KIN 380 Psychological Analyses of Physical Activity describe what makes up personality and why it is important. discuss major approaches to understanding personality identify how personality can be measured assess personality tests and their validity understand the relationship between personality and behavior in sport and exercise describe how cognitive strategies relate to athletic success, and apply what you know of personality in sport and exercise settings to better understand people s personalities Defining Personality Understanding Personality Structure Studying Personality From Five Viewpoints 1
The dynamic organization within the individual that determines her or his unique adjustments to her or his environment. Allport, 1937 Gordon W. Allport, 1897-19671967 The underlying, relatively stable, psychological structure and process that organize human experience and shape a person s activities and reactions to the environment Lazarus and Monat, 1979 Image source: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/gordon_w_allport.aspx The pattern of characteristic through, feelings and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another, and that persists over time and situation. Phares, 1991 The sum total of an individual s characteristics which make him unique. Hollander (1971) 2
Psychological Core Typical Responses Role-Related Behavior Social Environment Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 28) Social Environment! Theories of personality Psychodynamic theory Social learning theory Humanistic theory Trait theory!"!" #$!!!% & Sigmund Freud, 1920 Albert Bandura! 1940 s Trait Psychology begins to emerge and dominate the field. James Cattell Hans Eysenck!!!'()* (+'',,- James Cattell (1860-1944)!!!. Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) "# $ Psychodynamic Approach Trait Approach Situation Approach Interactional Approach Phenomenological Approach PANAS Positive Affect Negative Affect 3
" Emphasis is placed on the unconscious (id) or instinctive drives, and how these conflict with one s moral conscious (superego) or the conscious personality (ego) The focus is on the whole person rather than on isolated traits. "" The trait approach assumed that personality traits are relatively stable. The trait approach does not consider the particular situations that might also influence an individual s behavior. Gordon Allport Raymond Cattell Hans Eysenck " %&'( )" * Neuroticism (nervousness, anxiety, depression, and anger vs. emotional stability) Extraversion (enthusiasm, sociability, assertiveness, and high activity level vs. introversion) Openness to Experience (originality, need for variety, curiosity) Agreeableness (amiability, altruism, modesty) Conscientiousness (constraint, achievement striving, self-discipline) Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 31) " The situation approach argues that behavior is determined largely by the situation or environment. Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory Image source: http://des.emory.edu/mfp/bandurabio.html Albert Bandura 4
"% The interactional approach considers the situation and person as codeterminants. Situations alone are not enough to predict behavior accurately an individual s personality traits must also be considered Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 32) " The phenomenological approach contends that behavior is best determined by accounting for both situations and personal characteristics. Rather than focus on traits, one s subjective experiences and personal views must also be considered Weinberg & Gould (2007, p. 33) " Kurt Lewin expressed the following three theories as a formula Trait theory B = F (P) Interactional theory B = F (PE) Social Learning theory B = F (E) B = Behavior F = Function of Personality Traits P = Personality Traits E = Environment Trait and State Situation-Specific Specific Measures How confident do you generally are prior to a race? (Trait) How confident do you feel right now about the race? (State) Vealey (1986) 5
Sport Specific Measures the Sport Competition Anxiety Test Martens (1977) The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith (1982) Rating scales Interviews and observation Unstructured projective procedures test; TAT http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/rorschach.html!!!%! / '#& Structured questionnaires MMPI; Cattell 16PF; AMI http://similarminds.com/cattell-16-factor.html Online Emotion survey: http://sociologycdc.unlvad.nevada.edu/ " + Personality characteristics that are stable over both time and place. Relatively constant Stable personality characteristics *'0*& 6
+ Situation dependent behaviors!, Psychological core the most basic level of one s personality; includes interests, motives, attitudes and values Typical responses based on core personality; indicative of how one generally responds to a situation!, Role related behaviors Very dependent on the situation More indicative of the external environment than the psychological core -. Athletes are: more independent, more objective, and less anxious than non-athletes (Schurr, Ashley, & Joy, 1977) more self-confident, competitive, dominant, goal-oriented, and socially outgoing (Cooper, 1969) more extroverted 7
/ What constitutes an athlete? Are the differences meaningful? Are these differences evidenced in other areas where people work towards achievement goals? Musicians, dancers, etc. 0 / Attrition model If you do not have the necessary personality characteristics you will drop out of sport. 0 / Selection model If you do not have the necessary personality characteristics you will never start. Change model Participation in sport changes your personality. Tyson Holyfield, July 1997 Image source: http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/espn25/story?page=moments/30 + Team sport athletes are more anxious more dependent more extroverted more alert-objective less sensitiveimaginative than athletes in individual sports NCAA Basketball 09 Images http://www.ea.com/images/game/ncaa-basketball-09 8
+ Participants in contact/collision sports are more aggressive than those who do not play collision/contact sports + 1 2$ What is a successful performance? http://www.australianopen.com/en_au/news/galleries/players/nadalatpn409.html + 1 2$ More successful athletes are self-confident able to cope with anxiety competitive have high levels of sport knowledge are emotionally stable have more success related dreams 3 Atheoretical Poor operational definitions Failure to look at the importance of the environment 9
3 Inappropriate statistical tests Inappropriate use of measures Assumptions that correlation=causation Most theorists believe that there is an interaction between situational factors and personality.!!!" Situational factors are the characteristics of the environment that effect individuals at a specific point in time. Personality is defined as all the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others, especially in social situations. It is relatively stable over time and place. Mood state-a situation specific, somewhat transient psychological response to an environmental stimulus. Matt Leinart!!! ##&*(' 10
" Most commonly used measure. It is NOT a measure of personality. Composed of 65 items. " 4 Tension Depression Vigor Fatigue Confusion "5,! Morgan adopted the POMS for use in sport. Found that elite athletes exhibited a mood profile lower in negative moods and higher in vigor than a normative (non-athlete) sample. This became knows as the iceberg profile. "% Morgan states that athletes are lower on tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion, and higher on vigor, than nonathletes. % %% ' 11
"% Data showing that athletes differ from non-athletes on the POMS is robust. Data differentiating between elite and less successful athletes has not been supported. 35 Beedie, Terry, and Lane (2000) conducted a meta-analysis of 13 studies and found that except for small differences in vigor scores athletes at different levels of achievement report the same mood states. If you know an athlete s mood before the competition can you predict the outcome? In sports than require open skills mood can be a predictor of outcome. Effects were also larger for individual sports than team sports, and short duration sports. Effects were also larger when subjective outcomes were used to operationalize success or failure. 12
% Personality on its own is not a good predictor of performance. Mood, seen as a situational factor, alone is not a very good predictor of performance. The notion that personality interacts with the situation to predict performance is the interactional model. % Sport psychologists have developed a psychological profile for the elite athlete: The include factors on the POMS (mood) & four personality characteristics: Extraversion Aggression Independence Neuroticism 6 Personality profiles are similar to those of other elite athletes. Wheelchair athletes have higher selfesteem and physical orientation than individuals with disabilities who are nonathletes. 6 The iceberg profile is not observed in all athletes with disabilities, and further research in this area needs to be done. 13
6 Cox & Davis (1992) found that wheelchair athletes displayed psychological skills that were superior to those of collegiate track and field athletes. The differences may be a result of differences in skill level. 7 / +/ 14