Alwin Kloekhorst ACCENT IN HITTITE Kloekhorst StBT.indd Abs11 07.05.2014 15:14:37
Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Herausgegeben von der Kommission für den Alten Orient der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz Band 56 Alwin Kloekhorst Accent in Hittite A Study in Plene Spelling, Consonant Gradation, Clitics, and Metrics 2014 Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden Kloekhorst StBT.indd Abs13 07.05.2014 15:14:59
Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2014 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper. Printing and binding: B Hubert & Co., Göttingen Printed in Germany ISSN 0585-5853 ISBN 978-3-447-10208-7 Kloekhorst StBT.indd Abs14 07.05.2014 15:14:59
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface... xi Abbreviations and Symbols... xiii Bibliography... xv 0 Introduction on... 1 0.1 The accent systems of cognate languages... 3 0.2 Word accent vs. sentence accent... 6 0.3 The dating of Hittite texts... 6 0.4 Text sources... 9 PART I ACCENT AND VOWELS: PLENE VS. NON-PLENE SPELLING 1 Preliminaries... 13 1.1 Previous scholarship... 13 1.2 Definition of plene spelling... 19 1.3 Hyperplene spelling... 20 1.4 Non-plene, plene and hyperplene spelling: an overview... 20 1.5 Open vs. closed syllables... 21 2 The vowel e... 23 2.1 The vowel e in closed syllables... 26 2.1.1 The postconsonantal position... 26 2.1.1.1 Phonological interpretation... 31 2.1.1.2 Words containing (-)Ce-e-eC(-)... 36 Monosyllables... 36 Polysyllables... 42 2.1.1.3 Words containing (-)Ce-eC(-)... 96 Monosyllables... 96 Polysyllables... 99 2.1.1.4 Schematic overview... 134 2.1.2 The postvocalic position... 134 2.1.3 The word-initial position... 161 2.1.4 The vowel e in closed syllables: conclusions... 170
vi Table of Contents 2.2 The vowel e in open syllables... 173 2.2.1 The postconsonantal position... 173 2.2.1.1 The OH situation... 174 Group 1... 174 Group 2... 175 Group 3... 177 Phonological interpretation... 181 2.2.1.2 The MH situation... 183 Group 1... 183 Group 2... 183 Group 3... 185 2.2.1.3 The NH situation... 189 Group 1... 189 Group 2... 190 Group 3... 195 2.2.1.4 /é/ in non-initial syllables... 197 2.2.1.5 Schematic overview... 212 2.2.2 The postvocalic position... 212 2.2.3 The word-intial position... 214 2.2.4 The vowel e in open syllables: conclusions... 216 2.3 The vowel e in diphthongs... 219 2.3.1 The post-consonantal position: e + i... 219 2.3.2 The post-consonantal position: e + a... 220 2.3.3 The post-consonantal position: e + u... 220 2.4 Results... 222 2.5 Exceptions... 224 2.5.1 Loss of accent in adverbs... 224 2.5.2 Secondary accent shifts in verbal paradigms... 226 2.5.3 Lengthening of *e before PIE mediae... 230 3 The vowel a... 237 3.1 The vowel a in closed syllables... 238 3.1.1 The postconsonantal position... 238 3.1.1.1 Phonological interpretation... 241 (-)Ca-a-aC(-) representing unaccented /ā/... 244 (-)Ca-aC(-) reflecting PIE *ó... 246 (-)Ca-aC(-) representing /ƽ/... 248 3.1.1.2 Words containing the sequence (-)Ca-a-aC(-)... 250
Table of Contents vii Monosyllables... 251 Polysyllables: (-)Ca-a-aC-CV(-)... 256 Polysyllables:...-Ca-a-aC... 307 3.1.1.3 Words containing (-)CaC(-) / (-)Ca-aC(-)... 321 Monosyllables... 321 Polysyllables... 323 3.1.1.4 Schematic overview... 325 3.1.2 The postvocalic position... 325 3.1.3 The word-initial position... 330 3.1.3.1 Words containing a-ac(-)... 331 3.1.3.2 Words containing a-a-ac(-)... 335 3.1.3.3 Words containing ac(-)... 337 3.1.4 The vowel a in closed syllables: conclusions... 341 3.2 The vowel a in open syllables... 344 3.2.1 The postconsonantal position... 344 3.2.1.1 The OH period... 344 Group 1... 345 Group 2... 348 Group 3... 349 Phonological interpretation... 352 3.2.1.2 The MH situation... 357 Group 1... 357 Group 2... 358 Group 3... 359 3.2.1.3 The NH situation... 361 Group 1... 361 Group 2... 362 Group 3... 363 3.2.1.4 Schematic overview... 372 3.2.2 The postvocalic position... 373 3.2.3 The word-initial position... 377 3.2.3.1 Words containing a-a-cv(-)... 377 3.2.3.2 Words containing a-cv(-)... 381 3.2.4 The vowel a in open syllables: conclusions... 384 3.3 The vowel a in diphthongs... 387 3.3.1 The postconsonantal position: a + e... 387 3.3.2 The postconsonantal position: a + i... 392 3.3.3 The postconsonantal position: a + u... 396 3.3.4 The word-initial position: a + i... 398
viii Table of Contents 3.4 Results... 400 3.5 Exceptions... 402 3.5.1 Loss of accent in adverbs... 402 3.5.2 Aberrant behaviour of /ā/ before PIE mediae... 405 4 The vowel i... 415 4.1 The vowel i in closed syllables... 416 4.1.1 The postconsonantal position... 416 4.1.1.1 Schematic overview... 429 4.1.2 The postvocalic position... 429 4.1.3 The word-initial position... 434 4.1.4 The vowel i in closed syllables: conclusions... 440 4.2 The vowel i in open syllables... 442 4.2.1 The postconsonantal position... 442 4.2.1.1 Schematic overview... 479 4.2.2 The postvocalic position... 480 4.2.3 The word-initial position... 481 4.2.4 The vowel i in open syllables: conclusions... 482 4.3 The vowel i in diphthongs... 484 4.3.1 The postconsonantal position: i + a... 484 4.3.2 The postconsonantal position: i + e... 484 4.3.3 The postconsonantal position: i + u... 485 4.4 Results... 488 5 The vowel u... 491 5.1 The sign Ú in closed syllables... 492 5.1.1 The postconsonantal position... 492 Monosyllables... 492 Polysyllables... 496 5.1.2 The postvocalic position... 501 5.1.3 The word-initial position... 504 5.1.4 The sign Ú in closed syllables: conclusions... 508 5.2 The sign Ú in open syllables... 510 5.2.1 The postconsonantal position... 510 5.2.2 The postvocalic position... 516 5.2.3 The word-initial position... 517 5.2.4 The sign Ú in open syllables: conclusions... 519
Table of Contents ix 5.3 The sign U: a disambiguating function?... 520 5.4 The sign U in closed syllables... 523 5.4.1 The postconsonantal position... 523 5.4.2 The postvocalic position... 528 5.4.3 The word-initial position... 529 5.4.4 The sign U in closed syllables: conclusions... 533 5.5 The sign U in open syllables... 534 5.5.1 The postconsonantal position... 534 5.5.2 The postvocalic position... 536 5.5.3 The word-initial position... 537 5.5.4 The sign U in open syllables: conclusions... 538 5.6 The vowel u in diphthongs... 540 PART II ACCENT AND CONSONANTS: LENITION AND FORTITION 6 Consonant gradation... 543 6.1 Sturtevant s Law... 543 6.2 The phonetic nature of the consonants... 544 6.3 Lenition... 547 6.3.1 Lenition after * h₂... 548 6.3.2 Lenition in ḫi-verbs of the type āki/akkanzi... 549 6.3.3 Lenition after PIE *ó... 553 6.3.4 Lenition between two unaccented vowels... 559 6.3.5 Irregular forms in Hittite... 564 6.3.6 Lenition: conclusions... 566 6.4 Fortition... 567 6.4.1 Limited Čop s Law in Hittite... 567 6.4.2 Čop s Law in Luwian: the change of *e to a... 571 6.4.3 Čop s Law: fortition or gemination?... 573 6.4.4 Čop s Law and unaspirated voiced stops... 574 6.4.5 Čop s Law and the lengthening of *e before mediae... 580 6.4.6 Čop s Law and *ó... 583 6.5 Consonant gradation in Luwic... 585 6.6 Consonant gradation in Hittite... 586
x Table of Contents 6.7 Consonant gradation in Anatolian... 587 6.8 Consonant gradation in pretonic position... 588 6.8.1 The Hittite clause-initial particles... 588 6.8.2 The Luwian clause-initial particles... 591 6.8.3 The Lycian clause-initial particles... 595 6.8.4 Pretonic fortition... 595 6.9 Conclusions... 596 PART III ACCENT AND CLAUSES: CLITICS AND METRICS 7 The syntactic behaviour of clitics... 599 7.1 Clitics... 599 7.2 Clause-initial particles... 600 7.3 The conjunctions =(m)a and =( )a... 604 7.4 =(m)a attached to the second word in a clause... 606 7.5 Conclusions... 617 8 Poetic Meter... 619 8.1 Metrical texts: the corpus... 620 8.2 Stressed and unstressed words... 621 8.3 Words that always count as unstressed in the meter... 622 8.4 Words that count as stressed and as unstressed in the meter... 628 8.5 Words that always count as stressed in the meter... 638 8.6 Conclusions... 639 PART IV CONCLUSIONS AND RESULTS 9 Accentuated word list of Hittite... 641 Indices... 699