Overview of women status in science

Overview of women status in science

Executive summary: Overview of today's global situation Over the 14 countries analyzed worldwide, 2 distinct groups emerge regarding women's status in science "Women in Science advanced countries" (France, UK, Spain, Germany, US, Japan, China) with a high level of schooling and a fair integration of women into society in general and more specifically into the scientific world "Women in Science emerging countries" (Brazil, Argentina, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Egypt, South Africa) with a low level of schooling and a weak integration of women outside of the domestic sphere Given low level of maturity of second group, immediate launch of a science focused schooling initiative only valuable for "Women in Science advanced countries", therefore being the focus of our study In these countries over the past decade, share of women among science researchers has improved by 12% (+3pt, from 26% to 29%) but gender parity is still far from being reached A first representation gap of women in science arises as early as Bachelor level (32%) and continues throughout the scientific career (11% of women in top academic positions) Moreover, a second representation gap occurs across all academic levels: women choose primarily health-related scientific studies vs. engineering and general science Overall today, a girl graduating from high school has in average a 35% probability to enroll in a scientific Bachelor, a 18% probability to graduate Bachelor, a 8% probability to graduate Master and a 2% probability to be a science Doctor Those probabilities are respectively 77%, 37%, 19% and 6% for a boy Reaching gender parity would enable an additional pool of 3k women to graduate as science Doctors each year Which means a pool of +3M potential female researcher within ~15 to 2 years Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Over the 14 countries analyzed worldwide, 2 distinct groups emerge regarding women's status in science Women in science advanced countries Women in science emerging countries France Literacy rate 99%.16 Gender Share of women inequality among index researchers Literacy rate Gender inequality index 1 1 26% Brazil 9%.449 Share of pop. attending at most primary school 45% 99%.85 25% Germany Argentina Spain UK US Japan China 99%.117 38% South Africa 98%.372 99%.29 38% 7%.51 68% Morocco Egypt 68% 88%.49 N/A 99%.299 35% 66% N/A 99%.123 14% 96%.29 25% 92% 55.55 52% India Indonesia 74%.617 1. UNDP index capturing the loss of achievement due to gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation 21 data Source: Human development report 211, wikipedia, census, Education at a glance 211, Population projected by level of education for Egypt 61% 61% 2 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

Over the past decade, +12% in share of women among science researchers but parity still far from being reached End of the 199's Beginning of 21's 26% women 29% women among +3 points among researchers (12%) researchers Source: Eurostat, UNESCO 1999 and 29 data, DDG research, BCG analysis Need to tackle the issue by identifying i its root cause 3 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright 2

First representation gap of women in science arises as early as Bachelor level and continues throughout the scientific career 1 2 3 4 5 Researcher Middle school High school University career1 Bachelor Masters Doctorate 68% 7% 75% 71% Top academic achievement 89% 2 Career achievement Nobel prize 97% = 51% 49% Gap initiation 32% 3% 25% 1. Are considered as researcher professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods and sciences and also the management of the project concerned; management being also included in researcher oversized data especially for China 2. Data only available for EU-27 BCG analysis, China targets 1 major universities not entire country Source: UNESCO, national statistic bureau, China confidential BCG study, BCG analysis 29% 11% 3% 4 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 Similar scientific performances for boys and girls aged 15 Science performances Science performances 1 More girls average performers 55 49 5 1 5 53 59 More girls average performers France 21 17 Level /1 Level 2/3 22 21 Level 4 9 7 Level 5/ 6 US 2 16 Level /1 Level 2/3 19 18 Level 4 8 7 Level 5/ 6 1 1 5 Germany UK Spain Source: PISA 212 1 5 1 5 13 11 Level /1 14 16 Level /1 16 16 Level /1 49 5 Level 2/3 49 53 Level 2/3 63 57 Level 2/3 25 27 Level 4 25 21 Level 4 21 18 Level 4 13 11 Level 5/ 6 13 1 Level 5/6 6 4 Level 5/ 6 Japan Shanghai 5 1 5 9 8 Level /1 3 2 Level /1 48 4 Level 2/3 33 36 Level 2/3 29 3 Level 4 34 37 Level 4 21 15 Level 5/ 6 29 25 Level 5/ 6 5 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 3 After high school, regular drop-off of women, from first 4 specialization at Bachelor level to top academic position Data 21 Share of women High school University Bachelor University Master University Doctorate Researcher career 1 France 46% 37% 43% 36% 26% Germany 51% 36% N/A 34% 25% Spain 5% 46% 48% 56% 38% UK USA 1 Japan 49% 5% N/A 44% 38% 5% 5% 46% 41% 35% 51% 23% 14% 24% 14% China 46% 28% 28% 18% 25% 1. First specialization occurs in high school 2. Gap occurs when loss >5 points or share becomes <4% Data France, UK, Japan 211, data China 212 Source: INSEE, local ministries of Education, Eurostat, Destatis, UNESCO, China confidential BCG study, BCG analysis Moment when gap 2 occurs 6 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Resulting in only 11% women among top academic positions European scope Vertical segregation g towards women present across all academic fields......particularly marked in science and engineering g fields with a faster pace of improvement 1 26: Proportion of men and women in typical academic career EU-27 1 26: Proportion of men and women in typical academic career in science and engineering EU-27 8 81 8 89 64 78 6 4 2 Source: UNESCO 55 45 PhD. 56 44 Academic staff grade C 36 Academic staff grade B Women 26 Academic staff grade A 19 Men 26 6 4 2 64 36 PhD. 67 33 Academic staff grade C 22 Academic staff grade B Academic staff grade A 11 7 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Unequal representation of women on boards of main scientific institutions % 1 Share of women on boards of main scientific institutions 8 6 4 2 34 % Spain 29 % France 28 % Note: Total number of board members and scientific institution varies considerably between countries Source: BCG analysis UK 27 % US 2 % Germany 17 % China 6 % Japan 8 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Dramatic under representation among science Nobel Prize winners: ~3.5% of Nobel prizes awarded to women 5 Nobel prizes awarded to women out of 132 (~3.5%) Nb of Nobel prizes awarded 1 1998-213: Nobel prizes awarded by gender 15 Medicine: L. Buck (USA) Medicine: F. Barré Sinoussi (France) Medicine: E. Blackburn (Australia) C. Greider (US) 1 Chimie: Ada Yonath (Israël) 1 1 3 5 12 4 9 9 11 7 7 8 98 99 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 Women 1. Including Fields Medall awarded every 4 years Source: nobelprize.org Men 9 6 8 6 1 7 Women scientists who received the award of the L'Oréal Foundation 6 8 9 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

Second representation gap occurs across all academic levels: women choose primarily health-related scientific studies Healthcare studies General science studies Engineering studies 1st year bachelor 1st year bachelor 1st year bachelor 1999-29 trend 1999-29 trend 1999-29 trend 1 1 1 8 8 ~3 % 8 ~2 % 6 4 2 Women ~6 % 6 4 ~4 % 2 Men ~7 % Note: Healthcare studies include med school, pharmaceutical school, nurse and mid-wife, physiotherapist; general science study include physics, chemistry, mathematical, computing science; engineering study include manufacturing, construction, general engineering Source: Eurostat, China confidential BCG study, BCG analysis 6 4 2 ~8 % 1 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

Among the (few) Nobel prizes awarded to women, 8% were in medicine 1998-213: Split of Nobel prizes per field and per gender 5 4 out of 5 Nobel prizes awarded to women were in medicine 8% 4 39 4 37 1 42 3 2 1 Women 35 36 Medicine Chemistry Physics Mathematics (médaille Fields) 2 Men 1. Including Fields Medal 2. Fields Medal awarded every 4 years Source: nobelprize.org 42 14 14 11 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

Today, a girl graduating from high school has in average a 2% probability to be a science Doctor vs. 6% for a boy 2% 8% 35% 77% 18% Entering scientific Bachelor 37% Entering scientific Bachelor Graduating from scientific Bachelor 19% Source: UNESCO, national statistic bureau, China confidential BCG study, BCG analysis 6% Graduating from scientific Bachelor Graduating from scientific Master Graduating from scientific Master Graduating from scientific Doctorate Graduating from scientific Doctorate 12 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reaching gender parity would enable an additional pool of 3k women to graduate as science Doctors each year +3 women Doctorates if parity was achieved today at all levels ~15-2 years from now % 21 Share of women at each step of scientific career 5 4 3 2 1 2 Size of cohort in thousand 7,62 High school 4 Share of women +3.2m Bachelors enrolled Note: If gender parity is reach total size of cohort increases Source: INSEE, local ministries of Education, Eurostat, Destatis, BCG analysis 299 2,99 6 Bachelor enrollement +1.6m Bachelor graduates 8 +.9m Masters 1455 1,455 Bachelor Graduate 679 166 Master Graduate +.3m Doctorates 1 Doctorate Graduate +3 million potential researchers 13 Copyright 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

Contacts Laurent Acharian Marketing & Communications Director Tel. +33 1 4 17 15 74 acharian.laurent@bcg.com Myriam Gasnier Marketing Coordinator Tel. + 33 1 4 17 11 86 gasnier.myriam@bcg.com 213 by The Boston Co onsulting Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright 2 14

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