Propaganda
The 1939 Nuremberg Rally was to be the "Party Rally of Peace," but it was canceled when World War II began.
The caption: "The Jew: The inciter of war, the prolonger of war."
Cherish the title of worker, `comrade!, c. 1966
Propaganda When first analyzed, propaganda was thought to have powerful effects (magic bullet) Reviewer of Lasswell s book on propaganda wrote that the book should be destroyed However, later research from this field would include attitude change and effects research Definition: No-holds-barred use of communication to propagate specific beliefs and expectations
Historical context in the Church Congregatio de propaganda fide, or Congregation for the Propagation of Faith, 1622, Catholic church During this period many groups were leaving the Church (Reformation) and this propagation of the faith was its response Galileo was convicted of heresy at this time because he suggested that earth rotated around the sun negative reaction to this affected the term propaganda
http://www.snowbirds.dnd.ca/index_e.asp
Fritz Hippler Head of Nazis Germany s film propaganda division said that the secret to effective propaganda was to Simplify a complex issue Repeat that simplification over and over again Created the propaganda film The Eternal Jew http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8_efduaiuk
Disinformation: false information spread about the opposition to discredit it Used in contemporary political campaigns Hippler did this, but we have done it too Germany was more organized in WWII than US for propaganda They had a propaganda ministry, Joseph Goebells.
Paul Joseph Goebbels Fritz Hippler
Adolph Hitler Use of huge rallies in Nuremberg Banned/burned books In Mein Kampf, Hitler traced the problems of post-wwi Germany (unemployment, hunger) to the Jewish people and other ethnic or racial minorties
Edward Bernays Engineering of consent: official us of communication campaigns to reach good ends Propagandists had a mass society viewpoint They believed that people were so irrational and inattentive to that what was important, that it was necessary to coerce, seduce, or trick them into learning bits of informtion. Bernays, who coined the engineering of consent said he wanted to expand the freedom of the press to include the government s freedom to persuade Only by mastering the techniques of communication can leadership be exercised fruitfully in the vast complex that is modern democracy
Walter Lippmann The world outside and the picture in our heads Lippmann believed that propaganda posed such a severe challenge that drastic changes in our political system were needed Lippmann believed that information gathering and distribution should be put in the hands of a benevolent technocracy a scientific elite who could use trusted scientific methods to sort fact from fiction and make good decisions about who should receive messages He even wanted a quasi-governmental intelligence agency that would carefully evaluate information and supply it to other elites John Dewey criticized Lippmann over this and suggested that a class of experts is inevitably too removed from common interests as to become a class of private interests and private knowledge i.e. out of touch Pragmatism: school of philosophy (like Dewey) suggesting a practical function of knowledge as an instrument for adapting to reality and controlling it
Propaganda During WWI, both sides used stories of atrocities often made up, of women and children being tortured or killed 4 minute stories at movie theaters 1930 s Hitler, etc Hadley Cantril Yale prof starts the Institute for Propaganda Analysis examine propaganda fear of potential Hitler type in US Father Couglin..Detroit radio show..47 stations..30million listeners gave Nazi propaganda..later reprimanded by the Church
Fine Art of Propaganda This book (fine art of ) came out of Cantril s institute Gave seven propaganda devices The book used Father Couglin s radio speeches for examples of these techniques
1. Name calling giving an idea a bad label is used to make us reject and condemn the idea without examining the evidence terrorist. Begin (Israel), Arafat, George Washington? freedom fighter martyr,
Glittering Generality Some virtue word used to make us accept and approve the thing without examining the evidence Product names Gold Medal Flour, Wonder Bread, Super Shell The word credit was used over the word debt when companies advanced the concept Gaming rather than gambling
Transfer Transfer carries the authority, sanction and prestige of something respected and revered over to something else in order to make the latter more acceptable Transfer of ethos Use of September 11 to enhance credibility of companies and products in ads and commercials Bob Dole speaking about his problem
Card Stacking The selection and use of facts or falsehoods, illustrations or distractions, in order to give the best or worst possible case for an idea, program person or product It is was general semanticists call slanting Very typical in film reviews in ads e.g. a reviewer s comments in an ad read,,,,,the Rainmaker is Mr. Coppola s best and sharpist film (in years) the last words were left out in ad
Testimonial Consists of having some respected or hated person say that a given idea or program or product or person is good or bad Another type of transfer of ethos Sometimes weird and ineffective football quarterback Joe Namath used in commerical to sell panty hose..
Plain Folks Speaker tries to persuade audience that his/her ideas are good because they re of the people, just plain folks Bill Clinton and Al Gore dressed in jeans and sitting on bales of hay George W in his coffee shop in his Texas town
Bandwagon Bandwagon the theme is since everybody is doing it, we should all jump on the bandwagon Nobody doesn t like Sara Lee Pepsi generation
Effectiveness of propaganda Hovland and others (slanting) one side versus two sided messages Credibility studies (testimonials) high credibility aids persuasion, but not for most audiences Bandwagon group experiments when one person is ganged up on in terms of and idea..they will change their view
Nazi propaganda not effective in US The research by Cantril and others led to the conclusion that Nazi propaganda could not create a Hitler type because in Germany there was little diversity of media and the military were a great part of the country
Kendrick & Fullerton, Advertising as Public Diplomacy: Attitude Change Among International Audiences In October 2002, the U.S. Department of State launched a first-ever public diplomacy campaign featuring television spots promoting the happy lives of American Muslims. The Shared Values Initiative advertising campaign ran on a limited schedule throughout the Middle East and Asia through January 2003. This
Devanti Faridz is a journalism student of the University of Missouri who works as a reporter on a local newscast When not working, American Muslim bakery shop owner enjoys time with his family at home.
American Muslim family stops to pray while enjoying an evening at the amusement park in Toledo, Ohio. Rawai Ismail teaches in the American public schools and also teaches her own children in Islamic school
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/obs/vid/40872.htm http://www.voanews.com/english/americanlife/index.cfm