minutes in 1989/90 to 13 minutes in 2003 06. It has since stayed steady between 10 and 12 minutes per person per week. The distance cycled per week has also decreased substantially from 7.9km in 1989/90 to just 2.2 km in 2003 06, and has since varied between 1.7 km and 2.1 km per person per week. While cycling by adults (18 years and over) declined between 1989/90 and 1997/98 (from 8 minutes to 5 minutes per person per week and from 1.4 km to 1.2 km per person per week), it has since increased. Between 2003 06 and 2009 12 it increased from 5 minutes per person per week, to 8 minutes, and from 1.3 km per person per week to 1.7 km. 10
Table 6: Trends in minutes spent cycling each week per person 4 by age group Minutes cycling per week Age group 1989/ 90 1997/ 98 2003 06 2004 07 2005 08 2006 09 2007 10 2008 11 2009 12 5-12 28 15 11 9 8 7 9 8 6 13-17 52 31 13 12 12 11 12 11 10 18+ 8 5 5 6 7 6 8 8 8 Total 5 or over 15 9 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 Table 7: Trends in km cycled each week per person by age group Km cycled per week Age group 1989/ 90 1997/ 98 2003 06 2004 07 2005 08 2006 09 2007 10 2008 11 2009 12 5-12 2.8 2.0 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.8 13-17 7.9 4.8 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.7 18+ 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.7 Total 5 or over 2.2 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.6 Figure 9: Trends in time spent cycling per person per week by age group 18 2003-06 2004-07 2005-08 2006-09 2007-10 2008-11 2009-12 Minutes per person per week 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5 12 13 17 18+ All (5+) Age group (years) Error bars indicate 95 percent confidence interval. 4 Per person is defined as per population in that age group 11
Figure 10: Trends in distance cycled per person per week by age group. 3.0 2003-06 2004-07 2005-08 2006-09 2007-10 2008-11 2009-12 Km per person per week 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 5 12 13 17 18+ All (5+) Age group (years) Error bars indicate 95 percent confidence interval. For the current survey (from 2003), we can also examine trends in the amount of cycling done per cyclist, where we consider a cyclist to be someone who cycled at all in the last year. Distances cycled per cyclist per day have showed no particular trends for those under 18 years old, but have increased for those 18 years and over, from 4.9 km per cyclist per week in 2003 06 to 5.8 km per cyclist per week in 2009 12. Times spent cycling per day by cyclist show similar trends. There are no clear trends in time spent cycling per cyclist for those under 18 years old, but the time spent cycling for those 18 years and older has increased from 20 minutes per cyclist per week in 2003 06 to 27 minutes per cyclist per week in 2009 12. 12
Additional information For more information about the background to the survey see the Ministry of Transport website at www.transport.govt.nz/research/travelsurvey/ Information on cyclist risk is available in the fact sheet Risk on the road: Pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists, available at www.transport.govt.nz/research/pages/latestresults.aspx For further information on statistics for crashes involving cyclists, see www.transport.govt.nz/research/roadcrashstatistics/. This includes links to publications such as Motor Vehicle Crashes in New Zealand, the annual statistical statement produced by the Ministry of Transport. Enquires relating to crash statistics may be directed to the Ministry of Transport, PO Box 3175, Wellington, or by email on info@transport.govt.nz. A selection of fact sheets is available via the research section of the Ministry of Transport website. These include: Crash facts: Alcohol and drugs Speed Cyclists Diverted attention Fatigue Motorcyclists Pedestrians Trucks Young drivers Travel survey: Comparing travel modes Driver travel Parking Walking Public transport Motorcycling Risk on the road - Introduction and mode comparison - Drivers and their passengers - Pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists 13
Glossary Cycle Driver Household Main urban centre Passenger Professional driver Public transport (PT) SUV Towns and rural areas Travel Travel mode Trip distance Trip leg Excludes activities taking place outside the road or footpath environment, such as mountain biking. In this fact sheet includes all drivers of private light 4 wheeled vehicles such as cars, utes, vans, and SUVs. Group of people living at the same address, sharing facilities but not necessarily financially interdependent. May be an individual, couple, family, flatmates or a combination of these (for example, family plus boarder). A very large urban area centred on a city or major urban centre. This uses the Statistics New Zealand criteria of an urban centre with a population of 30 000 or more and includes satellite areas for example, Kapiti, Cambridge. Passenger in a light 4-wheeled private vehicle (car, van, ute or SUV). Passengers in buses, trains and taxis are coded under those categories. Aircraft and boat passengers are included in the Other category Someone who is employed to transport goods or people, including couriers, truck drivers, bus and taxi drivers. Trips by professional drivers in the course of their work are excluded. Other travel by professional drivers (including travel from home to work) is included. If a person drives a lot for work, but this is not the primary purpose of the job (for example, a plumber, real estate agent, district nurse), then all trips by this person are recorded. Passenger in local bus, train or ferry. Distances are currently only available for bus and train trips. Local bus and train trips have been defined to be 60 km or less, local ferry 1 hour or less. Bus/train/ferry trips of longer than this distance/duration have been coded to other household travel. Sports utility vehicle. Used in this report to refer to light passenger vehicle with high wheel base and distinctive body shape. Normally, but not always, four wheel drive. This uses the Statistics New Zealand criteria of an urban centre of between 10, 000 29,999 or a rural area with a population of less than 10,000, including satellite areas. Includes all on-road travel by any mode; any walk which involves crossing a road or walking for 100 metres or more along a public footpath or road; cycling on a public road or footpath; some air and sea travel. Excludes off-road activities such as tramping, mountain biking, walking around the mall or around the farm. The method of travel. Includes vehicle driver, vehicle passenger, pedestrian, cyclist, motorcycle rider or passenger, bus or train passenger, ferry or aeroplane passenger. For road-based trips, distances are calculated by measuring the distance from the start address along the roads to the finish address. If an unusual route was used, the interviewer records an intermediate point to indicate the route; otherwise, the journey is assumed to follow the quickest available route. A single leg of a journey, with no stops or changes in travel mode. For example, driving from home to work with a stop at a shop, is two trip legs; one ending at the shop and one ending at work. This does not include trips where people walk less than 100 metres without crossing a road, trips on private property that start and end at the same place without crossing a road, and offroad round trips. Glossary continued on following page. 14
Glossary (continued) Trip purposes / destinations Walk Return home includes any trip to the home address or any trip returning to the place they are going to spend the night Work includes travel to main place of work and travel to any other jobs Employer s business: includes work-related travel other than to and from work (for example, travelling to meetings or clients) Education is for travel by students only and includes institutions such as primary and secondary schools, and universities. It does not include preschool education such as kindergarten, Play centre, crèche, kōhanga reo etc which are included under social visit/entertainment Shopping is entering any premises that sells goods or hires them for money. A purchase need not be made Social visit/entertainment includes entertainment in a public or private place for example, eating out at a restaurant or food court, picnics. Recreational includes active or passive participation in sporting activities and travel for which the main goal is exercise Personal business includes stops made to transact personal business where no goods were involved. This includes stops made for medical or dental needs and for dealing with government agencies involved with social welfare Accompany or transport someone covers when the reason of the travel is to go somewhere for someone else s purpose Change mode of travel covers when the purpose of the stop was only to change to another mode of transport Includes walkers, joggers, skateboarders, users of mobility scooters and children on tricycles. Prepared by the Financial, Economic and Statistical Analysis Team of the Ministry of Transport, May 2013. 15