The Muslim World Expands, 00 700 Three great Muslim powers the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires emerge between 00 and 600. By 700 all three were in decline. The Muslim World Expands, 00 700 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending The Mughal Empire in India Suleyman the Lawgiver. Map The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Section The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combine many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years. Turks Move into Byzantium Turkish Warriors Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire Many see themselves as ghazis warriors who fight for Islam Osman Establishes a State From 00 to 6, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons Successors expand state through alliances and land buying continued Turks Move into Byzantium Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Osman Establishes a State Orkhan, Osman s son, declares himself sultan overlord In 6, Turks conquer Adrianople Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples Timur the Lame Halts Expansion Timur the Lame Tamerlane rises to power in Central Asia Timur defeats Ottomans in 40, burning Baghdad Murad II Murad II begins expansion Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople Murad s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 45 Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds Ottomans Take Islam s Holy Cities In 5, Selim the Grim, Mehmed s grandson, comes to power He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities
Suleyman the Lawgiver A Great Ruler Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim s son, rules from 50 to 566 The Empire Reaches Its Limits Suleyman conquers Belgrade (5) and Rhodes (5) Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes Suleyman s forces advance to Vienna By 56, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world Interactive continued Suleyman the Lawgiver Highly Structured Social Organization Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation Army uses devshirme drafts boys from conquered lands Trains 0,000 elite soldiers janissaries loyal only to the sultan Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion Cultural Flowering Suleyman s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman The Empire Declines Slowly Gradual Fall Suleyman kills one son and exiles another Third son inherits throne but rules weakly Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons uneducated Long line of weak sultans leads to empire s eventual fall Section Cultural Blending CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia. Cultural Blending CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire Patterns of Cultural Blending Cultural Blending in Persia Between6th and 8th centuries a Shi ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia Safavid Empire Shi ite Muslim dynasty from 6th to 8th centuries Causes of Cultural Blending Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion Results of Cultural Blending Changes in language, religion, government, use of technology Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture The Safavids Build an Empire Safavid Origins Begins as religious order named for founder Safavids concentrate on building powerful military Isma il Conquers Persia Fourteen-year-old Isma il conquers Iran by 45 Takes title of shah king Makes Shi a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire
A Safavid Golden Age The Dynasty Declines Quickly Abbas the Great Shah Abbas Abbas the Great takes throne in 587 Reforms Helps create a thriving Safavid culture Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade A New Capital Esfahan new capital is one of world s most beautiful cities Art Works Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles Carpets Carpet weaving becomes national industry The Safavid Empire Weakens Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons Safi, Abbas s incompetent grandson, leads to empire s decline By 7, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 747 The Mughal Empire in India Early History of the Mughals Section The Mughal Empire in India The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire. Mongol Invaders Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India Conflict Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 00 years In 000, loose empire of Turkish warlords Delhi Sultanate forms Delhi Sultanate Sultans rule from Delhi between th and 6th centuries Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 98 Early History of the Mughals Akbar s Golden Age Babur Founds an Empire Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at age Is dethroned and driven south into India Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered Babur s grandson succeeds Humayan Map Babur s Grandson Akbar Greatest One rules India from 556 to 605 A Military Conqueror Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers A Liberal Ruler Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-muslims Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die
continued Akbar s Golden Age A Flowering of Culture Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge The Arts and Literature Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar s rule Architecture New architectural style named for Akbar develops Akbar s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbar s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control government Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred continued Akbar s Successors Shah Jahan Shah Jahan Jahangir s son and successor, marries Persian princess Assassinates all competitors for throne His wife dies while giving birth to her 4th child in 6 Taj Mahal huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world continued Akbar s Successors The People Suffer People suffer paying for wars and monuments Shah Jahan s third son Aurangzeb imprisons father and takes over Aurangzeb s Reign Rules between 658 and 707; expands empire to its largest Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion The Empire s Decline and Decay The Mughal Empire Crumbles Over million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal European traders gain key ports This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.
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